Les Pionniers

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Les Pionniers Numéro 25 ­ Janvier 2013 ASTRONotes Les pionniers 1ère partie Il y a 10 ans Europe Columbia L'heure des décisions 2 ASTRONotes 25 Janvier 2013 SOMMAIRE ASTRONotes 25 (Janvier 2013) L'AstroNotes est une revue trimestrielle qui sort le 01/01, 01/04, 01/07 et 01/10 en complément d'informations au site Destination Orbite. Elle est téléchargeable au format PDF. A L A U N E 4 Destination Orbite, le site de l’exploration de l’espace. Vous pouvez le visiter à Il y a 10 ans, Columbia 4 l'adresse www.destination­orbite.net Retrouvez également A C T U A L I T E 8 Destination Orbite sur www.facebook.com/pages/DestinationOrbite/ Les news 8 L'espace au jour le jour 12 Rédaction Philippe VOLVERT E V E N E M E N T 1 8 Couverture Robert Goddard et sa première fusée – Europe ­ L'heure des décisions 18 Photos Nasa, ESA D O S S I E R 2 0 Du carburant solire au liquide 22 Les Française de la première heure 26 A la mode allemande 28 A G E N D A 3 0 Ou découvrir l'espace 30 Janvier 2013 ASTRONotes 25 3 I L Y A 1 0 A N S C O L U M B I A Premier février 2003. Au terme d'une mission réussie de 15 jours, la navette Columbia et ses 7 passagers s'apprêtent à rentrer sur Terre. Alors qu'il ne reste qu'un quart d'heure avant l'atterrissage, la navette se désintègre, plongeant la Nasa dans une nouvelle crise. EQUIPAGE De gauche à droite: David M. Brown (Spécialiste de Mission), Rick D. Husband (Commandant), Laurel B. Clark (SM), Kalpana Chawla (SM), Michael P. Anderson (SM), William C. McCool (Pilote) et Ilan Ramon (Spécialiste charge utile ­ Israël) ­ Photo Nasa 4 ASTRONotes 25 Janvier 2013 16/01/2003 La mission STS­107 n'avait aucun lien avec la station spatiale internationale. Par conséquent, elle n'était pas jugée prioritaire, ce qui explique les nombreux glissements de la date de lancement dans le manifeste de la Nasa. A la date du 10/11/1999, on parlait d'un lancement pour le 11/01/2001. En 2002, la date du 27 juin est officialisée mais ne peut­être tenue en raison d'un problème technique sur les moteurs affectant tous les orbiters. Le calendrier a du être remanié, repoussant au 16/01/2003 la date de lancement ­ Photo Nasa Janvier 2013 ASTRONotes 25 5 01/02/2003 ­ 08:10 LOCALE Après une mission de 16 jours pleinement réussie, les astronautes de Columbia s'apprêtent à revenir sur Terre. Les astronautes filment leur rentrée. L'enregistrement s'arrête quelques minutes avant le début des ennuis. La vidéo sera trouvée quelques jours après l'accident ­ Photo Nasa 01/02/2003 ­ 08:54 LOCALE Alors que la phase la plus chaude de la rentrée a débuté quelques minutes plus tôt, un astronome amateur saisit le survol du Nouveau­Mexique par la navette alors qu'elle est en train de perdre des morceaux de son aile gauche ­ Photo Gene Blevins/Los Angeles Daily News 01/02/2003 ­ 08:59:32 LOCALE Plus les minutes passent et plus la situation s'empire. Les capteurs lachent les uns après les autres. Le centre de contrôle tente d'entrer en contact avec l'équipage de Columbia. Rick Husband a tout juste le temps de lancer un "Roger, uh, bu" lorsque les communications sont coupées. Quelques secondes plus tard, Columbia se désintègrait au­dessus du ciel du Texas. Il ne restait que 16 minutes avant l'atterrissage en Floride ­ Photo Gene Blevins 6 ASTRONotes 25 Janvier 2013 16/01/2003 L'enquête s'oriente rapidement vers un incident qui s'est produit à la 81ème seconde de vol le jour du lancement. Un morceau d'isolant s'est détaché du réservoir et est venu percuter l'aile gauche de la navette ­ Photos Nasa 26/08/2003 La commission d'enquête chargée d'élucider la cause de l'accident de Columbia rend son rapport. C'est maintenant officiel. Un morceau d'isolant est venu percuter le bord d'attaque de l'aile gauche, créant un trou béant par où s'est engouffré l'air chaud qui a détruit la structure d'aluminium. Après l'accident, il a fallu rechercher sur une zone de plusieurs milliers de km² étendue sur 3 états les débris de la navette. Seul un tiers Columbia sera récupéré. Quelques jours après l'accident, la nation rend hommage à ses astronautes. Le Président Bush confirme que le voyage dans l'espace continuera ­ Photos Nasa Janvier 2013 ASTRONotes 25 7 LES NEWS L E S B R E V E S Explosion spatiale B I L A N 2 0 1 2 Le 06 août dernier l’étage Briz M n’avait pu placer correctement sur orbite les sa­ tellites Express MD2 et Telkom 3 suite à une panne moteur. Cette panne n’est pas restée sans conséquence puisque les réservoirs remplis en N2O4 et UDMH ont fini par exploser rependant des centaines de débris sur orbite. Plus de 500 d’entres eux sont suivis par les radars du Joint Functional Component Command for Space afin de prévenir tous risques de collision. Une soprano dans l'espace La soprano anglaise Sarah Brightman va pouvoir réaliser l’un de ces rêves, celui d’aller dans l’espace. Elle a trouvé un accord avec la société Space Adventure pour son affection à un équipage à desti­ Photo Nasa/JPL­Caltech/MSSS nation de l’ISS et devrait y séjourner une dizaine de jours. Elle a été invitée par L’année 2013 commence avec un rapide coup dans le rétroviseur sur l’an­ l’agence spatiale russe Roskosmos pour née qui vient de s’achever. Contrairement à ce que l’on aurait pu penser, suivre l’entraînement nécessaire à ce vol l’actualité spatiale s’est révélée toute aussi riche malgré la fin du pro­ programmé pour 2013. gramme de la navette spatiale. Quelle fin pour Herschel? Le compteur affiche 78 lancements dont 72 parfaitement réussis, permet­ Une équipe internationale de plus de 30 tant la mise sur orbite de 132 satellites. A noter que 3 lancements n’ont scientifiques souhaiterait que l’on utilise le été que des succès partiels avec la perte totale ou en partie de la charge télescope européen Herschel comme im­ utile. Deux des trois lancements concerne la fusée Proton et l’autre la fu­ pacteur lunaire. L’objectif affiché est sée Falcon (voir L’Actualité au jour le jour). Le record est détenu par la d’observer le nuage de poussière soulevé Russie avec 29 lancements si l’on prend en compte ceux des fusées Soyuz par l’impact et déterminer la présence ou depuis la Guyane. Loin derrière mais en seconde position, on retrouve la non de glace d’eau sous la couche de ré­ Chine avec 19 lancements, tous couronnés de succès. On notera égale­ golite. L’ESA étudie l’intérêt d’une telle ment la mise en service de VEGA par l’Europe et la mise sur orbite réussie manœuvre et comment la réaliser sa­ du premier satellite nord­coréen. chant que Herschel circule sur une orbite au point Lagrange L2 à 1,5 millions de Dans le domaine des vols habités, on retiendra très certainement le pre­ km de la Terre contre 400 000 km pour la mier vol longue durée pour la Chine à bord d’un laboratoire orbital. Le Lune. vaisseau Shenzhou 9 est resté amarré à Tiangong durant 1 mois avec un équipage composé entre autre de la première femme taïkonaute. Du côté Successeur à GRACE de l’ISS, la ronde des équipes s’est poursuivie avec quatre relèves grâce La Nasa vient de passer commande au­ aux vaisseaux Soyuz TMA M. près d’EADS Astrium de deux satellites. L’exploration du système solaire n’est pas en reste. Dans la matinée du 06 Ils remplaceront le duo GRACE (Gravity août 2012, le rover Curiosity se posait en douceur sur la Planète Rouge Recovery and Climate Experiment), mis­ pour une mission d’exploration d’une année martienne minimum, soit 687 sion menée conjointement avec jours terrestres. Le site d’atterrissage choisi est le cratère de Gale qui au­ l’Allemagne pour la cartographie du rait été, selon les scientifiques, propice à l’apparition de la vie à un mo­ champ gravitationnel de la Terre. Les sa­ tellites GRACE Follow­On, d’une masse ment ou un autre. unitaire de 590 kg, devraient être lancés Le 05 septembre dernier, la sonde Dawn quittait l’orbite de l’astéroïde en 2017. Vesta qu’elle a étudié en détail pendant près d’un an. Elle s’en va re­ joindre son second objectif, la planète naine Cérès qu’elle atteindra en fé­ Passages de l'ISS vrier 2015. La Chine a clôturé l’année avec le survol par la sonde Chang’e Vous désirez connaître les heures du 2 de l’astéroïde Toutatis à 3 km de distance alors que le petit corps ro­ survol de la ville la plus proche de chez cheux passait à 10 millions de km environ de notre planète. vous par l’ISS ? Inscrivez­vous sur le site http://spotthestation.nasa.gov/ 8 ASTRONotes 25 Janvier 2013 A L A M O D E B U Z Z L’ E C L A I R Selon le magazine Time, l’une des 26 meilleures in­ ventions de l’année 2012 est le dernier prototype de combinaison spatiale que la Nasa est actuellement en train de mettre au point.
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