DOCSLIB.ORG

Japanese Business Concepts You Should Know

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Japanese Business Concepts You Should Know 1 Japanese Business Concepts You Should Know Edited by Parissa Haghirian Sophia University Tokyo, Japan 2 Contents About this Book ......................................................................................... 4 The Editor ................................................................................................ 5 Japanese Business Concepts You Should Know ................................................. 6 Contributors of This Book ............................................................................ 94 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 96 Further Reading on Japanese Management .................................................... 102 3 About this Book This book is the result of one of my “Management in Japan” classes held at the Faculty of Liberal Arts at Sophia University in Tokyo. Students wrote this dictionary entries, I edited and updated them. The document is now available as a free e-book at my homepage www.haghirian.com. We hope that this book improves understanding of Japanese management and serves as inspiration for anyone interested in the subject. Questions and comments can be sent to [email protected]. Please inform the editor if you plan to quote parts of the book. Japanese Business Concepts You Should Know Edited by Parissa Haghirian First edition, Tokyo, October 2019 4 The Editor Parissa Haghirian is Professor of International Management at Sophia University in Tokyo. She lives and works in Japan since 2004 and is an internationally renowned expert in international management with a focus on Japanese management. Parissa Haghirian studied Japanese Studies at the University of Vienna (MA 1999) and holds a Master degree (2000) and PhD in Business Administration from the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration (2003). She is also a visiting professor at HEC Paris, Keio University, Waseda University, Aalto University and the University of Vienna. From 2011 to 2012 she held a professorship in Japanese Management at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) in Munich. Parissa has published several books and articles on the topic of Japanese management, and is the author of Understanding Japanese Management Practices (Business Expert Press, 2010), Multinationals and Cross-Cultural Management: The Transfer of Knowledge Within Multinational Corporations (Routledge 2010) and Successful Cross-cultural Management: a Guide for International Managers (Business Expert Press 2011). She is also the editor of Japanese Consumer Dynamics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Case Studies in Japanese Management (Wspc 2011), the Routledge Handbook of Japanese Business and Management (Routledge 2016) and Business Development, Merger and Crisis Management of International Firms in Japan: Featuring Case Studies from Fortune 500 Companies (Wspc 2018). In 2019 she edited the free e-book Japanese Business Concepts You Should Know. Professor Haghirian advises multinational corporations on Japanese management, intercultural cooperation and coaches top managers in search of new potential for success and perspectives. She holds keynotes at conferences and corporate events in Europe and Asia. She lives in Tokyo and Vienna. Contact [email protected] www.haghirian.com 5 Japanese Business Concepts You Should Know amae 甘え Indulgent dependency Behavior which shows your desire to be loved, your expectation that someone will take care of you, and your deep desire for acceptance— perhaps, even an unconscious desire for dependency, coupled with a degree of submissiveness—is characterized by amae. A person manifesting amae may beg or plead, or alternatively act selfishly and indulgently, all the while secure in the knowledge that the caregiver will forgive them. amae, then, signifies a wish for dependency, whether on one’s family, partner, or boss. Although amae may be found all over the world, Japanese culture emphasizes it particularly strongly—as reflected in the fact that the Japanese language assigns it a specific word. amae comes from the verb amaeru, meaning “to depend on the benevolence of others,” “behave self-indulgently,” or “to presume on some special relationship.” amae is mostly shown to members of one’s own group, and does not apply to strangers. The psychoanalyst Doi Takeo has elaborated on this aspect of Japanese psychology. According to Doi, Japanese people do not feel comfortable or right in any relationship that does not include amae, which he defines as an indulgent dependency rooted in the mother–child bond. amae is experienced by the child as a feeling of dependency or a desire to be loved, while the mother experiences satisfaction and fulfillment through overindulgence and overprotectiveness of her child. amae concerns the duties and sacrifices involved in belonging to a group. It is a strength of the group relationship, and plays a fundamental role in a collectivist society, as is the case in Japan, where group orientation is taken to be more important than individualism. A claim of amae is a claim of dependence. It often occurs when one first joins a company or school, where a person must quickly get integrated into a comfortable niche. The subordinate gets a channel through which to move upward; the superior gets someone to do their bidding; and, within the group, success is shared by all and guilt is diffused when something goes wrong. amae assists the process of creating harmonious interconnections within families, in companies, and between friends. Japanese do not usually confront each other, and it is very rare to see Japanese people arguing. amae is one of the tools which maintains this harmony. amae has many different manifestations and can be found everywhere: at home, in education and work relationships, in manga (漫画) and anime (アニメ), in Japanese pop music, etc. It is also relevant to business negotiations, where Japanese are more comfortable when they can identify the superior individual, who is expected to show benevolence and give concessions to the junior. It is interesting, though, to see how roles can be reversed during the negotiation process when it is the superior party who has to ask for concessions. Within a company, amae is an important part of the senior–junior relationship. In such pairings, the individual in the senior position expects the junior to accept unreasonable demands; meanwhile, the junior can expect help, indulgence, or forgiveness from the superior. Both presume some special relationship between them. A further example is the senpai–kōhai (先輩―後輩) relationship. The senpai is considered an older brother who is supposed to give guidance and show benevolence toward the kōhai. (J.B.) See also: senpai-kōhai, awase, giri, ganbaru and gaman amakudari 天下り Heaven descent 6 In its narrow sense, amakudari refers to the practice of providing top government officials with elite, high-paying jobs in private corporations after they retire. In a broader sense, it refers to two career paths available after retirement: entering public corporations, or the political arena. In their new positions, the former bureaucrats utilize their networks and insider knowledge from previous employment to maintain smooth relations with the ministries responsible for licensing and regulation. While amakudari is considered a central component of Japanese human management, recently this institution has come under criticism for being corrupt. Literally translated, amakudari means “descent from heaven.” Before World War II, civil servants believed they served the emperor, seen as a divine being that embodied every Japanese ideal. Working for the emperor was akin to being in heaven; the move from the public to the private sector marked one’s descent. While amakudari has historical roots in the Meiji period, it wasn’t until after World War II that it became institutionalized. Before the war, positions for retirees were individually negotiated; post-war, the secretariat’s office main responsibility became arranging jobs for bureaucrats, who were forced to retire by their early fifties. Faced with the need to respect the institutions of early retirement, lifetime employment, and seniority, amakudari was the perfect solution. In this sense, amakudari directly stems from the existence of these post-war institutions. Within a few years, the secretariat’s office had complete control over the best positions in the private sector. From 1949–1959 amakudari and yokosuberi (横滑り or sideways shift to another post) accounted for over 60% of post-retirement jobs. From a ministerial perspective, amakudari provides deferred compensation for civil servants, as well as enabling surveillance of private corporations. For government bureaucrats, obtaining an amakudari job is often equivalent to a promotion. These positions are highly sought after and intensely competitive, and so attract only the most talented personnel. amakudari thus provides the government with windows into the private sector, allowing the ministries to monitor them via their former staffers now working in senior private-sector positions. From a corporate perspective, amakudari helps private companies stay competitive in the market, reduce risks, and form a mutual basis of trust. After they move to their new jobs, the former bureaucrats provide their companies with information that would otherwise have been inaccessible, allowing them to stay current with the ministry that is regulating them and adapt accordingly. This engenders greater
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Men and Masculinities in the Changing Japanese Family
    Thesis for Doctor of Philosophy in Asian & Middle Eastern Studies Men and Masculinities in the Changing Japanese Family by Hiroko Umegaki Lucy Cavendish College Submitted November 2017 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian & Middle Eastern Studies provided by Apollo View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by 1 Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit of the relevant Degree Committee. 2 Acknowledgments Without her ever knowing, my grandmother provided the initial inspiration for my research: this thesis is dedicated to her. Little did I appreciate at the time where this line of enquiry would lead me, and I would not have stayed on this path were it not for my family, my husband, children, parents and extended family: thank you.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Direct Investment and Keiretsu: Rethinking U.S. and Japanese Policy
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: The Effects of U.S. Trade Protection and Promotion Policies Volume Author/Editor: Robert C. Feenstra, editor Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-23951-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/feen97-1 Conference Date: October 6-7, 1995 Publication Date: January 1997 Chapter Title: Foreign Direct Investment and Keiretsu: Rethinking U.S. and Japanese Policy Chapter Author: David E. Weinstein Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c0310 Chapter pages in book: (p. 81 - 116) 4 Foreign Direct Investment and Keiretsu: Rethinking U.S. and Japanese Policy David E. Weinstein For twenty-five years, the U.S. and Japanese governments have seen the rise of corporate groups in Japan, keiretsu, as due in part to foreign pressure to liberal- ize the Japanese market. In fact, virtually all works that discuss barriers in a historical context argue that Japanese corporations acted to insulate themselves from foreign takeovers by privately placing shares with each other (See, e.g., Encarnation 1992,76; Mason 1992; and Lawrence 1993). The story has proved to be a major boon for the opponents of a neoclassical approach to trade and investment policy. Proponents of the notion of “Japanese-style capitalism” in the Japanese government can argue that they did their part for liberalization and cannot be held responsible for private-sector outcomes. Meanwhile, pro- ponents of results-oriented policies (ROPs) can point to yet another example of how the removal of one barrier led to the formation of a second barrier.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaitoskirjascientific MASCULINITY and NATIONAL IMAGES IN
    Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki, Finland SCIENTIFIC MASCULINITY AND NATIONAL IMAGES IN JAPANESE SPECULATIVE CINEMA Leena Eerolainen DOCTORAL DISSERTATION To be presented for public discussion with the permission of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki, in Room 230, Aurora Building, on the 20th of August, 2020 at 14 o’clock. Helsinki 2020 Supervisors Henry Bacon, University of Helsinki, Finland Bart Gaens, University of Helsinki, Finland Pre-examiners Dolores Martinez, SOAS, University of London, UK Rikke Schubart, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Opponent Dolores Martinez, SOAS, University of London, UK Custos Henry Bacon, University of Helsinki, Finland Copyright © 2020 Leena Eerolainen ISBN 978-951-51-6273-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-6274-8 (PDF) Helsinki: Unigrafia, 2020 The Faculty of Arts uses the Urkund system (plagiarism recognition) to examine all doctoral dissertations. ABSTRACT Science and technology have been paramount features of any modernized nation. In Japan they played an important role in the modernization and militarization of the nation, as well as its democratization and subsequent economic growth. Science and technology highlight the promises of a better tomorrow and future utopia, but their application can also present ethical issues. In fiction, they have historically played a significant role. Fictions of science continue to exert power via important multimedia platforms for considerations of the role of science and technology in our world. And, because of their importance for the development, ideologies and policies of any nation, these considerations can be correlated with the deliberation of the role of a nation in the world, including its internal and external images and imaginings.
    [Show full text]
  • Title the NEET and Hikikomori Spectrum
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository The NEET and Hikikomori spectrum: Assessing the risks and Title consequences of becoming culturally marginalized. Author(s) Uchida, Yukiko; Norasakkunkit, Vinai Citation Frontiers in psychology (2015), 6 Issue Date 2015-08-18 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/214324 © 2015 Uchida and Norasakkunkit. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original Right author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Type Journal Article Textversion publisher Kyoto University ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 18 August 2015 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01117 The NEET and Hikikomori spectrum: Assessing the risks and consequences of becoming culturally marginalized Yukiko Uchida 1* and Vinai Norasakkunkit 2 1 Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 2 Department of Psychology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, USA An increasing number of young people are becoming socially and economically marginalized in Japan under economic stagnation and pressures to be more globally competitive in a post-industrial economy. The phenomena of NEET/Hikikomori (occupational/social withdrawal) have attracted global attention in recent years. Though the behavioral symptoms of NEET and Hikikomori can be differentiated, some commonalities in psychological features can be found. Specifically, we believe that both NEET and Hikikomori show psychological tendencies that deviate from those Edited by: Tuukka Hannu Ilmari Toivonen, governed by mainstream cultural attitudes, values, and behaviors, with the difference University of London, UK between NEET and Hikikomori being largely a matter of degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Otaku Phenomenon : Pop Culture, Fandom, and Religiosity in Contemporary Japan
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2017 The otaku phenomenon : pop culture, fandom, and religiosity in contemporary Japan. Kendra Nicole Sheehan University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Japanese Studies Commons, and the Other Religion Commons Recommended Citation Sheehan, Kendra Nicole, "The otaku phenomenon : pop culture, fandom, and religiosity in contemporary Japan." (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2850. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2850 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE OTAKU PHENOMENON: POP CULTURE, FANDOM, AND RELIGIOSITY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN By Kendra Nicole Sheehan B.A., University of Louisville, 2010 M.A., University of Louisville, 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Kendra Nicole Sheehan All rights reserved THE OTAKU PHENOMENON: POP CULTURE, FANDOM, AND RELIGIOSITY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN By Kendra Nicole Sheehan B.A., University of Louisville, 2010 M.A., University of Louisville, 2012 A Dissertation Approved on November 17, 2017 by the following Dissertation Committee: __________________________________ Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • CANON INC. (Exact Name of the Registrant As Specified in Its Charter)
    UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM SD SPECIALIZED DISCLOSURE REPORT CANON INC. (Exact name of the registrant as specified in its charter) JAPAN 001-15122 (State or other jurisdiction of (Commission (IRS Employer incorporation or organization) File Number) Identification No.) 30-2, Shimomaruko 3-chome , Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan (Address of principle executive offices) (Zip code) Eiji Shimizu, +81-3-3758-2111, 30-2, Shimomaruko 3-chome, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan (Name and telephone number, including area code, of the person to contact in connection with this report.) Check the appropriate box to indicate the rule pursuant to which this form is being filed and provide the period to which the information in this form applies: Rule 13p-1 under the Securities Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13p-1) for the reporting period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Section 1 - Conflict Minerals Disclosure Established in 1937, Canon Inc. is a Japanese corporation with its headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. Canon Inc. is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of office multifunction devices (“MFDs”), plain paper copying machines, laser printers, inkjet printers, cameras, diagnostic equipment and lithography equipment. Canon Inc. earns revenues primarily from the manufacture and sale of these products domestically and internationally. Canon Inc. and its consolidated companies fully have been aware of conflict minerals issue and have been working together with business partners and industry entities to address the issue of conflict minerals. In response to Rule 13p-1, Canon Inc. conducted Reasonable Country of Origin Inquiry and due diligence based on the “OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas,” for its various products.
    [Show full text]
  • Keiretsu Divergence in the Japanese Automotive Industry Akira Takeishi, Yoshihisa Noro
    Keiretsu Divergence in the Japanese Automotive Industry Akira Takeishi, Yoshihisa Noro To cite this version: Akira Takeishi, Yoshihisa Noro. Keiretsu Divergence in the Japanese Automotive Industry: Why Have Some, But Not All, Gone?. 2017. hal-02952225 HAL Id: hal-02952225 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02952225 Preprint submitted on 29 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License CEAFJP Discussion Paper Series 17-04 CEAFJPDP Keiretsu Divergence in the Japanese Automotive Industry: Why Have Some, But Not All, Gone? Akira Takeishi Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University CEAFJP Visiting Researcher Yoshihisa Noro Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. August 2017 http://ffj.ehess.fr KEIRETSU DIVERGENCE IN THE JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: WHY HAVE SOME, BUT NOT ALL, GONE? August 2, 2017 Akira Takeishi Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University; Visiting Researcher (October 2015- July 2016), Fondation France-Japon de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales e-mail address: [email protected] Yoshihisa Noro Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. ABSTRACT The keiretsu relationship in the Japanese automotive industry was once admired as a source of competitive advantage.
    [Show full text]
  • Places of Employment of Graduates from Faculty/Graduate School (Master's Program) (FY2015)
    Places of Employment of Graduates from Faculty/Graduate School (Master's Program) (FY2015) Faculty of Letters/Graduate School of Humanities ● Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp. ● Nippon Life Insurance Co. ● Osaka Customs ● Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Bank, Ltd. ● Teacher (JH&HS) ● Kobe Customs ● The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. ● Hyogo Prefectural High School ● Kobe City Office ● Bank of Japan ● Osaka Regional Taxation Bureau ● Toyonaka City Office ● Japan Post Bank Co., Ltd. ● Japan MINT ● Hiroshima Home Television Co.,Ltd. ● Mizuho Securities Co., Ltd. ● Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ● Japan Broadcasting Corporation ● Daiwa Securities Co., Ltd. ● Osaka Public Prosecutors Office ● Kobe Steel,Ltd. ● Japan Post Insurance Co.,Ltd. ● Kobe District Court ● Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Faculty of Intercultural Studies/Graduate School of Intercultural Studies ● Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan ● Nippon Life Insurance Company ● Toyota Motor Corp. ● Osaka Immigration Bureau ● SUMITOMO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY ● KANEKA CORPORATION ● Kansai Bureau of Economy ● Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp. ● Mitsubishi Electric Corp. ● Tokyo Metropolitan Government ● Resona Bank, Ltd. ● New Kansai International Airport Co., Ltd. ● Kobe City Office ● Mizuho Bank, Ltd. ● Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd. ● Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art ● The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. ● TAISEI CORPORATION ● Kansai Telecasting Corporation ● Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. ● Kobe Steel,Ltd. ● Japan Broadcasting Corp. ● THE KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER Co., INC. ● Hitachi, Ltd. Faculty of Human Development/Graduate School of Human Development and Environment ● Suntory Holdings Ltd. ● Mitsubishi Corp. ● Hyogo Prefectural High school ● ASICS Corp. ● Mizuho Bank, Ltd. ● Osaka Prefectural High school ● Kobe Steel,Ltd. ● The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. ● Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare ● Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • I TEAM JAPAN: THEMES of 'JAPANESENESS' in MASS MEDIA
    i TEAM JAPAN: THEMES OF ‘JAPANESENESS’ IN MASS MEDIA SPORTS NARRATIVES A Dissertation submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Michael Plugh July 2015 Examining Committee Members: Fabienne Darling-Wolf, Advisory Chair, Media and Communication Doctoral Program Nancy Morris, Media and Communication Doctoral Program John Campbell, Media and Communication Doctoral Program Lance Strate, External Member, Fordham University ii © Copyright 2015 by MichaelPlugh All Rights Reserved iii Abstract This dissertation concerns the reproduction and negotiation of Japanese national identity at the intersection between sports, media, and globalization. The research includes the analysis of newspaper coverage of the most significant sporting events in recent Japanese history, including the 2014 Koshien National High School Baseball Championships, the awarding of the People’s Honor Award, the 2011 FIFA Women’s World Cup, wrestler Hakuho’s record breaking victories in the sumo ring, and the bidding process for the 2020 Olympic Games. 2054 Japanese language articles were examined by thematic analysis in order to identify the extent to which established themes of “Japaneseness” were reproduced or renegotiated in the coverage. The research contributes to a broader understanding of national identity negotiation by illustrating the manner in which established symbolic boundaries are reproduced in service of the nation, particularly via mass media. Furthermore, the manner in which change is negotiated through processes of assimilation and rejection was considered through the lens of hybridity theory. iv To my wife, Ari, and my children, Hiroto and Mia. Your love sustained me throughout this process.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Affairs
    Georgetown Journal of ASIAN AFFAIRS POLICY FORUM Water Security in South Asia: Between State and Society Preparing for Pan-Epidemics of Urban Yellow Majed Akhter Fever Daniel Lucey Transboundary Haze and Human Security in Southeast Asia The Strategic and Tactical Implications of ISIS Helena Varkkey on Southeast Asia’s Militant Groups Zachary Abuza Japan’s Defense Strategy in Graying Asia Jennifer Dabbs Sciubba Maritime Security Deficits and International Cooperation: Illegal Fishing and Maritime Migration for Human Security? The Contribution Piracy in Southeast Asia of Translocality to Social Resilience Derek Reveron Harald Sterly, Kayly Ober & Patrick Sakdapolrak Securing or Securitizing? Human Security in Asia with an introduction by Mely Caballero-Anthony Published by the Asian Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown Journal of ASIAN AFFAIRS Vol. 3 | No. 1 | Fall 2016 The Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs is the flagship scholarly publication of the Asian Studies Program housed within the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Established in 2014, the Journal aims to provide a forum for schol- ars and practitioners in the field of Asian affairs to exchange ideas and publish research that further the understanding of the world’s largest and most populous continent. The views expressed in this issue do not necessarily reflect those of the Journal ’s editors and advisors, the Asian Studies Program, the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, or Georgetown University.
    [Show full text]
  • 7.5 Heian Notes
    Name: Date: Topic: Japan’s Heian Period Period: Main Ideas/ Questions Notes Row Leaders get Textbooks + Setup Cornell Notes + Put graded work away A New Capital • In 794, the Emperor Kammu built a new capital city for Japan, called Heian-Kyo. • Today, it is called Kyoto. • The Heian Period is called Japan’s “Golden Age” Essential Question: What does “Golden Age” mean? Inside the city • Wealthy families lived in mansions surrounded by gardens. A Powerful Family • The Fujiwara family controlled Japan for over 300 years. • They had more power than the emperor and made important decisions for Japan. Beauty and Fashion • Beauty was important in Heian society. • Men and women blackened their teeth. • Women plucked their eyebrows and painted them higher on their foreheads. Beauty and Fashion • Heian women wore as many as 12 silk robes at a time. • Long hair was also considered beautiful. Entertainment • The aristocracy had time for diversions such as go (a board game), kemari (keep the ball in play) and bugaku theater. Art • Yamato-e was a style of Japanese art that reflected nature from the Japanese religion of Shinto. Writing and Literature • The Tale of Genji was written by Murasaki Shikibu, a woman, and is considered the world’s first novel. Japanese Origami Book Blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah. Blah blah blah blah. .
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Making and Breaking
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Making and Breaking Stereotypes: East Asian International Students’ Experiences with Cross- Cultural/Racial Interactions A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Education by Zachary Stephen Ritter 2013 © Copyright by Zachary Stephen Ritter 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Making and Breaking Stereotypes: East Asian International Students’ Experiences with Cross- Cultural/Racial Interactions by Zachary Stephen Ritter Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Richard Wagoner, Chair In response to recent budget cuts and declining revenue streams, American colleges and universities are admitting larger numbers of international students. These students add a great deal of cultural and intellectual diversity to college campuses, but they also bring racial stereotypes that can affect cross-racial interaction as well as campus climate. Forty-seven interviews with Chinese, Japanese, and Korean graduate and undergraduate international students were conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles, regarding these students’ racial stereotypes and how contact with diverse others challenged or reinforced these stereotypes over time. Results indicated that a majority of students had racial hierarchies, which affected with whom they roomed, befriended, and dated. American media images and a lack of cross-cultural/racial interaction in home countries led to negative views toward African-Americans and Latinos. Positive cross- racial interactions, diversity courses, and living on-campus did change negative stereotypes; however, a lack of opportunities to interact with racial out-groups, international and domestic student balkanization, and language issues led to stereotype ossification in some cases. This research shows that there is a need for policy and programmatic changes at the college level that promote international and domestic student interaction.
    [Show full text]