Telephone History Contruction, Invention & Design Educational

ISBN 978 0 9538613 1 6 Published by MumfordBooks-Guides.com © Mumfordbooks-guides.com 1.21 Early ExperimentalQUICK Ideas, & EASY Invention DOWNLOADS & Design: 1830-1930 Harrison Gray Dyar,Educational William Fothergill Series Cooke,of eBooks Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse,FREE using SAMPLE different 30 methodspage, part of of experimental 144 and practical switching, to recording sound 1860 and the Reis Transmitter, (all developed before A.G. Bell invented his telephone). 2.16 Pioneer Amateur & Professional Scientists, Engineers: Alexander Graham Bell, Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail.

© Mumfordbooks-guides.com QUICK & EASY DOWNLOADS Educational Series of eBooks FREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144 The story of the TELEPHONE: From Reis 1862 to Alexander Graham Bell the First Successful Inventor (Second image) one of the first desk telephone instruments the Blake transmitter, 1879. (Third image) an early telephone wall set of 1878, dubbed "Williams' Coffin I".

The telephone has behind it a story which, in every detail, is peculiar to itself. No well-equipped research laboratory staffed with professional scientists and having at its command all the available resources of electrical science brought the telephone into the world. The origin of the instrument did not take place at the hands, even, of any acknowledged electrician.

Speech Training Linked to Electicity and Harmonic Telegraph

Bell’s father, Alexander Melville Bell, had developed a system of speech training with his son, Alexander Graham Bell, subsequently adapted for use in teaching the deaf. The latter obtained a lectureship in Boston University, becoming "Professor of Vocal Physiology," as well as a private teacher of speech for the deaf. Graham Bell had for some time been interested in electrical matters. His ingenious mind had pondered long over the nature and principles of human speech and there was no doubting the fact that even at this early period the idea of transmitting Speech from one place to another by one unknown electrical means had occurred to him upon more than one occasion. .In March of 1868, when Edison was only 21, he moved from Port Huron, Michigan to Boston. He was hired by George Milliken who was the manager of Western Union's main office in Boston. Milliken was another accomplished Boston telegraph inventor with several patents, most importantly his design of a telegraph repeater. It was during this year while in Boston that Edison made the transition from being a telegrapher to a full time inventor. Edison worked on a press wire at night© at Mumfordbooks-guides.comWestern Union and during his off hours, worked on his projects at the Williams shop. Williams gave him the space he needed and extended Edison credit for materials and work performed by his machinists. He sometimes worked after Williams went home. While in Boston, Edison worked on a number of projects including a self-adjusting relay, stock printer, and his own fire alarm telegraph. In October of 1868,QUICK Edison filed for & his firstEASY patent, a vote DOWNLOADS recorder for legislative bodies. In December of 1868, he placed his first advertisement for one of his inventions and listed the Williams shop as his address. The ad was for his double transmitter, used in duplex telegraphy. There is no evidence, though,Educational that he ever sold either aSeries vote recorder or of a double eBooks transmitter. FREE SAMPLEAll sorts of curious 30 notions page, passed part of 144 through the brain of Bell and many of these were connected with his hobby of electricity. In 1874, we find him busily engaged during his spare time in the construction of what he termed a "Harmonic Telegraph" which was to be an instrument by means of which he expected to be able to transmit half a dozen or so Morse telegraph messages Telegraph Register made by C. Williams Jr. over a single wire.

Garret Work Room above Charles William JR. Telegraph Instrument Maker

Rather, in fact, the opposite was the case, for the inventor of the telephone comprised an individual who had acquired just sufficient mastery over electrical theory to guide him through his necessary experimental work, but of chemical and related scientific knowledge he possessed but little. Alexander Graham Bell—the name is now world famous—was the first inventor of the telephone, and a rough garret above a shop in the American city of Boston constituted the birthplace of the instrument. Bell, whose native city was Edinburgh, having been born there in 1847, at 23 years of age emigrated to Canada with his parents in 1870. Quickly he found his way over into the States and two years later, in 1872, we find him taking up permanent residence in the city of Boston. Early in 1874, while working on an apparatus of Farmer's, Alexander Graham Bell came into Williams' shop and went directly over to Watson. He was© looking Mumfordbooks-guides.com for Watson to make modifications to a transmitter and receiver of his harmonic telegraph. His design was to sendQUICK 6 to 8 messages & EASYat different pitches DOWNLOADS simultaneously over one wire and receiving them on tuned receivers. Bell was 27, and a Professor in Vocal Physiology and Elocution at Boston University. By January of 1875, Watson was assigned to Bell in Educationaladdition to doing work of Series other inventors. of eBooks FREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144

By the spring of 1875, after months of discouraging results with the harmonic telegraph, Bell attempted to cheer up Watson one night by letting him know of another plan. He said to Watson, If I can get a mechanism which will make a current of electricity vary in its intensity, as the air varies in density when a sound is passing through it, I can telegraph any sound, even the sound of speech. http://www.telegraph-history.org/charles-williams-jr/index.html

The "Harmonic Telegraph" was the wrong course of experiments, before you find the Right Answer

Bell first confided some of his dreams of a working telephone to Watson. " I have never forgotten his exact words,"’ Watson wrote years after the death of Bell, "they have run in my mind ever since, just like a mathematical formula.' If,' Bell said, ' I could make a current of electricity vary in intensity precisely as the air varies in density during the production of a sound, I should be able to transmit speech electrically.'" Bell then sketched out for Watson some rough ideas of his on the subject of projecting speech electrically, but they were much too complicated and theoretical in nature to impress the more practical Watson. Meanwhile, the experiments with the "Harmonic Telegraph" continued, much to the discomfort of Watson, who admits that he was beginning to grow tired of the unsuccessful device. © Mumfordbooks-guides.com QUICK & EASY DOWNLOADS Educational Series of eBooks FREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144

Time for Practical Testing Sound Travelling over 800 metres over House Tops

In January of 1876, Bell decided to keep his experimental apparatus out of sight until he secured patents, something that was not possible at Williams' shop. He was worried about possible spies of Elisha Gray of the Western Electric Mfg. Co. who was also working in this field. Bell rented two rooms a half mile away from Williams' shop in the attic of 5 Exeter Place. Bell slept in one and Watson set up a lab in the other. Most experiments for the next two years were done there until the telephone went into full production. Watson made modifications to the instruments in Williams' shop and then carried them over to Exeter Place. Williams' men erected an outdoor line between the Williams Shop and Exeter Place soon after the experimental work began there. It was a no. 12 galvanized wire, a half mile long and run over house tops. It remained in constant use until it was abandoned in July of 1877. Watson spent hours at night listening to stray currents on this line with his primitive receivers. © Mumfordbooks-guides.com QUICK & EASY DOWNLOADS Educational Series of eBooks FREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144

Bell once said, as the production of a sound, I should be able to transmit speech electrically

Experiments with these devices sa

Bell's "Harmonic telegraph” transmitter (left) and the receiver (right). Bell his idea of the telephone. © Mumfordbooks-guides.com QUICK & EASY DOWNLOADS Educational Series of eBooks FREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144

A side view of the first Bell telephone model, showing the mouthpiece.

The experiments were being conducted in an upper workroom, little more in character than a garret, above a shop in K)!), Court Street, Boston. The attic was roughly partitioned off, the transmitting instruments being in one section of the attic and the receivers in another. One afternoon—on June 2, 1875, to be precise—Bell and Watson were in the attic at 109 Court Street, Boston, tuning the receivers of Bell's "Harmonic Telegraph|" apparatus. Watson was vibrating the transmitter and Bell was listening at the receivers in addition to tuning the latter. Suddenly Watson heard a shout from Bell and immediately afterwards Bell rushed in to Watson. "What did you do then? ", he cried." Don't change anything! Let me see!" What had actually happened was that Bell's" harmonic" receiver had picked up the transmitted hum of a vibrating reed in the transmitter and Bell had immediately been struck with the fidelity of the transmitted note.

Bell Liquid Telephone Transmitter and Receiver Replica of 1876 Invention

© Mumfordbooks-guides.com QUICK & EASY DOWNLOADS Educational Series of eBooks FREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144 On the memorable occasion above mentioned, the contact point of the "Harmonic Telegraph" transmitter was screwed down upon the Hat reed, making, when the reed was vibrated, not as in the ease of the other pairs of transmitters and receivers, the make-and-break current of telegraphy, but the uninterrupted undulated current of telephony. Thus the whole "voice" of the reed, including its vibrational overtones, was transmitted. Bell heard, understood and realised the tremendous importance of the received sound. Within an hour or two, Bell had thought out a scheme for building up an electrical telephone and before he left the building that evening he had given to Watson directions for the construction of such an instrument—the first telephone. Watson was to mount a small drum of gold-beater's skin over one of the "Harmonic Telegraph" receivers and to attach the free end of the receiver-spring or reed to the centre of the skin diaphragm. Finally, a mouthpiece was to be fixed over the diaphragm.

Slow Hard Work and Practical Experiments Finally Pays-off

This crude arrangement constituted the world's first telephone. It was tried out between the attic of the Court Street building in Boston and a room two storeys below. The first results from the telephone' instrument were very meagre, but, all the same, they sufficed to convince Bell of the fact that he was on the right track in his conception and design of the instrument. It was not until February 14, 1876, that Bell filed his application for his first telephone patent and, indeed, not until a month after this date— March 10, 1876— that the first complete sentence was intelligibly transmitted by telephony. Watson afterwards recounted the fact that this memorable sentence took the form of : Mr. Walson, come lure; I want you !—which was uttered by Bell. After Bell's fundamental experiments had been completed, the telephone developed rapidly1. The instrument was exhibited at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in the June of 1876, its inventor being awarded one of the Exhibition's medals.

Incidentally, it is of interest for us to note that the renowned Sir William Thomson, afterwards Lord Kelvin, a great English electrical pioneer, was Chairman of the Committee of Judges on this occasion.

In the following August occurred the first one-way telephonic transmission of speech over any considerable distance. It took place between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, a distance of eight miles.

Development of the Invention Bell, at this juncture, had put so much time into his experiments that his private practice as a teacher of speech and of the deaf had begun to suffer badly. He appears, however, to have given scant consideration to this fact, for now almost the whole scientific development of his new invention. In the February of 1877, Bell began a series of public lectures on and demonstrations of the telephone. The first of these was given© toMumfordbooks-guides.com a scientific society known as the Essex Institute at Salem, Mass., in which town Bell then resided. Thomas Augstus Watson, as usual, was his main assistant at these lectures, being located at the other end of telephone line and shouting into thQUICKe instrument such & phrasesEASY as "G oodDOWNLOADS evening!" How do you do? ", ”What do you think of the telephone ? " and so on. Then the faithful Watson would sing into the instrument, the song being reproduced in the receiving instrument displayed in the centre oEducationalf the lecture platform. These Series lectures became of eBooks very popular a nd I shall achieve much fame by them. Lecturing on a scientifiFREEc novelty, however, SAMPLE was one thi ng,30 but page, exploiting the part telephone of commerciall 144 y Bell found to be quite another matter. Indeed, he took but little interest in the commercial side of his instrument. He was, however, helped in his commercial affairs by two noted men, Thomas Sanders and Gardiner Green Hubbard, who were interested in Bell's work for the deaf as well as his inventions in electrical communication.

Bell Telephone Company

The first Bell Telephone company was floated on 5,000 Shares, the interest in the Company being divided up between shareholders. Alexander Graham Bell, Mrs Bell, Gardiner G. Hubbard, Mrs& Mr C. E. Hubbard, Thomas Sanders and the ever-of

his energies were given over to the technical and available Thomas A. Watson ( later founded the Fore River Ship & Engine Co.). On January 28, 1878, the first commercial telephone Exchange was opened at New Haven, Connecticut. This served 21 telephones by means of eight lines.

Alexander Graham Bell (Born: March 3, 1847; Edinburgh, Scotland) A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that converts sound into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances. First patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell and further developed by many others, the telephone was the first device in human history that enabled people to talk directly with each other across large distances. It rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government, and households, and it is now among the most widely used appliances in the developed world. The word telephone has been adapted into the vocabulary of many languages. making possible the smart phone today. © Mumfordbooks-guides.com Educational Series of eBooks © Mumfordbooks-guides.com Educational Series of eBooks

Rapid Progress

Bell's instruments were crude at the beginning, but leaving all further developments to the Company bearing his name, he lived to witness a rapid and remarkable process of evolution ©in the Mumfordbooks-guides.com sphere of telephone apparatus and appliances. QUICKAt first the commercial & EASY telephone DOWNLOADS had no calling-up device. You just tapped the diaphragm of the transmitter with a pencil and awaited results. Next came a buzzer calling device and after this,Educational the magneto wall-set Series telephone, an ofinstrument eBooks comprisin g a long narrow box to which were hooked the telephone mouthpiece and earpiece. These instrument were the invention of a FREEman named SAMPLE Williams and owing30 page,to their elongate partd shape of the 144y soon came to be known as “Williams Collins” They were used in conjunction with a hand switch which in one position put the magneto calling-up device into operation and moved the other way, placed the William Collins were made by the hundreds, after them came the Blake transmitter, the invention of Francis Blake, which gave a louder reception and therefore greatly popularised the early telephone system. It was not until some years afterwards that Bell’s telephones gained popularity in England. November, 1938 EXTRACT COPY BASED ON NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS telephone circuit into the activation position.

Died: August 2, 1922; Baddeck, Nova Scotia Significance: Bell, a prolific inventor and philanthropist, is best known as the inventor of the telephone. He founded Bell Telephone, which would eventually become the communications giant American Telephone and Telegraph.

EARLY TELEPHONE DEVELOPEMENTS: EDISON'S PHONOGRAPH 1877

The Blake transmitter 1883 was the first successful telephone transmitter (microphone). It was invented by Francis Blake in 1878 and apparatus was manufactured to be used for physics experiments in schools and universities.used a carbon and platinum resistance element. It was later improved by Berliner and remained the standard for many used a carbon and platinum resistance © Mumfordbooks-guides.comelement. It was later improved by Berliner and remained QUICK & EASY DOWNLOADSthe standard for many years. Ron Christianson, http://www.museumphones.com/ Educational Series of eBooks FREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144 Hughes Microphone ca. 1900 (French) Unsigned but likely Pericaud or Radiguet

In 1878, the carbon microphone was invented by David Edward Hughes. Hughes's microphone was the early model for the various carbon microphones now in use. It relies on the property that the resistance of a carbon rod will vary as it is vibrated by sound. This apparatus was manufactured to be used for physics experiments in schools and universities.

Johann Philipp Reis Receiver 1860 (developed before A.G. Bell invented the telephone)

The instrument shown was developed by Philipp Reis in the early 1860s and was used as the receiver for his telephone transmitter. He was then an instructor in physics (or natural philosophy, as it was then called) in Friedrichsdorf, Germany. The Reis Receiver was unique in telephone history, and he was the only one known to have used this unusual design. At first glance, one might assume that it was simply another type of electro-magnetic receiver, similar to those used by practically all of the other early telephone experimenters. However, it did not work by magnetic attraction and repulsion. Instead, it worked by a little-known phenomenon called magnetostriction. Magnetostriction causes certain ferrous metals and alloys, an iron rod for instance, to become longer or shorter when under the influence of a fluctuating magnetic ©field. Mumfordbooks-guides.com This effect was observed by several early experimenters (J. Joule and C. G. Page) in about 1840. Page noted that an electromagnet would emit a strange click when pulsed with a sudden current, and deduced that the sound was caused by the iron corQUICKe of the electromagn & EASYet actually changing DOWNLOADS its length under the influen ce of the surrounding magnetic field. He called the effect “galvanic music,” but found no practical use for it. This was the technique Reis chose to make the receiver for his telephone Educationaltransmitter. In his first implementation, Series ofhe merely eBooks wrapped a coil of wire (or helix as he called it) around an iron rod. FREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144 Reis was a sensitive young teacher, imagined electricity could be propagated through space, as light can, without the aid of a material conductor, and he performed some experiments on the subject. The results were described in a paper, "On the Radiation of Electricity", 1859.

In 1860, he constructed the first prototype of a telephone, which could cover a distance of 100 meters.

Prior to 1947, the Reis device was tested by the British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC). The results also confirmed it could faintly transmit and receive speech.

The Reis Transmitter (developed before A.G. Bell invented the telephone) The instrument shown was developed by Philipp Reis in the early 1860s and was used as the transmitter, the companion piece for his telephone receiver. He was then an instructor in physics (or natural philosophy, as it was then called) in Friedrichsdorf, Germany.

The McDonough Transmitter

James W. McDonough of Chicago, Illinois had the little-known distinction of being the only inventor to de-throne Alexander Bell as the original inventor of the telephone. McDonough was a well-to-do furniture manufacturer of whose hobby, since 1867, had been experimenting with electrically produced sound. His “sound reproducer” was nothing more than an electromagnet positioned close to an iron disc attached to a flexible membrane. It differed little from the electro-magnetic receivers used by many of the early experimenters.

Cabinet Desk Phone Western Electric ca. Bell "Centennial" Telephone of 1876 model 1890's Also referred to as a "Vanity Phone”

Ericsson "Eiffel Tower" Telephoneca. 1892 SIT "Trefle" Telephoneca. 1890's

Tapered Shaft Oil-CanFREE Candlestick SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144 Stromberg Carlson 1900 Nickel plated, tapered shaft, aka "oil can" desk set. This rare set is known as the oil can because of the way it looks upside down. It is equipped with the ornate, well marked faceplate and the Stromberg Carlson 2-line Magneto Telephone very hard to find "brass bottomed" receiver. With "Adjustaphone" scissor attachment made by Tapered shaft upright desk sets were the second Chicago Writing Machine Co, 1903 form of "shaped"

© Mumfordbooks-guides.com Educational Series of eBooks © Mumfordbooks-guides.com Educational Series of eBooks Telephone History Contruction, Invention & Design eBook Visual Education 1.6 Index 1830-1930 Web Site Links 1.1 Experimental Ideas, Invention & Design 2.2 Pioneer Amateur & Professional Scientist & Electrical Engineers 3.3 Examples of Early Telegraph/Telephones Original & Modern Reproductions 4.4 Many New Telephone© Mumfordbooks-guides.com Companies The Bell TelephoneQUICK Company & EASY 1877, DOWNLOADS The National & InternationalEducational 1879, Series the of eBooks American TelephoneFREE & SAMPLETelegraph Co. 30 1899 page, part of 144 The Bell Telephone Company 1877, The National & International 1879, American Telephone & Telegraph 1899 5.5 Europe quickly followed, British L.M.Ericsson Manufacturer Co. 1903, G. Maconi, The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Co.1909,The Plessey Co. 1917 6.6 Telephone Visual index, Original Catalogues, Construction & 100's of Details

© Mumfordbooks-guides.com Educational Series of eBooks © Mumfordbooks-guides.com Educational Series of eBooks http://www.telephonecollectors.org/store/store.htm Hyperlinks to some of our Contributors http://postamuzeum.hu/stores/item/100.html http://www.qrquickcodegenerator.com/qr-- code-- resources-- history-- of-- te lecommunications.php http://www.antiquetelephonehistory.com/early.php http:www.telephonecollecting.org/slideshow1/noname.h tml http:/www.britishtelephones.com/ http://www.britishtelephones.com/histatc.htm http://www.telephonetalk.com.au/images/Australian/Auto© Mumfordbooks-guides.com Electric/AutoElectricGeelong.htm http://www.britishtelephones.com/ericsson/ericaus.htmQUICK & EASY http:// DOWNLOADS www.britishtelephones.comhistuk.htm http://www.britishtelephones.com/ntc/telelist.htmEducational Series of eBooks http://www.britishtelephones.com/ericsson/ericaus.htm http://www.britishtelephones.com/histsibr.htmFREE SAMPLE 30 page, part of 144 http://www.britishtelephones.com/telelist.htm http://www.bt.com/archivesonline

1873-1874 www.britishtelephones.com/histsibr.htm The first Atlantic cable is laid by Siemens Brothers with the cable steamer “Faraday”, built specially for this purpose. 1910 The decision is made to expand into the business25 of telephone apparatus manufacture. 1911 The telephone manufacturing organisation is established. 1914 The shares of the English Siemens company are confiscated by the British government.

UK General Post Office National Telephone Co. 1880 The Post Office commenced its telephone business in 1878, however the vast majority of telephones were initially connected to indepedently run networks. In December 1880, the Post Master General obtained a court judgement that telephone conversations were, technically, within the remit of the Telegraph Act. The General Post Office then licenced all existing telephone networks. The effective nationalisation of the UK telecommunications industry occurred in 1912 with the takeover of the National Telephone Company which left only a few municipal undertakings independent of the GPO (in particular Hull Telephones Department and the telephone system of Guernsey). The telephone system of Portsmouth was independent until 1913. The telephone systems of Jersey and the Isle of Man, obtained from the NTC were offered for sale to the respective governments of the islands. Both initially refused, but the States of Jersey did eventually take control of their island's telephones© Mumfordbooks-guides.com in 1923. After the Second World War,QUICK there began & to EASY be an unprecedented DOWNLOADS demand for telephone services. In addition, there was the need to make comprehensive repairs, and upgrades to a network which had been severely degraded by war, Educationaland lack of investment. Series Waiting lists offor neweBooks telephone lines quickly emerged, and persisted for several decades. To alleviate the situation, the Post Office began to provide shared service lines, each known asFREE a party line. SAMPLE Most of the line was30 shared page, between part two subscribers of 144 usually splitting off to each within sight of the houses, and both lines attracted a small discount; however, this arrangement had its disadvantages. At this time, the majority of lines in rural, and regional areas (particularly in Scotland and Wales) were still manually switched. This inhibited growth, and caused bottlenecks in the network, as well as being labour and cost-intensive. The Post Office began to introduce automatic switching, and replaced all of its 6,000 exchanges. Subscriber Trunk Dialling STD was also added from 1958, which allowed subscribers to dial their own long-distance calls. http://www.bt.com/archivesonline

Replacing the Old Telegraphy with the New Telephone and Manual Exchanges

1920's American Telephone Serviceman, Delivering the Customer a Smile Guarantee

Get your full Telephone Hist, DOWNLOAD 144 Page for special price of £5 reference number 3192 at: https://www.mumfordbooks.com/cat.asp?CatID=7 http://www.bt.com/archivesonline © Mumfordbooks-guides.com Educational Series of eBooks