DOCSLIB.ORG

Uma Das Patentes De Alexander Graham Bell

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uma Das Patentes De Alexander Graham Bell UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FÍSICA “GLEB WATAGHIN” F 609 – TÓPICOS DE ENSINO DE FÍSICA I Coordenador: Profº Dr. Jose Joaquín Lunazzi TELEFONE COM DIAPASÃO: UMA DAS PATENTES DE ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL André Coelho da Silva* Orientação: Profº Dr. Peter Alexander Bleinroth Schulz** 2º semestre de 2009 – Relatório finalizado em 3 de dezembro * [email protected] ** [email protected] 1) RESULTADOS ATINGIDOS Após a coleta dos materiais necessários e a busca por fontes de informação sobre o tema, foram alcançados como resultados uma bem-sucedida realização do experimento do telefone com diapasão e uma discussão da parte histórica envolvida no surgimento do telefone. Ou seja, foi possível, assim como fez originalmente Alexander Graham Bell, transmitir o som de um diapasão através de fios elétricos e ouvi-lo com o auxílio de um alto-falante; e realizar um trabalho sobre a evolução das telecomunicações focado principalmente no telefone e nos protagonistas de seu desenvolvimento. Deve-se ressaltar que, ao menos a priori, não há restrições no que diz respeito ao público-alvo deste trabalho. 2) FOTOS DA EXPERIÊNCIA Seguem logo abaixo as fotos dos materiais utilizados: Figura 1: Diapasão de garfo Figura 2: Bateria de 9 Volts Figura 3: Alto-falante Figura 4: Parte de trás do alto-falante 2 Figura 5: Tipo de fio elétrico usado Figura 6: Recipiente com água e vinagre Com os materiais acima, montamos o experimento: Figura 7: Montagem experimental – as setas azuis indicam que dois fios compõem o fio branco do alto-falante, um deles deve ser ligado ao diapasão e o outro à bateria 3 3) DIFICULDADES ENCONTRADAS Na etapa de coleta de materiais houve certa dificuldade em encontrar um alto-falante que pudesse ser usado, então, o retiramos de uma “caixinha” de som (de computador). Os outros materiais foram encontrados com razoável facilidade: o diapasão foi comprado em uma loja de instrumentos musicais e a bateria num supermercado; os fios (três pequenos pedaços) foram conseguidos com um eletricista. Houve dificuldade também na montagem do experimento: é preciso observar bem a maneira como os componentes do circuito são interligados, em especial o alto-falante, que, como pode ser visto na figura 4, possui dois fios conectados a ele, os quais devem ser conectados a dois elementos diferentes do circuito. Para a realização da discussão histórica talvez a maior dificuldade tenha sido filtrar as informações mais confiáveis, pois há grande disponibilidade de fontes, principalmente na internet. Além disso, boa parte das referências está em inglês, o que requer certo conhecimento dessa língua. 4) PESQUISA REALIZADA - REFERÊNCIAS Através do website de busca “Google” foram encontradas referências utilizando como palavras-chave (em português e em inglês): “Alexander Graham Bell”, “invenção do telefone”, “história do telefone”, “Antonio Meucci”, “telefone com diapasão”, “experimentos de Bell” e “patentes do telefone”. Além disso, alguns desses websites visitados fornecem links para outros websites que também tratam do assunto. A referência [1] foi encontrada através de uma busca no website do Sistema de Bibliotecas da Unicamp e as referências [54], [55] e [56] através de uma busca no website da SpringerLink ( http://www.springerlink.com ). A seguir são explicitadas brevemente as funções de cada referência. Todas as páginas virtuais foram acessados pela última vez em 05/11/09 por volta das 17 horas e algumas delas ([4], [6], [9], [10], [11], [12], [14], [16], [18], [28], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [43], [50] e [53]) constituem o apêndice deste relatório. 4 [1] SHIPPEN, Katherine Binney. Alexander Graham Bell. Tradução de Neil R. da Silva. Volume 4. Belo Horizonte: Difusão Pan-Americana do Livro, 1964. – narra, inclusive, através de diálogos, a história de Bell a partir de sua chegada à Boston em 1871 (em português). [2] http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/telephoneexperiments.html - fala sobre a invenção do telefone e sobre dois dos experimentos de Bell, inclusive o com diapasão (em inglês). [3] http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/agbell.htm - fala um pouco sobre Meucci e o reconhecimento dado à ele na invenção do telefone (em inglês). [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell - VER APÊNDICES - descrição detalhada sobre a vida de Bell (em inglês). [5] http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell - pequena biografia de Bell (em português). [6] http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/bell.html - VER APÊNDICES - biografia de Bell (em inglês). [7] http://www.independenciaoumorte.com.br/node/1864 - biografia de Bell (em português). [8] http://www.antiquetelephonehistory.com/scienceliquid.html - fala sobre o experimento do transmissor líquido, realizado por Bell após o experimento com diapasão (em inglês). [9] http://atcaonline.com/phone/sciencefork.html - VER APÊNDICES - descrição um pouco mais detalhada sobre o experimento com diapasão (em inglês). [10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone - VER APÊNDICES - fala sobre a invenção do telefone e sobre diversos personagens dessa história (em inglês). [11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Parliamentary_Motion_on_Alexander_Graham_Bell - VER APÊNDICES - fala sobre o reconhecimento de Bell como o inventor do telefone, o qual foi reiterado pelo Canadá recentemente (em inglês). [12] http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/albell/introduction.html - VER APÊNDICES - descrição dos trabalhos de Bell envolvidos com a invenção do telefone (em inglês). [13] http://www2.uol.com.br/debate/1109/cadd/cadernod05.htm - fala sobre o reconhecimento recente nos EUA da invenção do telefone por Meucci e não por Bell (em português). [14] http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews - VER APÊNDICES - matéria do dia 17 de junho de 2002 do jornal britânico “The Guardian” sobre o reconhecimento nos EUA de Meucci como o inventor do telefone (em inglês). [15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuning_fork - explica o que é, como funciona e como calcular a freqüência de um diapasão (em inglês). [16] http://www.fisica.net/feirasdeciencias/telefone_de_bell.php - VER APÊNDICES - descrição resumida do experimento com diapasão (em português). 5 [17] http://www.acoustics.org/press/156th/korman.html - fala sobre demonstrações utilizando o som e, muito brevemente, sobre o experimento com diapasão (em inglês). [18] http://www.scitechantiques.com/belltelephone/pages/Variable_Restance_Microphones.htm - VER APÊNDICES - fala um pouco sobre microfones de resistência variável, inclusive sobre o experimento com diapasão (em inglês). [19] http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Meucci - pequena biografia de Meucci (em português). [20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray - fala sobre Elisha Gray que também é tido por alguns como inventor do telefone (em inglês). [21] http://www.ufsm.br/gef/Ondas16.htm - fala sobre ondas e a física da música (em português). [22] HALLIDAY, D.; RESNICK, R.; WALKER, J.. Fundamentos de Física. Volume 3, 6ª edição. Rio de Janeiro: Livros Técnicos e Científicos Editora, 2002. – fala no capítulo 27 sobre corrente e resistência elétrica (em português). [23] http://www.school-for-champions.com/senses/hearpitch.htm - fala sobre as freqüências sonoras ouvidas por diferentes animais (em inglês). [24] http://www.scitechantiques.com/belltelephone/index.htm - traz algumas datas importantes para a construção do telefone e contém muitas fotos interessantes (em inglês). [25] http://www.nossosaopaulo.com.br/Reg_SP/Barra_Escolha/B_AntonioMeucci.htm - biografia de Meucci (em português). [26] http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefone - define o telefone e trata um pouco da história dele (em português). [27] http://www.privateline.com/TelephoneHistory/History1.htm - descrição longa e detalhada sobre a história do telefone (em inglês). [28] http://members.fortunecity.com/cibercultura/vol11/vol11_richardwise.htm - VER APÊNDICES - trata da evolução da rede multimídia, inclusive da telefonia (em português). [29] http://telefonesdotempo.blogspot.com/ - fala sobre a vida de Graham Bell e contém muitas fotos de telefones antigos (em português). [30] http://www.modulatedlight.org/Modulated_Light_DX/ModLightBiblio.html - percurso histórico das comunicações através da óptica (em inglês). [31] http://www.lifeinitaly.com/heroes-villains/antonio-meucci.asp - VER APÊNDICES - fala sobre Meucci e a invenção do telefone (em inglês). [32] http://hnn.us/articles/802.html - VER APÊNDICES - matéria do dia 20 de junho de 2002 da History News Network que fala sobre o reconhecimento dado à Meucci na invenção do telefone e traz a resolução original do Congresso dos EUA (em inglês). [33] http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/abell.pdf - VER APÊNDICES - biografia de Bell que consta na National Academy of Sciences (NAS) dos EUA (em inglês). 6 [34] http://www.google.com/patents?id=crhRAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false - VER APÊNDICES - patente nº 174.465 dos EUA: original de Bell para o telefone (em inglês). [35] http://www.fundacaotelefonica.org.br/museu/O-telefone-alexander-graham-bell.aspx - VER APÊNDICES - fala sobre os trabalhos de Bell relacionados ao telégrafo e ao telefone (em português). [36] http://www.fundacaotelefonica.org.br/museu/Linha-do-tempo.aspx - VER APÊNDICES - linha do tempo dos fatos que estão envolvidos com a telefonia (em português). [37] http://www.fundacaotelefonica.org.br/museu/Personagens.aspx - VER APÊNDICES - fala sobre alguns dos personagens da história do telefone (em português). [38] http://www.fundacaotelefonica.org.br/museu/Funcionamento.aspx
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sparks, Shocks and Voltage Traces As Windows Into Experience: the Spiraled Conductor and Star Wheel Interrupter of Charles Grafton Page
    | Sparks, Shocks and Voltage Traces as Windows into Experience | 123 | Sparks, Shocks and Voltage Traces as Windows into Experience: The Spiraled Conductor and Star Wheel Interrupter of Charles Grafton Page Elizabeth CAVICCHI a T Abstract When battery current flowing in his homemade spiraled conductor switched off, nineteenth century experimenter Charles Grafton Page saw sparks and felt shocks, even in parts of the spiral where no current passed. Reproducing his experiment today is improvisational: an oscilloscope replaces Page’s body; a copper star spinning through galinstan substitutes for Barlow’s wheel interrupter. Green and purple flashes accompanied my spinning wheel. Unlike what Page’s shocks showed, induced voltages probed across my spiral’s wider spans were variable, precipitating extensive explorations of its resonant fre - quencies. Redoing historical experiments extends our experience, fostering new observations about natural phenomena and experimental development. Keywords: electromagnetic induction, historical replication, Charles Grafton Page, exploratory learning, spiral, Barlow wheel, galinstan, autotransformer T Introduction real? Facing wires and wiggling magnetic needles firsthand, while trying to make sense of it, deepens Historical experiments come to us in fragments: our perspective; we become confused and curious handwritten data, published reports, and often non - (Cavicchi 2003). Redoing an experiment is not just a functioning apparatus. A further carry-over may per - check on facts, dates, whether Oersted’s needle went sist in ideas, procedures, materials and inventions east or west. It gives us access to experience congru - bearing imprints of the prior work. All these are clues ous with the past: “’to know an experimenter, you to something both more transitory and more coher - should replicate her study’” (Kurz 2001, p.
    [Show full text]
  • De Telefoon Van Reis
    De Telefoon van Reis 05-01-2016 Ontwerpopdracht profielwerkstuk van: Thomas Aleva & Nwankwo Hogervorst Inhoudsopgave Inleiding ........................................................................................................................... 3 Onderzoeksvraag ............................................................................................................................. 3 Johann Philipp Reis........................................................................................................................... 3 Globale werking van de telefoon van Reis ....................................................................................... 3 Globale werking van de telefoon van Bell ....................................................................................... 4 Het ontwerp ..................................................................................................................... 4 Ontwerpcyclus ................................................................................................................................. 5 Programma van eisen: ..................................................................................................................... 5 Deeloplossingen ............................................................................................................................... 6 Ontwerpvoorstel .............................................................................................................................. 6 Benodigdheden ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 a Sentimental Journey
    0 1 3 Lifescapes is a writing program created to help people tell their life stories, to provide support and guidance for beginner and experienced writers alike. This year marks our thirteenth year running the program at the Brantford Public Library, and A Sentimental Journey is our thirteenth collection of stories to be published. On behalf of Brantford Public Library and this year’s participants, I would like to thank lead instructor Lorie Lee Steiner and editor Shailyn Harris for their hard work and dedication to bringing this anthology to completion. Creating an anthology during a pandemic has been a truly unprecedented experience for everyone involved. Beyond the stress and uncertainty of facing a global contagion, our writers lost the peer support of regular meetings and access to resources. Still, many persevered with their writing, and it is with considerable pride and triumph that I can share the resulting collection of memories and inspiration with you. I know that many of us will look back at 2020 and remember the hardship, the fear, and the loss. It is more important than ever to remember that we – both individually and as a society – have persevered through hard times before, and we will persevere through these times as well. As you read their stories, be prepared to feel both the nostalgia of youth and the triumph of overcoming past adversity. Perhaps you will remember your own childhood memories of travelling with your family, or marvel at how unexpected encounters with interesting people can change perspective and provide insight … and sometimes, change the course of a life.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Graham Bell Sample
    TM For action-packed nonfiction, turn to Capstone’s Graphic Library. These vivid, dynamic books present high-interest nonfiction in graphic novel format. An additional information TM section provides key facts for further understanding. TM world-changing eventss unfold before your eye A LEXANDER in the inventions and . discovery set TM Check out these other y titles: G inventions and discover RAHAM Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone B Hedy Lamarr and a Secret Communication System TM ELL Henry Ford and the Model T Jake Burton Carpenter and the Snowboard AND Johann Gutenberg and the Printing Press THE Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine TELEPHONE TELEPHONE Levi Strauss and Blue Jeans TELEPHONE Madam C. J. Walker and New Cosmetics Marie Curie and Radioactivity Philo Farnsworth and the Television Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and the Personal Computer Thomas Edison and the Lightbulb TM RL: 4 IL: 3-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-7368-6478-7 Fandel ISBN-10: 0-7368-6478-4 /Tucker www.capstonepress.com by Jennifer Fandel Reinforced Library Binding illustrated by Keith Tucker TM by Jennifer Fandel illustrated by Keith Tucker Consultant: Michael E. Gorman Professor of Science, Technology, and Society University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Mankato, Minnesota Graphic Library is published by Capstone Press, 151 Good Counsel Drive, P.O. Box 669, Mankato, Minnesota 56002. www.capstonepress.com Copyright © 2007 by Capstone Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS VOLUME XXIII FIRST MEMOIR BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922 BY HAROLD S. OSBORNE PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1943 It was the intention that this Biographical Memoir would be written jointly by the present author and the late Dr. Bancroft Gherardi. The scope of the memoir and plan of work were laid out in cooperation with him, but Dr. Gherardi's untimely death prevented the proposed collaboration in writing the text. The author expresses his appreciation also of the help of members of the Bell family, particularly Dr. Gilbert Grosvenor, and of Mr. R. T. Barrett and Mr. A. M. Dowling of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company staff. The courtesy of these gentlemen has included, in addition to other help, making available to the author historic documents relating to the life of Alexander Graham Bell in the files of the National Geographic Society and in the Historical Museum of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922 BY HAROLD S. OSBORNE Alexander Graham Bell—teacher, scientist, inventor, gentle- man—was one whose life was devoted to the benefit of mankind with unusual success. Known throughout the world as the inventor of the telephone, he made also other inventions and scientific discoveries of first importance, greatly advanced the methods and practices for teaching the deaf and came to be admired and loved throughout the world for his accuracy of thought and expression, his rigid code of honor, punctilious courtesy, and unfailing generosity in helping others.
    [Show full text]
  • Ll HERITAGE Mrn~•Ll PATRIMOINE
    • El ONTARIO • ESFIDUCIE DU mm !•ll HERITAGE mrn ~•ll PATRIMOINE lll• d TRUST lll• d ONTARIEN An agency of the Government of Ontario Un organisme du gouvernement de !'Ontario This document was retrieved from the Ontario Heritage Act e-Register, which is accessible through the website of the Ontario Heritage Trust at www.heritagetrust.on.ca. Ce document est tiré du registre électronique. tenu aux fins de la Loi sur le patrimoine de l’Ontario, accessible à partir du site Web de la Fiducie du patrimoine ontarien sur www.heritagetrust.on.ca. • I BYLAW NO. 182-2005 -of- THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF BRANTFORD A Bylaw to designate the Bell Memorial as having cultural heritage value or interest, and to repeal Bylaw 132-2005 WHEREAS Section 29 of the Ontario Heritage Act, Chapter 0.18, R.S.O. 1990, authorizes the Council of a municipality to enact bylaws to designate real property, including all of the buildings or structures thereon, to be of cultural heritage value or interest; AND WHEREAS the Council of the Corporation of the City of Brantford, on the recommendation of the Brantford Heritage Committee, has carried out the required Notice of Intention to Designate the Bell Memorial: AND WHEREAS no notice of objection to the said designation has been served upon the Clerk of the Municipality; NOW THEREFORE THE COUNCIL OF THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF BRANTFORD ENACTS AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT there is designated as being of cultural heritage value the real property known as Bell Memorial in the City of Brantford, as described in Schedule 'B' attached hereto and forming part of this Bylaw; 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marriage That Almost Was Western Union Has Always Been R.Idiculed for Rejecting the All Telephone
    RETROSPECTIVE .Innovation The marriage that almost was Western Union has always been r.idiculed for rejecting the telephone. But what actually happened wasn't so ridiculous after all The hirth of the telephone.,-one hundred years ago railway and illuminating gas to Cambridge, Mass. this month-is a fascinating story of the geJ;Jius and Long intrigued by telegraphy, he decided to do persistence of on.e man. In addition, it is an instruc­ something about what he called "this monopoly tive demonstration of how an industrial giant, in with its inflated capital which serves its stockhold­ this case the Western Union Telegraph Co., can ers better than the 'public and whose:rates are ex­ miss its chance to foster an industry-creating orbitant and prohibiting of many kinds of busi­ breakthrough-something that has happened again ness." Between 1868 and 1874, he lobbied unceas­ and again in electronics and other fields. ingly, shuttling back and forth betweep. homes in Between ·1875 and 1879, Western Union's chiefs Boston and Washington. for a private "postal tele­ engaged in an intricate minuet with Alexander graph company" to be chartered by Congress but Graham Bell and his associates. On more than one with Hubbard and some of his friends among the occasion, the telegraph colossus came excruciating­ incorporators. As Hubbard envisioned it, the com­ ly close to absorbing the small group of ~ntre­ pany would build telegraph lines along the nation's preneurs, That the absorption was finally avoided rail and post roads and contract with the Post was probably the result of a technological gamble Office Department to send telegrams on its wires ~t that simply didn't payoff, as rates roughly half those being charged by Western ••• The place: the ollie of well as a clash of personali­ Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Telecommunication Switching Networks
    TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NETWORKS TElECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NffiWRKS THIS PAGE IS BLANK Copyright © 2006, 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (10) : 81-224-2349-3 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2349-5 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com PREFACE This text, ‘Telecommunication Switching and Networks’ is intended to serve as a one- semester text for undergraduate course of Information Technology, Electronics and Communi- cation Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. This book provides in depth knowl- edge on telecommunication switching and good background for advanced studies in communi- cation networks. The entire subject is dealt with conceptual treatment and the analytical or mathematical approach is made only to some extent. For best understanding, more diagrams (202) and tables (35) are introduced wherever necessary in each chapter. The telecommunication switching is the fast growing field and enormous research and development are undertaken by various organizations and firms. The communication networks have unlimited research potentials. Both telecommunication switching and communication networks develop new techniques and technologies everyday. This book provides complete fun- damentals of all the topics it has focused. However, a candidate pursuing postgraduate course, doing research in these areas and the employees of telecom organizations should be in constant touch with latest technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronological History of Electrical Development from 600 B.C
    From the collection of the n z m o PreTinger JJibrary San Francisco, California 2006 / A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL DEVELOPMENT FROM 600 B.C. PRICE $2.00 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 155 EAST 44th STREET NEW YORK 17, N. Y. Copyright 1946 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Printed in U. S. A. Excerpts from this book may be used without permission PREFACE presenting this Electrical Chronology, the National Elec- JNtrical Manufacturers Association, which has undertaken its compilation, has exercised all possible care in obtaining the data included. Basic sources of information have been search- ed; where possible, those in a position to know have been con- sulted; the works of others, who had a part in developments referred to in this Chronology, and who are now deceased, have been examined. There may be some discrepancies as to dates and data because it has been impossible to obtain unchallenged record of the per- son to whom should go the credit. In cases where there are several claimants every effort has been made to list all of them. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association accepts no responsibility as being a party to supporting the claims of any person, persons or organizations who may disagree with any of the dates, data or any other information forming a part of the Chronology, and leaves it to the reader to decide for him- self on those matters which may be controversial. No compilation of this kind is ever entirely complete or final and is always subject to revisions and additions. It should be understood that the Chronology consists only of basic data from which have stemmed many other electrical developments and uses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Telephone and Its Several Inventors
    The History of Telecommunications The Telephone and its Several Inventors by Wim van Etten 1/36 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Bell and his invention 3. Bell Telephone Company (BTC) 4. Lawsuits 5. Developments in Europe and the Netherlands 6. Telephone sets 7. Telephone cables 8. Telephone switching 9. Liberalization 10. Conclusion 2/36 Reis • German physicist and school master • 1861: vibrating membrane touched needle; reproduction of sound by needle connected to electromagnet hitting wooden box • several great scientists witnessed his results • transmission of articulated speech could not be demonstrated in court • submitted publication to Annalen der Physik: refused • later on he was invited to publish; then he refused • ended his physical experiments as a poor, disappointed man Johann Philipp Reis 1834-1874 • invention not patented 3/36 The telephone patent 1876: February 14, Alexander Graham Bell applies patent “Improvement in Telegraphy”; patented March 7, 1876 Most valuable patent ever issued ! 4/36 Bell’s first experiments 5/36 Alexander Graham Bell • born in Scotland 1847 • father, grandfather and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech • his father developed a system of “Visible Speech” • was an expert in learning deaf-mute to “speak” • met Wheatstone and Helmholtz • when 2 brothers died of tuberculosis parents emigrated to Canada • 1873: professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory: US citizen Alexander Graham Bell • 1875: started experimenting with “musical” telegraphy (1847-1922) • had a vision to transmit voice over telegraph wires 6/36 Bell (continued) • left Boston University to spent more time to experiments • 2 important deaf-mute pupils left: Georgie Sanders and Mabel Hubbard • used basement of Sanders’ house for experiments • Sanders and Hubbard gave financial support, provided he would abandon telephone experiments • Henry encouraged to go on with it • Thomas Watson became his assistant • March 10, 1876: “Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • ODNOS ČETRTOŠOLCEV DO MOBILNIH TELEFONOV Raziskovalna Naloga Področje: Sociologija
    OŠ Brinje Grosuplje Ljubljanska cesta 40a ODNOS ČETRTOŠOLCEV DO MOBILNIH TELEFONOV Raziskovalna naloga Področje: Sociologija Avtorja: Lučka Perme, Liza Završan in Zoja Gal – Šehić; 4. b Mentorici: Vanja Resnik, Maja Zajec Grosuplje, marec 2020 1 KAZALO 1 UVOD _______________________________________________________________________ 3 2 TEORETIČNI DEL _______________________________________________________________ 4 2.1 KAJ JE TELEFON? __________________________________________________________ 4 2.2 ZGODOVINA TELEFONOV ___________________________________________________ 4 2. 3 SEVANJE MOBILNEGA TELEFONA _____________________________________________ 5 2. 4 MOBILNI TELEFONI V ŠOLI ___________________________________________________ 6 2. 5 ZASVOJENOST _____________________________________________________________ 7 2. 6 HIPOTEZE ________________________________________________________________ 8 3 EMPIRIČNI DEL ________________________________________________________________ 9 3. 1 METODA _________________________________________________________________ 9 3. 2 REZULTATI __________________________________________________________________ 9 4 ZAKLJUČEK __________________________________________________________________ 14 5 LITERATURA _________________________________________________________________ 15 6 PRILOGE ____________________________________________________________________ 16 2 POVZETEK To temo smo si izbrale, ker ima danes že praktično vsak človek svoj mobilni telefon, nas pa je zanimalo, kakšno je stanje pri učencih 4. razredov. V raziskavi
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Audio Effects
    applied sciences Review A History of Audio Effects Thomas Wilmering 1,∗ , David Moffat 2 , Alessia Milo 1 and Mark B. Sandler 1 1 Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.B.S.) 2 Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 22 January 2020 Abstract: Audio effects are an essential tool that the field of music production relies upon. The ability to intentionally manipulate and modify a piece of sound has opened up considerable opportunities for music making. The evolution of technology has often driven new audio tools and effects, from early architectural acoustics through electromechanical and electronic devices to the digitisation of music production studios. Throughout time, music has constantly borrowed ideas and technological advancements from all other fields and contributed back to the innovative technology. This is defined as transsectorial innovation and fundamentally underpins the technological developments of audio effects. The development and evolution of audio effect technology is discussed, highlighting major technical breakthroughs and the impact of available audio effects. Keywords: audio effects; history; transsectorial innovation; technology; audio processing; music production 1. Introduction In this article, we describe the history of audio effects with regards to musical composition (music performance and production). We define audio effects as the controlled transformation of a sound typically based on some control parameters. As such, the term sound transformation can be considered synonymous with audio effect.
    [Show full text]