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Telecommunication Switching Networks TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NETWORKS TElECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NffiWRKS THIS PAGE IS BLANK Copyright © 2006, 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (10) : 81-224-2349-3 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2349-5 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com PREFACE This text, ‘Telecommunication Switching and Networks’ is intended to serve as a one- semester text for undergraduate course of Information Technology, Electronics and Communi- cation Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. This book provides in depth knowl- edge on telecommunication switching and good background for advanced studies in communi- cation networks. The entire subject is dealt with conceptual treatment and the analytical or mathematical approach is made only to some extent. For best understanding, more diagrams (202) and tables (35) are introduced wherever necessary in each chapter. The telecommunication switching is the fast growing field and enormous research and development are undertaken by various organizations and firms. The communication networks have unlimited research potentials. Both telecommunication switching and communication networks develop new techniques and technologies everyday. This book provides complete fun- damentals of all the topics it has focused. However, a candidate pursuing postgraduate course, doing research in these areas and the employees of telecom organizations should be in constant touch with latest technologies. For this purpose, in each chapter end, the related websites, which provides sufficient informations’s, are added. Also, the subjects like signalling techniques, traffic engineering, billing and charging procedure, telecommunication system organizations are subject to changes according to the govt. policies and changing scenario in the economy of the country, political changes, pressures from people etc. Hence, the viewers of this subject should have constant touch with changes. For this purpose also, the related websites are added at all the chapters end. Chapters 1, 2, and 3 are introductory chapters. A reader having previous exposure to these topics may start from the fourth chapter. Chapter 1 introduces the historical develop- ment of the subject. Chapter 2 deals with the telecommunication standards organizations and the standards, which are useful to provide worldwide telecom services with better interconnectivity. The telephone systems, transmission systems and the impairments related to the transmission of signals are described in the chapter 3. Also, the study of section 3.6 will be highly useful in understanding of digital switching and transmission. Entire 4th chapter discusses the evaluation of PSTN, electromechanical switching sys- tem, SPC exchanges those are basics for digital switching systems, various switching proce- dures and the components used in switches. Chapters 5 and 6 deal with the digital switching and computer controlled switching pro- cedures and some currently available switching systems are discussed. Chapter 7 concentrates on signalling techniques. The signalling system enables the quick path setup between calling and called subscribers. Chapter 8 is completely devoted to traffic engineering that covers various systems and blocking models. Chapter 9 helps the viewer to understand the numbering plan, charging and how to organize an exchange. Chapters 10, 11 and 12 are devoted completely to communication networks. Chapter 10 deals with DSL technologies and SONET/SDH networks. The chapter 11 gives idea about OSI dharm d:\N-Tele\TITLE.pm5 4 ( vi ) model, TCP/IP and ATM concepts. Chapter 12 is devoted to ISDN which is a network that supports various voice/data transfer related services. For this book, I am greatly indebted to Dr. S.P.E. Xavier, who urged me and encouraged me to write it. I am pleased to acknowledge Mr. R. Vijayarajan, of my department who reviewed the manuscript and rendered valuable suggestions. I am indebted to Prof. A. Sivasubramanian, Head of ECE who has rendered his most gracious encouragement and very valued criticism. I express my thanks to the faculty members of my department and friends for their suggestions and encouragement. I thank Mr. A. Antony Rajasekar, Asst. Librarian for his help in identify- ing the books for reference. I express my sincere gratitude to our chairman Thiru. Jeppiaar, M.A., B.L., Chancellor, Sathyabhama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed University). I extend my thanks to the directors Dr. B. Babu Manoharan, M.A., Ph.D., and Tmt. Sheila Babu Manoharan, M.A., B.L., and the Principal Prof. Jolly Abraham of St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai for their constant encouragement. My wife Malathi and my son Tinu Rahul sacrificed in many ways to bring this book out. My wife took care of my personal needs and family needs and her support and encouragement made publishing of this book possible. P. Gnanasivam M.E., M.B.A. Assistant Professor St. Joseph’s College of Engineering Chennai-600 119 dharm d:\N-Tele\TITLE.pm5 5 CONTENTS 1. Introduction to Switching Systems ...................................................................................... 1 2. Telecommunication Standards ........................................................................................... 17 3. Telephone and Transmission Systems ............................................................................... 25 4. Evaluation of Telecommunication Switching System ....................................................... 57 5. Digital Switching Systems .................................................................................................. 87 6. Computer Controlled Switching Systems ........................................................................ 119 7. Signalling Techniques ....................................................................................................... 149 8. Traffic Engineering ........................................................................................................... 177 9. Telephone Network Organisation .................................................................................... 209 10. Transmission Networks .................................................................................................... 227 11. Data Networks ................................................................................................................... 261 12. ISDN ................................................................................................................................... 305 Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 316 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 323 dharm d:\N-Tele\TITLE.pm5 6 THIS PAGE IS BLANK 1 Introduction to Switching Systems 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Historical Development 1.3. Signal Characteristics 1.4. Elements of Communication Switching System 1.5. Criteria for the Design of Telecmmunication System 1.6. Fundamentals for the Design of Telecommunication Network 1.7. Centralized Switching System 1.8. AT & T and ITU—(or CCITT) Hierarchical Networks 1.9. Telecommunication Networks Acronyms Related Website Chapter Review Questions 1 Introduction to Switching Systems 1.1. INTRODUCTION Telecommunication networks carry information signals among entities, which are geographically far apart. An entity may be a computer or human being, a facsimile machine, a teleprinter, a data terminal and so on. The entities are involved in the process of information transfer which may be in the form of a telephone conversation (telephony) or a file transfer between two computers or message transfer between two terminals etc. Today it is almost truism to state that telecommunication systems are the symbol of our information age. With the rapidly growing traffic and untargeted growth of cyberspace, telecommunication becomes a fabric of our life. The future challenges are enormous as we anticipate rapid growth items of new services and number of users. What comes with the challenge is a genuine need for more advanced methodology supporting analysis and design of telecommunication architectures. Telecommunication has evaluated and growth at an explosive rate in recent years and will undoubtedly continue to do so. The communication switching system enables the universal connectivity. The universal connectivity is realized when any entity in one part of the world can communicate with any other entity in another part of the world. In many ways telecommunication will acts as a substitute for the increasingly expensive physical transportation. The telecommunication links and switching were mainly designed for voice communication. With the appropriate attachments/equipments, they can be used to transmit data. A modern society, therefore needs new facilities including very high bandwidth switched data networks, and large communication satellites with small, cheap earth antennas. 1.2. HISTORICAL
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