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Zoroastrian Religion .And Customs ZOROASTRIAN RELIGION .AND CUSTOMS RVAD SHERIARJI DADABHAI · BRARIJCHA "KITAB MAHAL," Hornby Road,, BOMBAY, 6]). ~. 6£ araporeoala Sons & ~o. haDe the pleasure of sending you for faoour of reoiew the accompanying book and will be glad to receiDe a copy of the notice on its ffppearance. 6f'itle ____ ~~~ w." ~ -fe-t~"''V' "'4 'Price___________ ~jf-=-'::.____ __ A BRIEF' SKETCH OF THE ZOROASTRIAN RELIGION AND CUSTOMS \ . - AN ESSAY WRITTEN FOR THE " " ,.. ,. RAHNUMAI MAZDAYASNAN SABRA OF BOMBAY BY ERVAD SHERIARJI DADABHAI BHARUCHA Fellow of the University of Bombay, and Custodian, Mulla Firuz Library INTRODUCTION BY DR. JIVANJI JAMSHEDJI MODI, B.A., Ph.D., c.I.E. Third Edition, Revised and Etilarged BOMBAY D. B. T.A.R.A.POREV .A.L.A. SONS & CO. "KITAB-M.A.HAL": HORNBY ROAD -1928 Printed by V. P. Pendherkar at the Tutorial Press, 211a, Girgaon Back Road, Bombay and Published by Vicaji D. Taraporevala for D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., 'Kitab-Mahal', Hornby Road, Fort, Bombay. CONTENTS PAGIII Preface ... .• ... iii Introduction to the Third Edition ... ... v Preliminary remarks ... ... .. ... 1 The land of Zoroastrianism ... ... 2 The founder of Zoroastrianism ... ... .. 3 The Age of Zoroaster ... ... ... ... 7 The name borne by Zoroaster's Religion .is suggestive of its chief character •.. ... ... 7 The predecessors of Zoroaster ... ... ... 9 The Zoroastrian Scriptures ... ... ... 10 The character of God as depicted in the G~tMs ... 16 Zoroaster's exhortations to worship Mazda alone ... 18 The six peculiar appellations in the GAtMs ... 20 The probable reason of the preference of these to other names ••. ••• ..• . .. ... 21 Angelology originated from these names ... ... 23 How the Yazatas came to be reorganised as snb- ordinate Heavenly Beings ... ... 24 No obscene divinity in Zoroastrianism 27 The Supreme Godhead of Ahura Mazda never · forsotten ... ... ... ... ... ... 28 ( xvi) PAGE Cosmology and Psychology ... ... ... 30 Time ... ... ... .. 31 The object of Cre~tion ... ... ... 32 The substance of Creation ... ... ... 32 Cosmogonical notions of the ancient Iranians ... 33 The doctrine of duality ... ... ... ... 35 The harm done by this doctrine ... ... ... 36 Man a compound of material and spiritual parts ... 38 No vicarious salvation ... ... 42 End of the world ... ... 43 The Mazdayasnian Ethics ... ... ... 44 Virtues ... ... ... ... .. 45 Vices ... ... ... ... 55 Sacerdotal order ... ... .. 62 Worship ... ... .. ... 65 Ritual ... ... ... 66 Fire-temples ... ... ... .. 61 Parsis not Fire-worshippers ... ... 67 The Navzot ceremony 69 Zoroastrian marriage ... ... ... .. 72 Zoroastrian funeral ... ... .. ... .. 74 Purificatory laws ... ... ... ... .. 11 Ritual relating to fixed times ... .... .. 78 Conclusion .... ... ... ... ... ... 81 APPENDICES A PAGE The greatest preVlllenoe of Zoroastrianism ••• 84 Its first decline ... ••• •.. ... 85 Its Restoration ... ... ... ... 85 Its final fall ••• ... ... ... ... 86 Exodus of some of its followers Into India ... 86 The. present. number oflits followers ... 87 Two sects of its followers ••• ... ... ... 87 Resuseitation of the race and religion ... 88 The revival of Zend and Pahlavi studies among the Parsis ..• ..• .... ••• 90 B Brief summaries of all parts of the A vesta 92 c The PAzend pieces ... ... ... 144 The Pahlavi-PAzend books ..• ... 145 Zoroastrian Apocrypha ... ... ... 146 Books on Zoroastrianism written in modern Persian ... ... ... ••• 147 :0 A few more passages about Ahura Mazda ... 147 E A brief account of Spiritual Beings ... 153 Hierarchy of Div.ine Beings ... ... 166 ( xviii) PAGE The Urvan6 or souls and the Fravashis or the spirits of the good ••• 167 The homage to certain good objects of nature 168 Demonology •.• ... ••• 169 F Proofs of the falsity of regarding Ahriman as the opponent of Ahura Mazda ••• 171 G Free Will versus Fatalism ••• ••• 173 H Some of the prayers accompanied and not accom- panied by ritual •.. •.• • .• 174 J Implements of ritual ••• 176 K The Atash-e-Dadgah, the Atash-e-Adran, and the Atash-e-Behram ••• ••• ••• ••. 177 L The Tower of Silence ... ••• 179 M Names of Gahs, days, months, and festivals ••• 180 Funeral and obsequial ceremonies ••• 183 Index •.• ••• 185 INDEX ( Numbers refer to :pages ) A Afrigan-e-Dahman, 143. AMn, 160. Afrigan-e-GahambAr, 143. Aban yasht, 133,150. Afrigan-e-Gatha, 143. Aban Arduisur, 160. Afrigil.n-e-Rapithvan, 143. Abetment of crime, 60. Afrigil.n-e-Sarosh, 143. Abhisara, 118. · Afr!n, 145, Ablution, 77. Afr!n-e-Ardil.farvash, 145. Abortion, 141. Afr!n-e-buzurgil.n, 54. Abtin, 135. Afr!n-e-Dahmil.n, 145. Abuses of the sexual organs, Afr!n-e-Gil.hambil.r, 145. 118. Afrln-e-Rapithvan, 145. Abusive language, 56. Afr!n-e-Zartosht, 54. Adarbad Marespandan, 86. Afsmil.n!, 10. Adar, 181. Agerepta, 58. Adultery, 58, 129. Aghraeratha, 135. A~shma, 101, 107. Agriculture, 120. Aethrapaiti, 63, 122. Ahriman, 28, 48, 169, 171, Afril.syab, 134. Ahu, 42. Afrigil.ns, 13, ~7, 143, 145. Ahuna Vairya, 102, 114, Afrigil.n-e-Ardt-farvash, 143, Ahunavad, 181. (186) Ahunavaiti, 11, 92, 115, 144. _ Alexander, 85. Ahura, 8, 70, 103, 137, 148, A.lilat, 161. 161. Alitta, 161. Ahuratka~shll, 70. Allah, 8. Ahura Mazda, 12,16, 17, 18, Alms, 121. 20, 23, 28, 31, 36, 37, 41, Alvend, 84. 47, 48, 58, 68, 69, 71, 80, AmardM, 181. 82, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97' 99, Ameretdt, 21, 23. 100,102,103,104,106,107, AmesMspentful, 12, 20, 23, 108,109,112,113,115,119, 26, 110, 111, 153, 166, 169. 130,141,142,147,149,150, AmsMspands, 48, 151, 153. 153,154,157,158,164,166, Anaghra RaocMo, 161. 168, 169, 171, 172, 173. AnAhitA, 160. Ahu~n!, 161. AnAitis, 161. AhyAydsA, 92. Andkhshtish, 56. Air, 153, 162. Ancestors, 62. Airyamrushy6, 116. Ancestor-worship, 167. Airyaman, 116, 132, 163,164. Ancient Iranian custom of Airyana Va~j6, 118. naming persons, 4. AiryAo danMvo, 2. AndarimAn, 135. Airyu, 135. Andarje AdarbAd, 145. Aiwisrtithrema, 181. Andarje Buzorg Meher, 145. Akem Mano, 33, 172. AnerAn, 156, 181. Akhshtish, 46. Angelology, 23. AI, 161. Angels, 114, 153. Alborz, 136. Angels, presiding, 153, (187) Anger, 60. Ardibehesht Jashan, 80. Angirasds, 107. Ardibehesht Yasht, 56, 60. Angra Mainyu, 6. Ardvisura Anllhita, 160. Angramainyush, 27, 28, 33, Arejataspa, 4, 135. 3!1, 41, 43, 72, 102, 105, Arezura, 120. 171, 172. Arjil.sp, 135. Animal Sacrifice, 66. Arnavllz, 135. Anniversary day, 184. Arrogance, 56. Aokhtonllmano, 6. Arsh-manangh, 45. Apam-Napll.t, 163 •. Arshtllt, 165, 181. Apaosha, 171. Arshukhdho Vllkhsh, 48. Aparayasna Haptanghlliti, Arti, 141. 115. Artisan, 61. Apo, 160. Aryaman, 163. Apo-devi, 161. Aryans, 28. Apo-Vanguhish, 161. Aryan and unaryan nations, App~ratus or appliances of 170. the soul, n. Aryan nature gods, 23. Arabs, 146. Aryan poet, 21. Arakutos, 118. Aryil.s, 162. Aramaiti, 170. Asceticism, 93. Arlliti, 59. Asha, 24, 45, 55, 82, 99. Arllstya, 5. Asha Vahista, 20, 22. Ardai Viraf, the book of, 145. Ashavazdah, 13 4. Ardeshir Babeklln, 85. Ashem Vohu, 45, 114. Ardibehesht, 80, 181. Ashi, 141, (188) Ashishvang, 141, 165, 181. · AuramazdA, 84. Ashi Van~i, 141, 165. Auravataspa, 135, 159. Ashi Yasht, 51, 141. Ausij, 5. Asma paoirya dAman, 32. Avarioe, 56. Asman, 156, 160, 181. Avan, 13, 181. Aspand5.rmad, 181. Avan Arduisur, 14. Astaothwana, 114. Avesta, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, Astodans, 76, 124. .15, 16, 26, 30, 32, 36, 37, Asura, 154, 161. 40, 52, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, Asurani, 161. 67' 71, 90, 91, 115, 136, Atar, 26, 154. 153, 156, 157, 159, 165, Atash, 14. 166, 168, 170, 174, 175. Atash-e-AdrAn, 67, 177. Ayathrema, 183. Atash-e-Behram, 67, 178. Azainti, 10. Atash-e-Dadgil.h, 67, 177. Azhi Dahaka, 134. Athar, 154. Athari, 154. B Atharvan, 154. Babul, 136. Atharyu; 154. Babylon, 136. At-fravakhshya, 102. Babylonians, 159, 161. Athornan, (pref.) 91. Bactria, 118. Athrageni, 154. Baghan Yasht, 114. Athravans, 140, 148. Baghas, 116. Athwya, 135. Bahman, 79, 105, 181. At-ma-yava, 107. Bahman Yasht, 133. At-ta-vakhshya, 93. Bajs,n7. (189) Bil.khdhi, 118. Burning corpses, 119. Bakht, 37. Burying dead bodies, 118, Bakhtri, 118. 121. Balkh, 118. Bil.shyasta, 49, 57, 170. Bil.list pavan Harvaspa- il.kil.si, 17. c Baodhas, 39, 42. Barashn1lm, ·127, 132. Cama, K. R., (Pref.), 79, 90, Barashn1lm-gil.h, 127. 91. Baril.t1lr, 6. Cambyses, 73. Bareh, 37. · Canals, 128. Barsom, 128, 176. Canning, the Hon. S. G., 81. Bawri, 136. Celibacy, 83, 111, 121,141. Beggary, 57,118,121•. Censer, 175. Beh Din, 9. Ceremonial ablution, 71. Behril.m, 140, 163, 181. Ceremonial worship, 110. Behril.m Yasht, 140. Ceremony, 132.. Bhandil.r, 179. Chakhra, 119. Bhramara, 118- Charity, 52, 95, 104, 110, Bokhara, 118. 184. Bravara, 118. Chastity, 51. Breach of promise; 57, 61. Cheating, 57. Bribes, 57. Chechasta, 136. Bridge, 128, 152. Cht\jast, 136. Buddha, 6. Children, 129. Bundeheshne, 145. Child-marriage, 73. ( 190) Chinvat, 42, 152. Customs, 147. ChisM, 140. Cyrus, 7, 84. Chisti, 41. Christ, 6. D Christians, 143, 166. D!, 63. Civil and criminal law, 122. Dabest!n, 146. Cleanliness, 55, 83, 132. Dadabhai Navroji,. (pre£.) 89 Cob be, Frances, 2, 86, 167. D!d!r, 32. Cock, 130. D!dest!n-e-Dini, 146. Compassion,. 46. D!dg!h, 126. Confession of faith, 71, 114. Dae, 7, 79, 81, 181. Consecrated food, 101. Da~na, 27, 42. ~Contract, 122. Da~na, M!zdayasnish, 165. Corpse-bearer, 120, 126. Da~vas, 7, 57, 59, 9!1, 101, Council of seven heavenly 105,114,117,137,152,170. beings, 23. Da~va worshippers, 108. Covetousness, 60, 61. Da~vayasni, 7, 110. Cow, 132, 159. Dahishta, 63. Cow, personification of living Dahma-Afriti, 116. world, 92, 105, 109, 111, Daily prayers, 15 6. 164. Dakhmas, 120, 125. Creation ex-nihilo, 32. D!ndds, 179. Cruelty, 56. Dareji, 4. Cultivation, 121. Dargh!idhainish, 4. Cunieform inscriptions, 84, Darius, 84, 155. 118. Dar11n, 174, 175. (191) Darftn-cMshni, 117. Dishonesty, 56. Das~tir, 146. Disloyalty, 95. Dasto bar, 63. Disobedience, 56, 95, 101. Dastur, 63, 64, 111. Disposal of the dead,120,123. Datar, 32. Doctrine of rewards and Daughters of Ahura, 161.
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