ZOROASTRIAN RELIGION .AND CUSTOMS
RVAD SHERIARJI DADABHAI · BRARIJCHA "KITAB MAHAL," Hornby Road,, BOMBAY,
6]). ~. 6£ araporeoala Sons & ~o. haDe the pleasure of sending you for faoour of reoiew the accompanying book and will be glad to receiDe a copy of the notice on its ffppearance.
6f'itle ____ ~~~
w." ~ -fe-t~"''V' "'4 'Price______~jf-=-'::.______A BRIEF' SKETCH OF THE ZOROASTRIAN RELIGION AND CUSTOMS \ . . -
AN ESSAY WRITTEN FOR THE " " ,.. ,. RAHNUMAI MAZDAYASNAN SABRA OF BOMBAY
BY ERVAD SHERIARJI DADABHAI BHARUCHA Fellow of the University of Bombay, and Custodian, Mulla Firuz Library
INTRODUCTION BY DR. JIVANJI JAMSHEDJI MODI, B.A., Ph.D., c.I.E.
Third Edition, Revised and Etilarged
BOMBAY D. B. T.A.R.A.POREV .A.L.A. SONS & CO. "KITAB-M.A.HAL": HORNBY ROAD -1928 Printed by V. P. Pendherkar at the Tutorial Press, 211a, Girgaon Back Road, Bombay and Published by Vicaji D. Taraporevala for D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., 'Kitab-Mahal', Hornby Road, Fort, Bombay. CONTENTS
PAGIII Preface ... . .• ... iii Introduction to the Third Edition ...... v Preliminary remarks ...... 1 The land of Zoroastrianism ...... 2 The founder of Zoroastrianism ...... 3 The Age of Zoroaster ...... 7 The name borne by Zoroaster's Religion .is suggestive of its chief character •...... 7 The predecessors of Zoroaster ...... 9 The Zoroastrian Scriptures ...... 10 The character of God as depicted in the G~tMs ... 16 Zoroaster's exhortations to worship Mazda alone ... 18 The six peculiar appellations in the GAtMs ... 20 The probable reason of the preference of these to other names ••. ••• ..• ...... 21 Angelology originated from these names ...... 23 How the Yazatas came to be reorganised as snb- ordinate Heavenly Beings ...... 24 No obscene divinity in Zoroastrianism 27 The Supreme Godhead of Ahura Mazda never · forsotten ...... 28 ( xvi)
PAGE Cosmology and Psychology ...... 30 Time ...... 31 The object of Cre~tion ...... 32 The substance of Creation ...... 32 Cosmogonical notions of the ancient Iranians ... 33 The doctrine of duality ...... 35 The harm done by this doctrine ...... 36 Man a compound of material and spiritual parts ... 38 No vicarious salvation ...... 42 End of the world ...... 43 The Mazdayasnian Ethics ...... 44 Virtues ...... 45 Vices ...... 55 Sacerdotal order ...... 62 Worship ...... 65 Ritual ...... 66 Fire-temples ...... 61 Parsis not Fire-worshippers ...... 67 The Navzot ceremony 69 Zoroastrian marriage ...... 72 Zoroastrian funeral ...... 74 Purificatory laws ...... 11 Ritual relating to fixed times ...... 78 Conclusion ...... 81 APPENDICES A PAGE The greatest preVlllenoe of Zoroastrianism ••• 84 Its first decline ... ••• •.. ... 85 Its Restoration ...... 85 Its final fall ••• ...... 86 Exodus of some of its followers Into India ... 86 The. present . number oflits followers ... 87 Two sects of its followers ••• ...... 87 Resuseitation of the race and religion ... 88 The revival of Zend and Pahlavi studies among the Parsis ..• ..• .... ••• 90 B Brief summaries of all parts of the A vesta 92 c The PAzend pieces ...... 144 The Pahlavi-PAzend books ..• ... 145 Zoroastrian Apocrypha ...... 146 Books on Zoroastrianism written in modern Persian ...... ••• 147 :0 A few more passages about Ahura Mazda ... 147 E A brief account of Spiritual Beings ... 153 Hierarchy of Div.ine Beings ...... 166 ( xviii)
PAGE The Urvan6 or souls and the Fravashis or the spirits of the good ••• 167 The homage to certain good objects of nature 168 Demonology •.• ... ••• 169 F Proofs of the falsity of regarding Ahriman as the opponent of Ahura Mazda ••• 171 G Free Will versus Fatalism ••• ••• 173 H Some of the prayers accompanied and not accom- panied by ritual •.. •.• • .• 174 J Implements of ritual ••• 176 K The Atash-e-Dadgah, the Atash-e-Adran, and the Atash-e-Behram ••• ••• ••• ••. 177 L The Tower of Silence ... ••• 179 M Names of Gahs, days, months, and festivals ••• 180 Funeral and obsequial ceremonies ••• 183 Index •.• ••• 185 INDEX
( Numbers refer to :pages ) A Afrigan-e-Dahman, 143. AMn, 160. Afrigan-e-GahambAr, 143. Aban yasht, 133,150. Afrigan-e-Gatha, 143. Aban Arduisur, 160. Afrigil.n-e-Rapithvan, 143. Abetment of crime, 60. Afrigil.n-e-Sarosh, 143. Abhisara, 118. · Afr!n, 145, Ablution, 77. Afr!n-e-Ardil.farvash, 145. Abortion, 141. Afr!n-e-buzurgil.n, 54. Abtin, 135. Afr!n-e-Dahmil.n, 145. Abuses of the sexual organs, Afr!n-e-Gil.hambil.r, 145. 118. Afrln-e-Rapithvan, 145. Abusive language, 56. Afr!n-e-Zartosht, 54. Adarbad Marespandan, 86. Afsmil.n!, 10. Adar, 181. Agerepta, 58. Adultery, 58, 129. Aghraeratha, 135. A~shma, 101, 107. Agriculture, 120. Aethrapaiti, 63, 122. Ahriman, 28, 48, 169, 171, Afril.syab, 134. Ahu, 42. Afrigil.ns, 13, ~7, 143, 145. Ahuna Vairya, 102, 114, Afrigil.n-e-Ardt-farvash, 143, Ahunavad, 181. (186)
Ahunavaiti, 11, 92, 115, 144. _ Alexander, 85. Ahura, 8, 70, 103, 137, 148, A.lilat, 161. 161. Alitta, 161. Ahuratka~shll, 70. Allah, 8. Ahura Mazda, 12,16, 17, 18, Alms, 121. 20, 23, 28, 31, 36, 37, 41, Alvend, 84. 47, 48, 58, 68, 69, 71, 80, AmardM, 181. 82, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97' 99, Ameretdt, 21, 23. 100,102,103,104,106,107, AmesMspentful, 12, 20, 23, 108,109,112,113,115,119, 26, 110, 111, 153, 166, 169. 130,141,142,147,149,150, AmsMspands, 48, 151, 153. 153,154,157,158,164,166, Anaghra RaocMo, 161. 168, 169, 171, 172, 173. AnAhitA, 160. Ahu~n!, 161. AnAitis, 161. AhyAydsA, 92. Andkhshtish, 56. Air, 153, 162. Ancestors, 62. Airyamrushy6, 116. Ancestor-worship, 167. Airyaman, 116, 132, 163,164. Ancient Iranian custom of Airyana Va~j6, 118. naming persons, 4. AiryAo danMvo, 2. AndarimAn, 135. Airyu, 135. Andarje AdarbAd, 145. Aiwisrtithrema, 181. Andarje Buzorg Meher, 145. Akem Mano, 33, 172. AnerAn, 156, 181. Akhshtish, 46. Angelology, 23. AI, 161. Angels, 114, 153. Alborz, 136. Angels, presiding, 153, (187)
Anger, 60. Ardibehesht Jashan, 80. Angirasds, 107. Ardibehesht Yasht, 56, 60. Angra Mainyu, 6. Ardvisura Anllhita, 160. Angramainyush, 27, 28, 33, Arejataspa, 4, 135. 3!1, 41, 43, 72, 102, 105, Arezura, 120. 171, 172. Arjil.sp, 135. Animal Sacrifice, 66. Arnavllz, 135. Anniversary day, 184. Arrogance, 56. Aokhtonllmano, 6. Arsh-manangh, 45. Apam-Napll.t, 163 •. Arshtllt, 165, 181. Apaosha, 171. Arshukhdho Vllkhsh, 48. Aparayasna Haptanghlliti, Arti, 141. 115. Artisan, 61. Apo, 160. Aryaman, 163. Apo-devi, 161. Aryans, 28. Apo-Vanguhish, 161. Aryan and unaryan nations, App~ratus or appliances of 170. the soul, n. Aryan nature gods, 23. Arabs, 146. Aryan poet, 21. Arakutos, 118. Aryil.s, 162. Aramaiti, 170. Asceticism, 93. Arlliti, 59. Asha, 24, 45, 55, 82, 99. Arllstya, 5. Asha Vahista, 20, 22. Ardai Viraf, the book of, 145. Ashavazdah, 13 4. Ardeshir Babeklln, 85. Ashem Vohu, 45, 114. Ardibehesht, 80, 181. Ashi, 141, (188)
Ashishvang, 141, 165, 181. · AuramazdA, 84. Ashi Van~i, 141, 165. Auravataspa, 135, 159. Ashi Yasht, 51, 141. Ausij, 5. Asma paoirya dAman, 32. Avarioe, 56. Asman, 156, 160, 181. Avan, 13, 181. Aspand5.rmad, 181. Avan Arduisur, 14. Astaothwana, 114. Avesta, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, Astodans, 76, 124. .15, 16, 26, 30, 32, 36, 37, Asura, 154, 161. 40, 52, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, Asurani, 161. 67' 71, 90, 91, 115, 136, Atar, 26, 154. 153, 156, 157, 159, 165, Atash, 14. 166, 168, 170, 174, 175. Atash-e-AdrAn, 67, 177. Ayathrema, 183. Atash-e-Behram, 67, 178. Azainti, 10. Atash-e-Dadgil.h, 67, 177. Azhi Dahaka, 134. Athar, 154. Athari, 154. B Atharvan, 154. Babul, 136. Atharyu; 154. Babylon, 136. At-fravakhshya, 102. Babylonians, 159, 161. Athornan, (pref.) 91. Bactria, 118. Athrageni, 154. Baghan Yasht, 114. Athravans, 140, 148. Baghas, 116. Athwya, 135. Bahman, 79, 105, 181. At-ma-yava, 107. Bahman Yasht, 133. At-ta-vakhshya, 93. . Bajs,n7. (189)
Bil.khdhi, 118. Burning corpses, 119. Bakht, 37. Burying dead bodies, 118, Bakhtri, 118. 121. Balkh, 118. Bil.shyasta, 49, 57, 170. Bil.list pavan Harvaspa- il.kil.si, 17. c Baodhas, 39, 42. Barashn1lm, ·127, 132. Cama, K. R., (Pref.), 79, 90, Barashn1lm-gil.h, 127. 91. Baril.t1lr, 6. Cambyses, 73. Bareh, 37. · Canals, 128. Barsom, 128, 176. Canning, the Hon. S. G., 81. Bawri, 136. Celibacy, 83, 111, 121,141. Beggary, 57,118,121•. Censer, 175. Beh Din, 9. Ceremonial ablution, 71. Behril.m, 140, 163, 181. Ceremonial worship, 110. Behril.m Yasht, 140. Ceremony, 132.. Bhandil.r, 179. Chakhra, 119. Bhramara, 118- Charity, 52, 95, 104, 110, Bokhara, 118. 184. Bravara, 118. Chastity, 51. Breach of promise; 57, 61. Cheating, 57. Bribes, 57. Chechasta, 136. Bridge, 128, 152. Cht\jast, 136. Buddha, 6. Children, 129. Bundeheshne, 145. Child-marriage, 73. ( 190)
Chinvat, 42, 152. Customs, 147. ChisM, 140. Cyrus, 7, 84. Chisti, 41. Christ, 6. D Christians, 143, 166. D!, 63. Civil and criminal law, 122. Dabest!n, 146. Cleanliness, 55, 83, 132. Dadabhai Navroji,. (pre£.) 89 Cob be, Frances, 2, 86, 167. D!d!r, 32. Cock, 130. D!dest!n-e-Dini, 146. Compassion,. 46. D!dg!h, 126. Confession of faith, 71, 114. Dae, 7, 79, 81, 181. Consecrated food, 101. Da~na, 27, 42. ~Contract, 122. Da~na, M!zdayasnish, 165. Corpse-bearer, 120, 126. Da~vas, 7, 57, 59, 9!1, 101, Council of seven heavenly 105,114,117,137,152,170. beings, 23. Da~va worshippers, 108. Covetousness, 60, 61. Da~vayasni, 7, 110. Cow, 132, 159. Dahishta, 63. Cow, personification of living Dahma-Afriti, 116. world, 92, 105, 109, 111, Daily prayers, 15 6. 164. Dakhmas, 120, 125. Creation ex-nihilo, 32. D!ndds, 179. Cruelty, 56. Dareji, 4. Cultivation, 121. Dargh!idhainish, 4. Cunieform inscriptions, 84, Darius, 84, 155. 118. Dar11n, 174, 175. (191)
Darftn-cMshni, 117. Dishonesty, 56. Das~tir, 146. Disloyalty, 95. Dasto bar, 63. Disobedience, 56, 95, 101. Dastur, 63, 64, 111. Disposal of the dead,120,123. Datar, 32. Doctrine of rewards and Daughters of Ahura, 161. punishments, 25, 42. Dawn of the fourth day after Dogs, 128, 129. death, 40. Dogd6, 4,-4 7. Days of the month, 79. Dokhm~s. 180. Defiling of fire, water, or Dressing dead bodies,124. earth with dead matter, Druj, 24, 55, 56, 60, 142, 123. 170. Deities, 67. Druj-e-Nasush, 170. DepMar, 181. Druj-e·ZimesMn,171. Dep-din, 181. Dualism, 35, 170. Dep-meher, 181. Dushmata, 44. Destiny, 37. Duty of a Dastur, 111. Determination of Zoroaster, , , rulers, 112. 92. Duzhukhta, 44. Deva, 163, 164, 166. Duzhvarshta, 44. Devotion, 116, 164. Dynasty, Aohreminian, 3, 7, Din, 165, 181. 15, 84, 118, 136. Dinkard, 17, 50, 52, 136, .. H v9.fr1t4n, 136. 145. .. Kay~nia.n, 7,136• Din-yasht, 140. .. Sassanian; 3, 37, Discord, 56. 85, 155. (192)
F E Faithlessness, 95. False evidence, 56. Early rising, 49. , Justice, 56, Earth, 153, 162. Falsehood, 56, 101. Eating of human corpses, Far-reaching object of ZOJ.:o- 125. astrian religion, 140. Education, 52, 122. Faredun, 134. Efficient cause of the world, Fargard, 12. 32. Farshogard, 43. Elements, 153. Farvardin, 5, 80, 181. Emigration, 119. Farvardigan Feast, 80, 168. Envy, 60. Farvardin Yasht, 60, 139, Erach, 135. 143. Erenavacha, 135. Fasting, 83, 123. Ereshvachao, 48. Fate, 37, 173. Erez, 165. Feast of · the agriculturists, Ervad, 63. 182. Eternal punishment, 83. Fee for performing cere Eternity, 31. monies, 101. Ethics, 44, 61. Fees of physicians, 125. Etymandros, 118. , , the purifier, 127. Evil spirits, 112, 120. Ferdosi, 69. Evolution, 32. Festival, 81, 158. Exorcism, 127, 170. Fight of the twins, i. e., good Extravagance, 59. and evil, 105. (193)
Final triumph of good over Fsh11shii-Mathra, 116. evil, 93. Funeral, 74, 126, 183. Fire, 96, 98, 1i4, 115, 126, Funeral ceremonies, .183. 128,153,154,156,163,164, , clothings, 75. 175, 177. Fire, kinds of, 154. G Fire-temples, 67, 126, 177. Fire-urn, 178. Gabriel, 165. Fire worshippers, 67, 69. Gaethya stish, 32. First Great cause, 21. GAhs, 13, 14, 79, 180. five, 14. First month of the religious " year, 79. GAhamMrs, 80, 182. Five great creeds of .Asia, 2. GAMn-sarAyashni, 75, 144. Five NyMshes, 13. Gandarewa, 135. Fornication, 118. Gao, 164. Franghrasyan, ·134. Gaochithra, 159. Fraoreti, 114. Gareban, 70. FrAruni, Gar6·demAna, 42. Frash6kereti, 43, 97. GarothmAn, 151. Frastuye, 45. GAtM, 3, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18, Fravashi, 39, 40, 41, 80, 114, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 139, 143, 167, 168. 32, 36, 37, 40, 42, 48, 52, · Free choice of faith, 93. 53, 55, 56, 57' 59, 60, 64, Free will, 3 8, 42. 68, 69, 72, 76, 81, 90, 92, Freni, 5. 93,105,110,111,112,115, FryAna, 104. 116, 123,127,144, 153,157, (194)
159,160,163,164,166,169, Hair and nails, 129. 170,171. HamaspathmaMaya, 183. Gaya, 29 Hamkar, 166. Gaya Maretan, 134, 139. Hang-i-Afrasiab, 136. Gayomard, 134, 139. Hankan~. 136•. Ghosts and goblins, 40. Haoma, 66, 113, 124, 128, Golden mean, 59. 135, 162, 177. Gom~z, 183. I):aoma yasht, 113. Good Religion, 83. Haoshyangha P a r a d h At a, Gorgan, 118. 134. Gosh, 164, 181. Hapta Hindu, 119. Goshte-Fryan, 134. Haptanghaiti, 158. . Gospand, 48. Hara-barezaiti, 13 6• G6vad, 181. Haraiva, 118. Grace, 176. Harakhvaiti, 118. Greeks, 65. Harauvati, 118. Greek authors, 4. Hard-heartedness, 56. Gujasteh, 85. Hari, 118. Gushtasp, 5, 7, 134. Haroyu, 118. Gustaham, 134. Harftt, 118. Harvispa-Aklis, 17. H Harvisp-agAh, 17. HA, 11, 18, 92, 114. Hatred and destruction of the Habub, 134. wicked, 96. Hadokht:nask, 47. Haurvatat, 21, 23, 153 • . ~tumant, us; Havan, 177. (195)
Havana, 113, 177. Hoshang Peshdad, 134. Havani, 180. Hoshbam, 116, 156. Hll.vishta, 62. Hospitality, 54. Hazo, 58. House of worship, 120. Health, 123. House of a holy man, 120. Heaven, 172. H1l-aMih, 50. Helios, 156. H1lkhta, 44, 70, 82. Hell, 108, 112, 152. H1lman, 134. Helmand, 118. Humata, 44, 70, 82. Helping coreligionists, 122. Husbandman, 51, 61,109. , the good and defeat- Hutaosha, 5, 135. ing the evil, 93. Huvarshta, 44, 70, 82. Help to the helpless, 52. H vafrltan, 136. Herat, 118. H vil.frit6, 136. Heretics, 130. Hvare, 155, 156. Herodotus, 62, 69, 73, 175. H varechithra, 5. Hierarchy, 166. H v6gva, 105. High priests, 11, 63. Havovas, 134. Hindus, 73. Hv6vi, 5. Hoar-frost, 118. Hypochondria, 118. Holy man, 98. Hypocrisy, 60, 95. Hom, 135. Honesty, 45. I Hormazd, 8, 13, 151, 18L Idleness, 121. Hormazd yasht,17,132, 149. Illness of Zarathushtra,107. Hoshang, 9. Immorality, 44. ( 196)
Implements, 128. J Indigence, 123, Indolence, 57. Jadft, 171. Indra, 163, 170. Jahi, 58. Industry and diligence, Jamaspa, 5, 105, 111, 134. . 48, 120, .173. Jame- Jashane Spand~rmadgAn,182. Karshvars, 137. , Tiry~n, 161. Kata.yun, ·135. Jews, 143, 166. Kat-moi-urv~, 108. Justice and impartiality, Kaus, 134. 48, 62. Kavi Husrava, 134. Kavi Kav~ta, 135. K Kavis, 5, 101. Kadimis, 87, 133. Kavi Usan; 134. Kae Gushtbp, 5, 134. Kavi V!shta.spa, 5, 134. Kaikhusro, 134. Kayanian, 7. Kaikobdd, 135. Kem-n~-Mazd~, 46, 104, 109. Kalema, 8. Keres!lspa, 132, 134. Kalema of the Mohamedans, Keresavazda, 134. 8. Kers!lsp, 134. ~ma, 42. Khanjast, 136. K!lm-Khdtai, 42. Khnathaiti, 118. K!lm-na·ma~z~m, 103. Khnenta, 118. Kandaru, 135. Khorddd, 5, 181. Kangdez, 136. Khord!ld~l, 5, 80. Kangha, 136. Khordeh Avesta., 11, 13, 145. Karaka, Dosabhai Framji, Khorshed, 13, 181. 180. Khorshed Ny!lesh, 136, 151, Karapans, 5, 101, 107, 111. 156. Kard!l, 12. Khorshed Yasht, 136, 137. Karkh, 119. Khrafstras, 48. Karsiva~. 135. Khratu, 41. ( 198) Khshthra-Vairya, 20, 22,153. M Khurshed, 6, 14. Khvaetumaiti, 94. Mddigdn-e-Gosht-Farian,145. Khvaetvadatha, 72. Madressa, Mulla Firtlz, 91. Khvdirizem, 136. , Sir Jamsetji Jiji- Khvdparih, 50. bhai, 91. Khvareno, 142. Magavan, 111. Khvdrizm, 136. Magi, 62. Khveshkdri, 49. Magopaiti, 63. Khshmaibya, 92.· Magna, 63. Kusti, 9, 69, 70, 157, 175. Miih, 13, 156, 159, 181. Mdhbakhtdr, 14. L Mil.h Nydesh, 159. Last ten days of the year, 80. Mahommedans, 8, 143, 166. Laws of Ahura, 8. Muhammed, 8. , , purity, 119. Mdhrue, 177 • . Laymen, 66, 71, 91, 175. Maidhydirya, 182. Libation to waters, 114. Maidhy6mdh, 5. Liberality, 52. Maidhyomdongha, 111, 139. Light,132, 153, 155,156,159. Maidhyashema, 183. Lightning, 154, 163, 178. Maidhy6zarema, 183. Lohrdsp, 135. Maimonides, 166. Love and respect for parents, Mainyo-i-Khard, 48, 61, 145, &c., 47 •. Mainyava Stish, 32. Loyalty, 47. Malice, 56. Lying,56,101,112,139, 170. Man, constitution of, 38. ( 199) Manas, 39, 41. / Mazdayasno, 70. Manas pailirya d:iman, 32. M:izendar:in, 136, 170. Manus-chithra, 135. Meanings of the names of Manya, 69. Gahambars, 182. Mar:iteb, 63~ Meat, 128. M:irespand, 166, 181. Medea, 62. Margiana, 118. Medicine, 125, 132. Margu, 118. Meher, 14, 158, 181. Marriage, 72, 73, 74, 116, Meherdaruji, 57. 122, 128, 145, 163. Meher D:ivar, 137. Married life, 122, 132. Mehergan, 159. Marzhdika, 46. Meher Nya~sh, 137. Material impetative cause, ., Yasht, 137. 32. Menstruation, 78, 119, 129, Mathra, 27, 132. 131. Mathra-spenta, 152, 166. Mercy, 46, 96. Maula, 161. Merv, 118. Mazana, 130. Messengers of Ahura Mazda, Mazda, 7, 8, 9, 16, 21, 26, 28, 108. 37,53,61,68,93,98,100, Metempsychosis, 40. 102, 105, 147. Mihir Yasht, 57, 70. Mazdayasna, 68. Minochihr, 135. Mazdayasni, 7, 69, 86, 112, Miscarriage, 129. 169. Miserliness, 59, 104. Mazdayasni religion, 38. Mithra, 28, 50, 137,156,158. Mazdayasni Zarathushtri, 7. Mithra druj, 137. (200) Mitra, 28, 158. Names of Ahura Mazda and Mit~-Varuna,158. Amshaspands,133,147. Mobed, 63. Names of the twelve months, · Monotheistic creed, 24, 26, 79. 28, 29, 36, 81. N aotaras, 134. Moral courage, 101. Nareman~, 135. Morality, 44. Narimb, 135. Morning of the fourth day, Na~-~l~rs, 76, 121. 184. N ~satya, 170. Mother, 62. N~var, 63. Mourning, 120, 127. Navroji Furdunji, 89. Mourn, 118. Navzot, 69, 70, 130. Mukt~t, 80. Neglect of proper clothing, Municipal affairs, 120. 130. Mul, 161. Negligence, 60. Murder, 58. Next-of-Kin marriages, 72. Myazd; 14, 174. New year's day, 80. MylittA, 161. Nirang, 144, 145. Myths of ancient times, 4. Nirang-e-Kusti, 14, 65, 71, 133. N Nirangistdn, 145. Nis~. 118. N~hid, 162. Nisaya, 118. N akshi-Rustam, 84, 155. Nodar, 134. Namiz, 99. N on-G~thic Avesta, 15. N~m-siW.yeshn, 152. Noshabeh, 127. (201) N oxiotts animals, 120• 121 • 85, 90, 91,143,1.!5. 128,130. Pahlavi translations; 145. Nyil.esh, 13,175. Pairikas, 118, 171. Paitish-hahya, 183. 0 Pa:itizbara, 4. Pil.ki-e·tan, 55. Oaths, 137. Partiality, 56. Obedience, 95,116, 164. Patet-e-AdarbM, 47, 14.!. Obsequial ceremonies, 183. " Iril.ni, 54, 144. Offerings, 66. " Iril.ni-e-Ravani, 144. Omission to discharge debt, " Pashemani, 144. 59. , Ravil.ni, 144• Omnipresence of God, 103. ., Khud,l44. One thousand and one names Patience, 100. of God,133. PatmAn, 59. Ootham!la, 64, 18.!. Pil.vi, 76,17!5, 179. Origin of evil, 93. Pil.zend, 16, 65, 71, 74, 133, Ormazd, 8, 13,151. 144. Osti, 62. Peace, 46. Osto, 62. Pemil.ni Pahlavi, 48, 58, 60, Ouranos, 28. 145. Perjury, 57. p Persipolis, 85. Padil.n,178. Personal Assault, 58. Pil.dyil.b-Kusti, 9,176. Piety, 95. Pahlavi-Pil.zend books, 17, Piril.n,134. ( 202) Place of cultivation, pasture, Punishment, 123. and gardening, 120. Purifications, 13, 100,- 124, Place set a:part for flocks and 125, 126, 131. herds, 120. Purifier, 127. Place where manure is pre- Purity, 55, 61, 83, 123, 140. pared, 120. Purity of elements,. 74. Platonio "ideal," 41. Polytheism, 28, 30. Pouruchisti, 5, 72, 112. R Pouru-dhakhsti, 134. Pourushaspa, 4, 47. Rae, 4, 119. Pride, 60, 95. Raga, 119. Priest, 49, 61, 62, 66, 71, 75, Ragha, 4, 119. 122,130,174,175,176,178, Rahnumil.i Mil.zdyasnil.n Sabhil. 184. (pref.), 89, 90, 91. Prince of Evil, 6. Rainwater, 132. Procrastination, 57. Ril.iti, 52. Professional Corpse-bearers, Raja of Sanjil.n, 74. 75, 76. Ril.m,181. Propitiating both the good Rapithvina, 80, 143, 185. and the wicked denounced, Rashna, 181. 95, 99. Rashnu, 165, Prostitution, 58,141. Ril.spi, 17 4. Protection to the Virtuous,96. Ril.st Dil.vari, 48. Publio and private bene- Ratush, 17 4, fi.cence, 54. Ravil.n, 39. (203) Ravayats, 147. Robbery, 58, 61, 106. Rectitude, 165. Royalty, 48, 64. Regard for inferiors, &c., 47, Religious Calendar, 79. s Religious ceremonies, 100. Sabbath days, 80. Religious festivals, 79. Sabians, 146. Religious mendicancy, 83. Sacred bread, 66. Religious Reforms, 90. Sacrifice, 128, 164, Religious year, 78. Sad-dar, 147. Remuneration to learned Sadr~. 66, 69, 130, 175. priests, 122. Sagdid, 183. Renovation of the World, 97. Sairima, 135. Renunciation of tb.e'World, Salvation, 44. 83. S~ma or S~m, 135. Repentance for sin, 46. Samas, 132. Resignation in adversity, 46. Sanitation and hygiene, 55, Resignation, 100. 120. Resurrection, 143. Sanj~n. 74. Revelation, 1in. Saoshyants, 35, 43, 97, 107, Revenge, 56. 131, 139. Reward and punishment, 97, Sapta Sindu, 119. 101, 10!, 110, 111, 137, Sarosh, 116, 144, 16!!, 165, Right government, 106. 181. Righteousness, 57; Sarosh Bllj, 144. Rist~khez, 43, 142. Sarosh Daruu, 113. Ritual, 66, 78, 108, 147,178. Sarosh Yasht, 116, 144. ( 20!1) Sarosh Yasht HM6kht, 48. Shehrivar, 181. Sarva, 170. Shkyaothna, 42. Sassanian, 3. Show-bread of the Jews, 117. Satnm, 175. Signs of religion, 111. Savanghavacha, 135. · Sikand-i-Gumani Vijar, 53, Sayuzdri, 134. 1!15. Season-festivals, 80, 1!13, ~ind, 119. 182. Sin, 121, 123, 125, 128, 141. Segregation, 77. Sipasees, 1!16, 1!17. Selem, 135. Sir Jamsetji Jijibhai, 91. Self-help and self-reliance, Sirius, 160. 51. Sirozah, l!l!l. Self-mortification, 83. Sitayashes, 1!15. Seminal discharge,130. Sitayesh-e-Banam-e Sermons of Zoroaster, 93, Hormazd, !17. 102. Six Afrigans, U. Serpent, 118. Skaitya, 118. Serving both good and evil, Slander, 60, 61, 95, 10!1, 129. 107. Slaughter, 103, 106, 108. Seven holy names, 20, 21. Slothfulness, 57, 60. Shil.h-nameh, 69, 133. Sodomites, 111,126. Shahrnaz, 135. Sogdiana, 118. Shil.pur II, 86. Sol,156. Shil.ristan-i-chil.rchaman, 1'6.,. · Soma. 113 ' 162. Shil.yast-la-shil.yast, U5. Son of Ahura Mazda, 15!1. Shehenshil.his, 87. Sorcery, 61. ( 205) 3oul, 40, 42, 43, 132, 164,_ Supreme, First Cause, 21. 16r,l68, 172. Surat, 74. 3pendomad, 181. S11rya, 156. Spenta Armaiti, 20, 23, 153, Syll.varsMna, 135. 162. Syll.vash, 135. Spentamainy11, 11, 105, 115, Symbols of worship, 26, 98. 171. Spentl'l-dil.ta, 135. T Spentll-mainyush, 33, 35, . 102, 105, 117, 171. Takhma urupa, 135. Spitama, 3, 57, 138. Tan-i-pasin, 43. Sraosha, 45, 50, 99, 164. Tanu, 39. Staota Yasnya,_ 116. Tanu-peretha, 58. Stiff:neckedness, 56. Tasht, 177. Still-born child, 77. Tarl'lmaiti, 170. Stone-altar, 178. Tat-thwil.-peresil., 99. Strange gods, 112. Til.-ve-urvil.tll., 94. Study, 12~. Tayu, 58. Style of the poetry of the Tehmuras or Temurasp, 9, Gil.thil.s, 22. 135. Sughd, 118. Temptations of Zoroaster; Sughdha, 118. 94. Suguda, 118. Tenderness and regard for Sun, 136, 137, 159, 164. useful animals, 48. Suphies, 146. Tenets of Zoroastrianism, Supplications of Zoroaster,92. 120. (206) Thankfulness in prosperity, Turanian, 10". 46. Ttisa or Ttis, 134. Theft, 58, 106, 123. Theism, 20. u Theosophic and mystic Persian writers, 146. Unbelief in religion, 60. Thief, 58. Unchastity, 141. Thirty-three angels, 166. Uncleanness of earth, 124. Thraetaona, 134. Unleavened bread, 113, 117. Thriftiness, 59. Unnatural crime, 58, 118. Thrita, 132. Urghtln, 118. Thriti, 5. Urv4,118. Thwakhshangha, 48. Urvan, 39, 41, 167, 168. Tir, 181. Urvdno, 167. Tishtrya, 156, 159, 160. Urvatatnara, 5. Tishya, 160. Urvazishta, 154. Tower of Silence, 75, 76, Usba, 155, 156, 144, 179. Usha Bamya, 156. Trials by ordeals, 123. Ushah, 156. TriMla Sandhyd, 157. Ushas, 156, True evidence, 48. Ushahina, 180. True Justice, 48. Ushi, 41. True path of religion, 97. Ushtana, 39. Trust in God, 97. · Ushtavad, 181. Truthfulness, 48, 107. Ushtavaiti, 6, 97, 115. Ttira or Ttir, 135. Usikhsh, 5,101. (207) Uzava Tum3.spa, 135. Vehrk3.na, 118. Uzayeirina, 181. VendidM, 11, 12, 28, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, v 63, 72, 77, 78, 117, 119, Vachas, 41. 124, 149_. 150,173,17 4,183. Vadhaghan, 6. Venus, 161. Vaekereta, 118. Verethraghna, 163. Vaeska, 134. Vernal Equinox, 143, 158. Vae Vatar, 162. Verses, 113. Vae Veh, 162. Veseh,l34. Vahisht6isht, 181. Vicarious redemption, 83. Vahisht6ishti, 11, 111, 116. Vicarious salvation, 42, Vaimanasya, 118. · · Vices, 55. Valkhash, 85. Victory, 140, 163. Vandaremaini, 135," Victory ofthe good over evil, Vanguhi Daena, 8. 106. Varejamkard, 120. Vtdaevll, 70. Varena, 119, 170. Violence, 106, 107. Varharan, 163. Virtues and merits, 45. Varkana,118. Visht3.spa, 4, 5, 92, 99, 104, Varuna, 28, 154, 158. 111, 134. Vasil, 42. Visible forms of"God, 158. vata, 162. Visparad, 11, 12, 54, 17 4. Vayn or Vbu, 162. Visp-akas, 17. V3.zishta, 154.. Visp-ttl.Mn, 17. Vedas, 28, 153, 154. Vispa-Khtl.dl).e, 17. (208) Vi spa-veh, 17. Winter, 118, 120. Vispiin-s11t, 17. Wisdom, of two kinas, 152. Vispiin-vispa, ·17. Wolf, 128. Vistauru, 134. Woman, 124, 125, 129, 140. VohufryAna, 154. Worship, 110,120. Vohukhshthra, 11, 110, 115, Worship of natural objects, 181. 167. V6hu mano, 20, 33,153,172. Worship, Vedic, 169. Vologeses, 85. Vow of Zoroaster, 92. X Vritrahan, 163. Xerxes, 84. w y Warrior, 49, 60. YaozhdAthra, 55. Wasp, 118. Yashts,13, 29,132, 133, 175. Waste of anything valuable, YA-shkyaothnA, 96. 124,126. Yasna, 11, 13, 17, 32, 55, 56, Waste of human semen, 111. 58, 59, 60, 92, 93, 94, 95, Water-dog, 128. 96, 97. 99, 102, 103, 105, Waters, 115, 117, 153,160. 107,108,110,111,112,117, Wealth acquired lawfully 133,150,164,172,175. and spent praiseworthily, YasnA HaptanghAiti, 115. 141. YathAish-itha, 95. White colour, 70. YAtus,171. Wicked One, 8, 102. Yazashna, 17 4. (209) Yazata, 6, 13, 24, 26, 29,137, Zarathushtr!i Spitama, the 145,151,153,154,155,156, age of, 7. 158,160,162,163,164,165, Zarathushtm Spitama, B!llli 166, 167. versary of, 5, Yengh Zarthosti-Dinni-Khol-Karna- Zoroastrian · ideas of the ri-MandU, 91. middle ages, 146. Zartosht-i-Spitamail, 3. Zoroastrian Religion, 84. Zartosht Nan:ieh, 147. Zoroastrian Religion~ earlier Zem-hudao, 162. adherents of, 1. Zend, 10, 114. Zoroastrian Religion, litera Zend-Avesta, 9. ture of, 1. Zohak, 6, 134. Zoroastrian Religion, present .Zoroaster, I, 3,4, 5, 6,1, 8, 9, adherents of, 1. 10. 13, 18, 20, 21. 22, 24, Zoroastrian Religion, the 26, 28, 29. 30, 32, 35, 38, name of,7. 40, 42, 48, 52, 55, 64, 68, Zarvan Akarana, 31, 37. 70, 71, 72, 81, 82, 84, 85, Zarvan DareghO-Khvadhilta, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97. 31. 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109,110,131,157,159,160, 164,169.