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Introduction: in Search of Esperanto
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 182-192, 2015 INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF ESPERANTO Humphrey Tonkin* University of Hartford West Hartford, USA DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.12 Regular article ABSTRACT After almost one hundred years of continuous use, Esperanto has achieved the status and character of a fully-fledged language, functioning much as any other language does. Research on Esperanto is hampered because knowledge of the subject is often regarded, ipso facto, as evidence of a lack of objectivity, and also because Esperanto, as largely an L2, is elusive, and its speakers hard to quantify. The problem is compounded by the rapid shift in its community from membership-based organizations to decentralized, informal web-based communication. Also shifting are the community’s ideological underpinnings: it began as a response to lack of communication across languages but is now often perceived by its users as an alternative, more equitable means of communication than the increasingly ubiquitous English. Underlying these changes is a flourishing cultural base, including an extensive literature and periodical press. There is a need for more research – linguistic, sociolinguistic, and in the history of ideas. In intellectual history, Esperanto and related ideas have played a larger role than is generally recognized, intersecting with, and influencing, such movements as modernization in Japan, the development of international organizations, socialism in many parts of the world, and, in our own day, machine translation. KEY WORDS Esperanto, Esperanto community, interlinguistic research, language ideology CLASSIFICATION JEL: O20 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; +1 860 768 4448; *Mortensen Library, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA Introduction: in search of Esperanto INTRODUCTION In an influential essay some years ago, the late Richard Wood described Esperanto as “a voluntary, non-ethnic, non-territorial speech community” [1]. -
La Comunicación Internacional
La comunicación internacional A lo largo de la historia, los hombres han buscado siempre una lengua puente por motivos prácticos y, normalmente, los relevos económicos y culturales en las distintas épocas y lugares han dictado el cambio de idioma en las relaciones internacionales (sumerio, chino, griego, latín, francés, inglés…). Hoy día la lengua inglesa ha alcanzado un nivel más amplio y profundo que todas sus predecesoras al precio de discriminar a quienes no la tienen como materna. Inscripciones “…es necesaria una lengua común para el mundo y, cuneiformes en si no existiera otra, sería más conveniente para esta La comunicación internacional restringida sumerio, en torno al necesidad destinar el latín que cualquier otra. Pero … voluntariamente a unas pocas lenguas favorece a 1950 a. C. no podemos dejar de aconsejar de buen grado una algunos y desfavorece a muchos. Una sola lengua lengua totalmente nueva.” (Jan Amos Komenský, 1668). nacional, normalmente el inglés, desempeñando el papel de lengua franca, desequilibra aún más la balanza a favor de la minoría. La comunicación internacional en esperanto cuesta menos esfuerzo, tiempo y dinero, no discrimina a nadie y es invariablemente superior a la conseguida mediante cualquier otro idioma extranjero. Detrás del esperanto hay un interesante panorama de actividad internacional. Esta exposición pretende ser una introducción al esperanto y su cultura. No agota ninguno de los temas tratados pero es un punto de partida para que el visitante interesado pueda después informarse en profundidad. Bonvenon! Artículo publicado en la revista Explora en mayo de 2004. Zamenhof, el hombre que desafió a Babel Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (1859-1917). -
In Search of Esperanto
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 182-192, 2015 INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF ESPERANTO Humphrey Tonkin* University of Hartford West Hartford, USA DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.12 Regular article ABSTRACT After almost one hundred years of continuous use, Esperanto has achieved the status and character of a fully-fledged language, functioning much as any other language does. Research on Esperanto is hampered because knowledge of the subject is often regarded, ipso facto, as evidence of a lack of objectivity, and also because Esperanto, as largely an L2, is elusive, and its speakers hard to quantify. The problem is compounded by the rapid shift in its community from membership-based organizations to decentralized, informal web-based communication. Also shifting are the community’s ideological underpinnings: it began as a response to lack of communication across languages but is now often perceived by its users as an alternative, more equitable means of communication than the increasingly ubiquitous English. Underlying these changes is a flourishing cultural base, including an extensive literature and periodical press. There is a need for more research – linguistic, sociolinguistic, and in the history of ideas. In intellectual history, Esperanto and related ideas have played a larger role than is generally recognized, intersecting with, and influencing, such movements as modernization in Japan, the development of international organizations, socialism in many parts of the world, and, in our own day, machine translation. KEY WORDS Esperanto, Esperanto community, interlinguistic research, language ideology CLASSIFICATION JEL: O20 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; +1 860 768 4448; *Mortensen Library, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA Introduction: in search of Esperanto INTRODUCTION In an influential essay some years ago, the late Richard Wood described Esperanto as “a voluntary, non-ethnic, non-territorial speech community” [1]. -
Esperanto Phraseology
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 250-263, 2015 ESPERANTO PHRASEOLOGY Sabine Fiedler* University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.5 Received: 22 April 2014. Regular article Accepted: 9 June 2014. ABSTRACT The contribution deals with the phrasicon of Esperanto, i.e. the inventory of idioms, phrases, proverbs, catchphrases and other items of pre-fabricated speech that are stored in speakers’ mental lexicon. On the basis of origins, Esperanto phraseology can be classified into three groups: First, many phraseological units have entered the language through various other languages. This group includes classical loan translations especially from the Bible as well as ad-hoc loans introduced by speakers from their mother tongues more or less spontaneously. Secondly, there is a group of planned, i.e. consciously created, phraseological units. They mainly go back to Zamenhof, the initiator of the language, who published an Esperanto Proverb Collection (Proverbaro Esperanta) in 1910. Thirdly, there are phraseological units which have their origin in the language and the cultural life of the speech community. The paper will show that the planned language Esperanto, with its agglutinative character, free word order and flexible word formation, possesses the prerequisites for creating stylistically appealing and catchy phraseological units. An analysis of literary and journalistic texts as well as oral communication in Esperanto reveals that its phraseology is widely used and that authors like to modify phrases and idioms according to the textual situation. The use of phraseological units proves that Esperanto is a living language. Phraseology can be considered a criterion for assessing the successful development of the planned language system from a project to a full-fledged language. -
Esperanto, Civility, and the Politics of Fellowship: A
ESPERANTO, CIVILITY, AND THE POLITICS OF FELLOWSHIP: A COSMOPOLITAN MOVEMENT FROM THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ana Velitchkova Omar Lizardo, Director Graduate Program in Peace Studies and Sociology Notre Dame, Indiana July 2014 © Copyright by ANA MILENOVA VELITCHKOVA 2014 All rights reserved ESPERANTO, CIVILITY, AND THE POLITICS OF FELLOWSHIP: A COSMOPOLITAN MOVEMENT FROM THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY Abstract by Ana Velitchkova This dissertation examines global, regional, state-, group-, and person-level processes involved in the growth of the movement formed around the constructed international language Esperanto. The Esperanto movement emerged in the global arena in the late nineteenth century as a response to inequalities in the nation-state field. In the course of several decades, the movement established a new global field based on the logic of equal communication through Esperanto and on the accumulation of cultural capital. While the field gained autonomy from the nation-state field, it has not been recognized as its equal. Persons endowed with cultural capital but lacking political and economic capital have been particularly drawn to Esperanto. Ironically, while attempting to overcome established unfair distinctions based on differential accumulation of political and economic capital, the Esperanto movement creates and maintains new distinctions and inequalities based on cultural capital accumulation. Ana Velitchkova At the regional level, the Esperanto movement became prominent in state- socialist Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century. The movement found unexpected allies among independent states in the Eastern European periphery. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
Marginality and Variability in Esperanto
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 105 708 FL 005 381 AUTHOR Brent, Edmund TITLE Marginality and Variability in Esperanto. PUB DATE 28 Dec 73 NOTE 30p.; Paper presented at annual meeting of the Modern Language Association (88th, Chicago, Illinois, December 28, 1973); Best Copy Available EDRS PRICE EF-$0.76 HC-$1.95 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Artificial Languages; Consonants; Diachronic Linguistics; Language Patterns; *Language Variation; Lexicolcgy; *Morphophonemics; Orthographic Symbols; Phonemics; Phonology; Sociolinguistics; Spelling; *Structural Analysis; *Synchronic Linguistics; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Vowels IDENTIFIERS *Esperanto ABSTRACT This paper discusses Esperanto as a planned language and refutes three myths connected to it, namely, that Esperanto is achronical, atopical, and apragmatic. The focus here is on a synchronic analysis. Synchronic variability is studied with reference to the structuralist determination of "marginality" and the dynamic linguistic description of "linguistic variables." Marginality is studied on the morphophonemic and on the lexical level. Linguistic variability is studied through a sociolinguistic survey. The sociolinguistic evidence is seen to converge with the structuralist evidence, and the synchronic analysis with earlier diachronic studies. It is hoped that this analysis will contribute toa redirection of scholarly work on Esperanto. (AM) ft'I,fF, zs- tom. ft ' t-' ."; rfl r4 ; fi S4* 3 4)4 r, J a. X PCY 114 MARGINALITY AND VARIABILITY IN ESPERANTO Paper prepared for Seminar 64, Esperanto Language and Literature 88th Annual Meeting of the Modern Language Association Chicago, Illinois December 28, 1973 by Edmund Brent Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and University of Toronto December 1973 PERMiSSON TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY. RIGHTED MA TERIAL HAS DEW GRANTED 131 U S DEPAR:Mr NT or HEALTH, EDUCATTOTt A WC. -
Master Reference
Master Quelle image pour l'espéranto? : Regard sur l'image à travers les principales positions idéologiques du mouvement en Europe ZAKI, Eva Neferte Abstract Le présent travail étudie l'image publique de l'espéranto en Europe, à travers les principales positions idéologiques choisies par les branches importantes du mouvement au cours de son histoire. Le terme "image" est utilisé ici dans le sens de la communication au sujet de la langue par les représentants des organisations espérantistes. Afin de dessiner les contours de l'image, l'étude s'appuie sur des dates-clés de l'histoire du mouvement espérantiste, ayant marqué des choix idéologiques importants. Des conclusion et recommandations sont proposées en vue de l'élaboration d'une stratégie de communication positive et efficace. L'objectif plus large de l'étude est de proposer que l'image de l'espéranto soit étudiée dans la perspective d'une politique de communication au sujet de la langue pouvant accompagner une politique linguistique la concernant. Reference ZAKI, Eva Neferte. Quelle image pour l'espéranto? : Regard sur l'image à travers les principales positions idéologiques du mouvement en Europe. Master : Univ. Genève, 2015 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:75452 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Eva Zaki – Mémoire de MA Traduction Quelle image pour l’espéranto ? Regard sur l’image à travers les principales positions idéologiques du mouvement en Europe EVA ZAKI Quelle image pour l’espéranto ? Regard sur l’image à travers les principales positions idéologiques du mouvement en Europe Directeur : Monsieur François Grin Jurée : Madame Véronique Sauron Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de traduction et d’interprétation (Unité de français) pour l’obtention de la Maîtrise universitaire en traduction, mention traduction spécialisée. -
STILFIGUROJ En “FESTENO” De Raymond Schwartz (1926) (Perdiĝis La Raporteto Verkita Tuj Post La Prezento, Do Jen Proksimuma
STILFIGUROJ en “FESTENO” de Raymond Schwartz (1926) (perdiĝis la raporteto verkita tuj post la prezento, do jen proksimuma ripeto, tamen kun la originala teksto, kiun mi nur parte memoris.) Enkonduke: Ĉar Esperanto, plejokaze lernata ekster familia tradicio, celas servi komune al la tre diverslingvaj mondanoj, pli ol naciaj lingvoj ĝi bezonas firman fundamenton kaj unuecan uzadon. Helpas normverkoj (Fundamento de Esperanto, 9 Oficialaj Aldonoj al Universala Vortaro, Plena Analiza Gramatiko, Pomego, Plena Ilustrita Vortaro), sed fortimigas la amaso da vortradikoj. Tion solvas oftecolistoj, interalie en la 'Zagreba Metodo' kun la ĉ. 450 plej oftaj elementoj de konversacioj, kaj ”Aktoj II” (1968-1974) de la Akademio de Esperanto, kiu enhavas 9 oftecogrupojn. El la praktiko oni konstatis, ke por interkompreniĝo pli gravas vortoj ol gramatika ĝusteco. Sed tio validas por la komenca stadio. Tamen, se ni uzas nur tiun bazan materialon, baldaŭ niaj aŭskultantoj ekdormos pro teda ripetado. Dekomence oni do provis vigligi la lingvouzadon. La fama romia profesoro pri retoriko kaj literaturo Kvintiliano (ĉ.35-c.100 p.K.) asertis ke kion ajn ni diras, tio jam estas figuro. Figurojn PIV disdividas en multajn grupojn, inter kiuj ĝi apartigas 7 stilfigurojn. Sed Till Dahlenburg en sia 'Figuroj retorikaj en beletro esperanta” (2013) pli kutime nomas ĉiujn ĉ. 200 stilaĵojn stilfiguroj. Kaj tio respondas al internacia uzo de la termino. Ordinaran esprimon eblas variigi per aldono, forpreno, anstataŭigo, transloko aŭ ripeto. Jam ĉi-lasta ampleksas 50-on da varioj ĉe Dahlenburg kaj nur fakulo povus enkapigi ĉiujn. Nederlanda samtempaĵo (”Granda retorika vortaro, Leksikono de stilfiguroj” aldonas plian centon, ankaŭ el reklamtekstoj, celante averti la publikon kontraŭ ruzaj komercistoj kaj politikistoj.) La plano estis ilustri kelkajn per tekstoj el la Slovaka literaturo, sed eblis prepari nur komenton pri fama poemo de Raymond Schwartz: “Festeno” el 'Verdkata Testamento' (1926). -
Update/No.33, 2006
UpdateEAB www.esperanto-gb.org ✩ Gisdateˆ An organ of the Esperanto Association of Britain Organo de Esperanto-Asocio de Britio No. 33, April–June 2006 ★ N-ro 33, aprilo–junio 2006 ISSN 1741-4679 International Communication without Discrimination ★ Respect for All Cultures Internacia Komunikado sen Diskriminacio ★ Respekto por Cˆiuj Kulturoj Response to ignorance of European Commissioner Jan Figel There follows the Esperanto version of the letter by the President of the Universal Esperanto Association in reply to the European Commission’s statement that culture is by definition absent from ‘artificial lan- guages’. Every speaker of Esperanto knows, on the other hand, that Esperanto was born of art, and particu- larly of poetry by L.L. Zamenhof. Original Esperanto poetry has since developed to rival the quality of poetry in any language – and that is without mentioning the quantity of original, quality prose, which Commissioner Figel would probably not have time to read in his lifetime. Is it not sad that we are ruled by people who are unable to ascertain even the most basic facts, but instead parrot old clichés? Like Galileo’s persecutors, they cannot bring themselves to look through the telescope and observe the reality that contra- dicts their prejudices. Protests to: Mr Jan Figel, European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Bruxelles, Belgium. Estimata komisionano, instancoj. Mi estos feliça klarigi tuj kiam tio estos ebla. Mi estos, mi skribas al vi por esprimi la al vi persone çi-rilate la situacion poste, feliça liveri al viaj oficejoj senton de indigno de çiuj en Hungarujo, en Litovujo, en kaj al viaj fakuloj vastan esperantistoj, kaj aparte de tiuj Italujo kaj en aliaj EU-landoj. -
Israelaj Esperantistoj Kunvenis En Kibuco
revuo ISSN 0014-0635 Oficiala organo de Universala Esperanto-Asocio (en oficialaj rilatoj kun UN kaj Unesko) 97-a jaro • n-ro 1168 (3) • Marto 2004 IsraelajIsraelaj esperantistojesperantistoj kunveniskunvenis enen kibucokibuco LaΩdado de Tradukmaßinoj komuna prudento kaj tradukmemoroj Çu Esperanto Tute normala Çu la movado floras en Afriko? progreso II. malbonfartas? Esperanto Oficiala organo de Universala Esperanto-Asocio Enhavo (en oficialaj rilatoj kun UN kaj Unesko) 51 .... Malferme: Babiloj kurzas nule aΩ LaΩdado de komuna prudento Babiloj kurzas nule aΩ Fondita en 1905 de Paul Berthelot (Renato Corsetti). (1881-1910). Establita kiel organo 52 .... Çu Esperanto floras en Afriko? Virunga klubo serças leteramikojn. de UEA en 1908 de Hector Hodler AnkaΩ kilibanoj emus korespondi. 53 .... En Benino çio iras glate. Çu granda centro en Goma? LaΩdado de komuna prudento (1887-1920). 54 .... Braza Centro seminariis. Kalimba en Kongolando. Rondvoja¸o tra Togolando. Redaktoro: Stano Marçek. UTE en Togolando. 55 .... Bona espero en Suda Afriko. Jubilea festo en Kinßaso. Juna bando en Ni¸erlando. Renato Corsetti Adreso de la redakcio: Seti Dismas. Verda Maro en Ni¸erio. Revuo Esperanto 56 .... Bona tradukmaßino bazi¸as sur tradukmemoro (Toon Witkam). a unua duono de la titolo estas mallerta provo traduki madikaj in¸enieroj ricevas la plej altajn salajrojn, sed simple p/a Stano Marçek, Zvolenská 15 57 .... Kalendaro tre sukan italan esprimon, kies senco estas, ke babiloj homoj, kiuj posedas komunan prudenton. Tiuj i¸as la gravuloj SK–036 01 Martin, Slovakio 60 .... Tute normala progreso II. (fino). (Claude Piron). L kostas neniom, ke ili estas libere doneblaj kaj libere en entreprenoj. Fakte superajn teknikistojn oni facile trovas , +421 43 4222 788 62 ... -
Esperanto and Tourism
QUAESTUS MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH JOURNAL ESPERANTO AND TOURISM Alenka DIVJAK Abstract: The emphasis of this article is on the history of Esperanto tourism and ‘‘Esperanto friendly’’ environments, towns and cities, which adjust to this language their cultural and tourist services and facilities. The UEA (Universala Esperanto-Asocio), as the umbrella organization of the Esperanto movement, also encourages such activities. Among the Esperanto friendly environments, the city of Bydgoszcz, Poland, has obtained a prestigious position by fostering a lively Esperanto movement and running a grammar school, which teaches the language. In addition, the town organizes competitions in Esperanto poetry, publishes the magazine Monda turismo and annually prepares an international exhibition of Esperanto tourism. Finally, in Bydgoszcz, there is the school of higher education Internacia Studumo pri Turismo kaj Kulturo en Bydgoszcz that has trained tourism workers in Esperanto for over twenty years. The activities of the school should serve as an encouragement to both the teachers and students of tourism how to explore new business possibilities with the assistance of the most famous planned language worldwide. Keywords: Esperanto, tourism, the UEA, Bydgoszcz, schools for tourism INTRODUCTION Although in recent decades major and influential languages have dominated the world stage, smaller languages are gradually winning reputation and significance. On the other hand, however, many attempts have been made for centuries to create artificial, international, planned languages with a purpose of limiting the domination of major languages, which in one way or another threaten smaller, especially minority languages. The need to address this pressing language issue led in the previous century to the birth of interlinguistics, which deals among others with planned languages and which can be seen as an addition to traditional and generally accepted areas of linguistics.1 Among these artificial languages, Esperanto justifiably enjoys the highest degree of attention and respect.