7 X 11 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67106-4 - Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities Ian Thornton Index More information

Index

Acacia farnesiana 63 Aplonis 115, 193 Acaridida 172 A. cantorides 147, 194 Acer orientale 77 A. metallicus 147 Achatina fulica 229 A. panayensis 215 Acheta domestica 36 Appias 249 Acrobeloides 171 aquatic larvae 41 A. nanus 170, 243 Archisotoma besselsi 147, 169 Acrostichum aureum 64 Arctic tern 173 Actinedida 172 area 18 Adiantum philippense 64 Arenaria interpres 179 Aegean volcanic arc 72 Aristida repens 45 Aegeocarcinus planatus 66 Aristolochia brevipes 68 aerial fallout 48, 50 Armeria maritima 178 Age of Global Management 4 artificial ponds 14, 213 Agrostis 168 artificial substrates 5 Akrotiri 77 Arundo donax 77 Aleurobus olivius 76 ash 34, 36 algae 13, 14 Asian glossy starling 215 allochthonous fallout 49 Asian koel 229 Alstonia 191 Asio flammeus 179 A. scholaris 191, 224 A. otus 179 Amaranthus cruentus 191 Ascophylum nodosum 116 Ameiva exsul 249 assembly rules 115 amphibians 41, 93, 213 Atlantis 75 Amphidromus banksi 229 Atriplex tetrandra 248 A. porcellanus 207 Autographa gamma 178 Anabaena 162 Anak Krakatau 9, 34, 35, 40, 51, 53 babblers 213 Anas superciliosa 189 bacteria 13, 14, 37, 46, 48, 123, 172 Ancient Krakatau 71, 72, 121 Ba´ rcena volcano 66–70 andesite 97, 137 barn owl 112, 215 anemochory 205 barn swallow 68 Angelica archangelica 175 Barringtonia 105, 124 Anisolabis maritima 249 B. asiatica 147 Annona reticulata 63 Barro Colorado Island 8 Anolis cristatellus 249 Basia smaragdina 111 A. pulchellus 249 bats 110, 111, 223 Anoplolepis gracilipes 188 bees 35, 68, 125, 210 Anthreptes malacensis 215 beetles 40, 52, 53, 56, 60, 94, 122, 150, 171, Antidesmia 190 182, 188, 244, 249 A. ghaesembilla 64 Bembidion 53 antlion 156 Bismarck black honeyeater 116 ants 38, 53, 68, 188, 197, 249 Bismarck tube-nosed bat 111, 112, 116 Apis 210 Bismarck volcanic arc 95 A. dorsata 210 black-backed gull 167

282 INDEX

black-bellied bat 111, 112, 116 chickweed 166 black bittern 147, 201 chironomid midges 51, 139, 170, 188 black duck 189 Chrysopelia paradisi 127, 231 black guillemot 173 Cistus 77 black-naped fruit dove 216 Clario´ n raven 69 bladder fern 166 Clophyllum 111 Blechnum 191 Cochlearia officinalis 166, 169, 172 B. orientale 64 Coleoptera 51 blind snake 230 collared kingfisher 116, 194, 199 blossom bat 111 Collembola 171, 172, 177, 244 blue-footed booby 70 colonization index 115 Blumea balsamifera 63 colonizers 68 Bogor Botanical Gardens 8 common blossom bat 111, 112, 118 boobies 68 common koel 115 braconid wasps 171, 212 common redshank 179 Brahminy kite 194 common sandpiper 53 bristlecone pine 85, 89 community assembly 4 Bromus erectus 45 community development 14 Bronze Age 77 Conolophus subcristata 45 brown booby 69 continental shelf 7 brown pelican 70 Copsychus saularis 226 Bufo melanostictus 205 Corvus corax 60, 69, 178 bugs 52, 188, 249 C. splendens 214 Bukit Timah 8 Coryphaca utan 190 Buteo jamaicensis 69 Cosymbotus platyurus 127 butterflies 41, 122, 126, 151, 152, 213, 216, Cotapaxi 33 225, 229, 233 crabs 66, 68, 150, 198 Crater Lake 99 Cacomantis merulinus 231 Cratoxylon blancoi 63 Caconemobius fori 52 crickets 36, 52, 53, 54, 56, 122, 151, 196, 245, 249 caddis fly 197 Cricotopus variabilis 170 Cakile arctica 166 Crocodylus porosus 111, 147 C. lanceolatum 166, 248 crocus 77 C. maritima 166, 175 Crocus sativus 77 Calidris alpina 179 crowberry 169 Caloenas nicobarica 111 crustaceans 14 Calophyllum inophyllum 147 Ctenolepisma 56 C. speciosum 47 cyanobacteria 45, 47, 54, 64, 116, 123, 162, 244 Canavalia rosea 64, 124, 181, 239 Cycloptilum 249 Cancrium 105 Cynopterus 114, 214 Candoia carinata 111 C. brachyotis 126, 216 Capsella bursa-pastoris 168 Cyperus 191 Carex maritima 181 C. cyperinus 188 C. nigra 180 C. durides 68, 191 Cassytha filiformis 47 C. javanicus 191 Casuarina 35, 123, 152, 155, 201, 205, 239 C. planifolia 191, 248 C. equisetifolia 46, 123–124, 239 C. polystachyos 191, 196 cave fruit bat 224 Cyrtandra 237 Cenchrus myosuroides 67 Cyrtodactylus 111 centipede 142 Cystopteris fragilis 166, 169 Cepphus grylle 173 Cerastium fontanum 168, 169 damselflies 188, 249 Chalcophaps 190 Davallia solida 191 C. indica 216 debris avalanche 31 C. stephani 190 Dendrelaphe pictus 231 chamaephytes 44, 48 dendrochronology 85 Chamaerops humilis 76 Dendrocnide 191 Chara 139 Dermochelys coriacea 111 Cheilanthes tenuifolia 64 developmental ecology 4 Chelonia mydas 111 diatoms 15 chestnut-capped thrush 214 Diptera 51 chickens 113 dispersal-structured model of island recolonization 21

INDEX 283

disturbance island theory 21 F. asperiuscula 224 Ditylenchus 171, 243 F. aurea 256 diversity 7 F. benjamina 191, 192, 193, 196 Dodonaea viscosa 67 F. crininervia 225 dog-faced bat 126 F. drupacea 225 Draco volans 213 F. galberimma 191 dragonflies 35, 139, 188, 197, 213 F. indica 63, 64 Ducula 109, 115 F. nodosa 192 D. aenea 195 F. opposita 147, 191, 201 D. bicolor 116, 190 F. pilosa 225 D. pistrinaria 116, 190 F. septica 156 dunlin 179 F. virens 105, 225 Dupetor flavicollis 147, 201 F. virgata 193, 196 Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum 11, 124, 253 F. wassa 192 figs 21, 40, 111, 112, 113, 156, 188, 190 earthworms 122, 168, 171, 173, 206 fig-wasps 21 earwigs 9, 53, 60, 244, 245, 249 fireweed 46 eastern black-capped lorry 108, 116 fish 139 Ectopsocus vilhenai 249 fish eagle 60 Egretta sacra 147, 194 flies 36, 68, 142, 150, 152, 170, Elaphe flavolineata 230 176, 182 Elymus arenarius 166, 167, 169, 172, 180 Florida Keys 23 emerald dove 125 flying foxes 112, 115 Emilia sonchifolia 191 flying lizard 213 Emoia 111 Formica 38 E. atrocostata 230 fouling 15 Empetrum nigrum 169 foundation community 6 Eonycteris spelaea 224 Fragraea 47 Epilobium angustifolium 46 Frankia 123 equilibrium 15, 16, 18 Fratercula arctica 172 Eragrostis diversifolia 65, 66, 67 Fregata 66 E. prolifera 45 F. magnificens 69 Eretmochelys imbricata 111 F. minor 69 Erigeron crenatus 67 Freycinetia 47 estuarine crocodile 111, 147 frigate bird 66, 68, 69, 70 Eudynamys scolopacea 115, 216, 231 frogs 110, 117, 139, 205 Eugenia 47, 105 fruit dove 115 E. jambolana 63, 64 fulmar 167, 173 Eugongylus 111 Fulmarus glacialis 167 Eupatorium odoratum 48 fumarol 104 Euphorbia anthonyi 66, 68 E. buxifolia 248 Galapagos islands 45, 239 Euphrasia 169 Galinosa parviflora 191 E. frigida 169 Gallium normanii 169 explosive blast 30 Gallus gallus 69 Exptochiomera minima 249 Gardenia 47 extinction rate 16, 18 Gastrocopta pediculus 207 eyebright 169 geckos 111, 127 Gekko gecko 230 Falco biarmicus 190 G. monarchus 225 F. columbarius 179 Gehyra 111 F. peregrinus 68, 190 G. mutilata 231 F. severinus 112 Geocarcinus lagostoma 198 fallout 151 G. planatus 198 fallout collectors 50, 51 Geolycosa tongatabuensis 54, 188, 197 fawn leaf-nosed bat 111, 118 giant flying-fox 111 ferns 46, 64, 123, 169, 188, 191, 244 glaucous gull 173, 174 Festuca 168 Glischropus javanus 223 F. richardsonii 169 grasses 123 F. rubra 174, 181 grasshoppers 35, 68 Ficus 47, 105, 107, 111, 113, 114, 115, 123, 124, 190, greater black-backed gull 167, 181 191, 195, 224, 239–242 green imperial pigeon 195

284 INDEX

green turtle 111, 150 Knossos grey imperial pigeon 115, 116, 190 koel 115 grey wagtail 53 Krakatau 11, 21, 23, 32, 37, 68, 95, 99, 113, 117 grylloblattid 40 gulls 116, 167, 173, 178, 182 La Soufrie`re 32, 46, 48 Labidura 60, 188 Haematopus longirostris 179 lacewings 52 Halastur indus 194 lahars 33 Halcyon chloris 116, 194 Lake Dakataua 138 Haliaetus leucogaster 190, 194 Lake Wisdom 99 Hasora terminatus 216 Lalage nigra 214 Hawaii 8, 9, 239, 245 Lanius tigrinus 150, 214 hawk-billed turtle 111 lannar falcon 190 Heleomyza borealis 170 lapilli 101, 146 hemicryptophytes 44, 48 Larus argentatus 167 Hemidactylus frenatus 111, 125, 225 L. fuscus 167 Hemiphyllodactylus typus 230 L. hyperboreus 173 Hermania 172 L. marinus 167 herring gull 167, 174 Lathyrus clymenum 77 Hibiscus 205 lava delta 70 H. tiliaceus 147 lava flows 34 Hierodula 245 Laysan albatross 70 Hipposiderus cervinus 111, 112, 118 leaf-warbler 150, 214 H. cinerascens 223 least blossom bat 111, 118 Hirundo rustica 68 leathery turtle 111 H. tahitica 54 lentisc 76 holm oak 77 Lepidodactylus 111 Homoptera 51 L. lugubris 246 Honkenya peploides 166, 167, 169, 172, 174, 180 Lepidoptera 40, 51, 211 hooded pitta 214 Leptinotarsa decemlineata 35 house crow 150, 214 lesser sheath-tailed bat 111, 118, 198 house gecko 111, 125, 225 Liardetia deliolum 207 Hymenoptera 51, 210, 211 lichens 46, 47, 164 Hypogastrura purpurescens 173 Lilium candidum 77 Lindernia crustacea 191 ice core 85, 86, 88, 89, 93 Litoria infrafrenata 110 Iceland 29 Loihi 9 ignimbrite 100 Lomu 9 iguanas 45 Lonchura punctulata 226 immigration 13 long-eared owl 179 Imperata cylindrica 63, 123, 147, 181, 191, 201 Loranthus 47 imperial pigeon 190 Lorius hypoinochrous 108, 116 intertidal communities 13 Louisiades white-eye 115, 116 introductions 5 Lumbricus castaneus 173 Ipomoea pes-caprae 64, 67, 68, 124, 181, 191, 197, 248 Lumnitzera 205 Iratzu 34 lungwort 166 Ischaemum muticum 124 lupins 39, 46 island habitats 5 Lupinus lepidus 46 island monarch 116 Lutra ?lutra 150, 216 isolation 18, 20 Lycopodium cernuum 47, 48 Isoptera 209 Lycosa atlantica 249 Isotoma maritima 177 Lycosidae 54 Lygosoma bowringi 231 Juncus alpinus 122 lyme grass 166 J. balticus 175 juniper 92 Macaranga tenarius 124 Juniperus phoenicea 93 MacKinlay’s cuckoo-dove 116 Macroglossus minimus 111, 112, 118 Katmai 34 Macropygia 115 kingfisher 126 M. mackinlayi 116 Kings Park Reserve 8 M. nigrirostris 147 kipuka 7, 38, 48, 56 M. phasianella 216 kittiwake 173 madonna lily 77

INDEX 285

mainland 20 Neyraudia madagascariensis 123 Malay flying fox 214 Nicobar pigeon 116 Malay racer 230 night heron 198 mammals 40, 41, 76, 122, 125, 213 Nostoc 162, 164 mangrove golden whistler 116 nue´es ardentes 32, 62, 97 mangroves 25, 250 Nycticorax caledonicus 194, 198 mantids 52, 53, 122, 151, 245 N. violacea 198 maple 77 Nyctimene vizcaccia 111, 112, 115, 118 marine cays 135 Nysius wekiuicola 52 marmots 35 Martinique 32 Olea europaea 76 masked booby 69, 70 olive 76 Mayon 33 Oncosperma tigillarium 195 Medicago sativa 180 Onychium siliculosum 64 megapode 118, 147, 190, 194 Oriental cuscus 113, 115 Megapodius eremita 118, 201 Oriental hobby 53, 112, 215 M. freycinet 147, 190 Oriental white-eye 214 Melaleuca 118 Oroxylon indicum 224 Melanoides tuberculatus 117, 189 Orthoptera 122 Melonycteris melanops 111, 112, 115, 118 otter 150 merlin 179 Oxyria digyna 179 Mertensia maritima 166, 167, 169, 175, 180 mesofauna 171 Pachycephala melanura 116 Mesophorura macrochaeta 173 Pacific reef-egret 194 mice 35 Pacific swallow 54 Microsorium 191 Pacific tree boa 111 Miscanthus sinensis 63 palms 76 mites 170, 171, 172, 176, 182 Pandanus 190 model systems 5 P. tectorius 147 molluscs 117, 122, 138, 139, 225, 228 Panicum repens 248 Monarcha cinerascens 116 Pankratium maritimum 77 monitor 60, 111, 124, 147, 213 paradise tree snake 127, 231 Monohystera 170, 243 Paricutin 34 Morinda bracteata 64 Parkia 191 M. citrifolia 47, 147 Parnara guttatus 216 M. oleifera 63 pear 93 Mosia nigrescens 111, 112, 118, 147, 193 pearlwort 169, 179, 182 mosses 46, 47, 163, 244 Pelicanus occidentalis 70 Motacilla alba 175 Pelopidas conjunctus 216 moths 52, 122, 142, 170, 178 Pennisetum macrostachium 123 Motmot 9, 54 peregrine falcon 53, 68, 194, 215 Mount St Helens 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 42, 95, 104 Perityle socorroensis 68 mountains 7 Phaedusa sumatrana 229 mountain sorrel 179 Phaethon aethereus 69 mud flows 32, 33 Phalanger orientalis 113, 115 munia 150, 199 Phaleria 249 Musa 236 phanerophytes 44 myriapods 122 phasianids 213 Myrmeleon frontalis 156, 216, 239 Philoscia 249 Myzomela 109 Phoebastria immutabilis 70 M. pammaelaena 109, 116 Phoenix theophrasti 76 M. sclateri 109, 116 Phylloscopus 150, 214 phytotelmata 5, 251 Najas tenuifiolia 139 pied imperial pigeon 116, 190 Nectarinia jugularis 147 pied oystercatcher 179 nematodes 37, 170, 243 pied triller 214 Neonauclea calycina 11, 253 pigs 113 Nephrolepis biserrata 64 pink-necked green pigeon 125, 230 N. cordifolia 188, 191 Pinus aristata 86 N. rufescens 47 pioneers 10, 17 Neuroptera 122 Piper 190 New Britain Trench 95 Pipturus argenteus 191

286 INDEX

Pistacia lentiscus 76, 93 Ramphotyphlops braminus 230 P. therebintus 76 Rana cancrivora 205 Pithecellobium dulce 63, 64 rats 206 Pitta sordida 214 Rattus 216 pittas 213 R. exulans 113, 118 Pityrogramma calomelanos 48, 64, 191 R. praetor 113, 118 plain-throated sunbird 215 R. tiomanicus 206, 231 plaintive cuckoo 229 raven 60, 178 Platymantis papuensis 110, 117 red-billed tropic bird 69 Plectrophanax nivalis 175 red-footed booby 69, 70 Plectus 171 red-throated little grebe 194 P. rhizophilus 170, 243 red cuckoo-dove 216 Pleistocene glaciations 7 redwing 179 Plutella 171 rehabilitation 4 Poa 181 reptiles 41, 93, 122, 147, 213, 225 P. annua 168, 169 rescue effect 20, 59 P. pratensis 169, 172 Revillagigedo archipelago 65, 68 pocket gopher 40 Rhinolophus celebensis 223 Polygonum 190 Rhizocladus 113 P. aviculare 168 Rhizophora mangle 25 P. persicaria 180 Rhus simarubifolia 47 Polynesian rat 113, 118 Rissa tridactyla 173 Polytremis lubricans 216 Ritter Island 101 pottery 13 rock wren 65, 66, 69 Premna obtusifolia 147 rotifers 13, 30 prickly oak 93 rousette 215, 223 primary colonists 42 Rousettus leschenaultii 215 protozoans 13, 14, 170 ruddy turnstone 179 Pseudopartula arborascens 229 rufous night-heron 194 Pteris 191 Rumex 168 P. calomelos 188 R. scutatus 45, 48 P. quadriaurata 64 P. vittata 64 Saccharum spontaneum 39, 61, 63, 123, 181 Pteropus 115 Sagina procumbens 168, 169, 179, 181 P. admiralitatum 147, 201 Salix herbacea 169 P. hypomelanus 111, 112, 116, 118 S. lanata 169 P. neohibernicus 111, 118 S. phylicifolia 169 P. vampyrus 214 Salpinctes obsoletus 65, 66 Pterospermum javanicum 224 Salvia 77 Ptilinopus 109, 115, 190 Scaevola tacharda 147 P. melanospila 216 scarlet-bibbed honeyeater 116 P. solomonensis 116 scurvy grass 166 Puccinellia 181 sea pink 178 P. distans 169 sea rocket 166 P. retroflexa 172 sea sandwort 166 puffin 174 Sebesi 122 Puffinus auricularis 69 Sedum rosea 175 P. pacificus 69 Semecarpus cuneiformis 63 pumice 80, 92, 182 serpent-eagle 150, 214 Pupina superba 229 Sesuvium portulacastrum 248 Pycnonotus aurigaster 226 Shenomeris chinensis 64 pyroclastic flows 32, 33, 81, 97, 99, 146 short-eared owl 179 Pyrus amygdaliformis 93 Silene 180 python 112, 213 sink species 20 skinks 111 Quercus coccifera 93 slugs 122, 173 Q. ilex 77 snails 5 Q. macrolepis 77 snakes 111, 122 snow bunting 175, 178, 179, 180 radiocarbon dating 83, 91, 101 Socorro red-tailed hawk 69 rainbow lorikeets 115 Solanum 190 Raja batis 175 S. erianthum 45

INDEX 287

Solomons fruit dove 115 therebinth 76 Sonchus oleraceus 45 therophytes 44 sooty-headed bulbul 126 Thespesia populnea 191, 248 sooty owl 112 Thomomys bulbivorus 40 species–area relationship 18 Thyrocopa apatela 52 Speonemobius 53 Thysanoptera 122 Sphenomorphus 111 Thysanura 56 spice finch 226 Tibito Tephra 101 spiders 23, 40, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 124, 151, 152, 171, tiger shrike 150, 214 178, 182, 188, 197, 199, 207, 213, 244, 245, 249 ‘time of darkness’ 95, 101 Spilornis cheela 150, 214 Timonius 201 spiny rat 113, 118 T. compressicaulis 11, 253 Spirit Lake 41 toad 205 Spitzbergen 51 tomb bat 150, 215 sponge 140 Townsend’s shearwater 69, 70 Spongilla alba 140 toxic gases 29 squirrels 35 transfer organisms 245 starlings 115, 194 Trapezostigma liberata 197 Steatoda septemmaculata 249 tree-rings 85 Stellaria media 166, 168, 169 Trema orientalis 63, 64 Steniohyllus nesioticus 67 Treron verans 125, 216 Stephan’s dove 190 Trichoglossus haematodus 115, 147 stepping stones 131 Tringa tetanus 179 Sterculia foetida 63 Triplectides helvolus 197 Sterna paradisea 173 Troides helena 216 stochasticity 10–11, 12 tsunami 81, 103, 232 strand narcissus 77 Turdus iliacus 179 stromatolites 75 turtles 111 subduction zone 9 Tyto alba 112, 215 succession 23, 24, 48 T. tenebricosus 112 successional model of island assembly 21 Sula dactylatra 69 valonia oak 77 S. leucogaster 69 Varanus indicus 111, 147 S. nebouxii 70 V. salvator 60, 124, 150 S. sula 69 variable flying fox 111, 116 supertramps 104, 115 Vernonia cinerea 191 Surtsey 9, 46, 53, 60 Vertagopus aurea 172 Sus scrofa 113 Vigna repens 248 swiftlet 53 volcanic explosivity index 113 Syconycteris australis 111, 112, 115, 118 Volcano Island 32, 101

Taal 32, 33, 68 wagtail 175 Tabernaemontana pandacaqui 63 wasps 36, 115, 176, 210, 241, 256 T. subglobosa 64 wedge-tailed shearwater 69 Tachybaptus ruficollis 194 weevil 176 tamarisk 76 white-breasted sea eagle 190, 194 Tamarix 76 white-eye 150 Taphozous longimanus 215 willows 169 Taraxacum 168 Teleogryllus 196 Xiphiagrion cyanomelas 197 Telicota augias 216 Xylocopa confusa 239 Tennesseelum formicum 249 X. latipes 125 tephra 34, 37, 44, 99, 159, 162, 169 Terminalia 111, 124, 125, 190 yellow-bibbed fruit dove 116 T. catappa 105, 147 Yiali 92 termites 122, 206, 209, 229 Tetragnatha nitens 197 zoochory 12, 205 Tetrasticta 207 Zoothera interpres 214 Teucrium affine 67 Zosterops 150 thalassochory 205 Z. griseotincta 115, 116 Themeda gigantea 63 Z. palpebrosa 214