Out of the Orient: Post-Tethyan Transoceanic and Trans-Arabian Routes

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Out of the Orient: Post-Tethyan Transoceanic and Trans-Arabian Routes Systematic Entomology Page 2 of 55 1 1 Out of the Orient: Post-Tethyan transoceanic and trans-Arabian routes 2 fostered the spread of Baorini skippers in the Afrotropics 3 4 Running title: Historical biogeography of Baorini skippers 5 6 Authors: Emmanuel F.A. Toussaint1,2*, Roger Vila3, Masaya Yago4, Hideyuki Chiba5, Andrew 7 D. Warren2, Kwaku Aduse-Poku6,7, Caroline Storer2, Kelly M. Dexter2, Kiyoshi Maruyama8, 8 David J. Lohman6,9,10, Akito Y. Kawahara2 9 10 Affiliations: 11 1 Natural History Museum of Geneva, CP 6434, CH 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland 12 2 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, U.S.A. 13 3 Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37, 08003 14 Barcelona, Spain 15 4 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 16 5 B. P. Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817-0916 U.S.A. 17 6 Biology Department, City College of New York, City University of New York, 160 Convent 18 Avenue, NY 10031, U.S.A. 19 7 Biology Department, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, 23173, USA 20 8 9-7-106 Minami-Ôsawa 5 chome, Hachiôji-shi, Tokyo 192-0364, Japan 21 9 Ph.D. Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave., New 22 York, NY 10016, U.S.A. 23 10 Entomology Section, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila 1000, Philippines 24 25 *To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: [email protected] Page 3 of 55 Systematic Entomology 2 26 27 ABSTRACT 28 The origin of taxa presenting a disjunct distribution between Africa and Asia has puzzled 29 biogeographers for centuries. This biogeographic pattern has been hypothesized to be the result 30 of transoceanic long-distance dispersal, Oligocene dispersal through forested corridors, Miocene 31 dispersal through the Arabian Peninsula or passive dispersal on the rifting Indian plate. However, 32 it has often proven difficult to pinpoint the mechanisms at play. We investigate the biotic 33 exchange between the Afrotropics and the Oriental region during the Cenozoic, a period in 34 which geological changes altered landmass connectivity. We use Baorini skippers (Lepidoptera, 35 Hesperiidae) as a model, a widespread clade of butterflies in the Old-World tropics presenting a 36 disjunct distribution between the Afrotropics and the Oriental region. We use anchored 37 phylogenomics to infer a robust evolutionary tree for Baorini skippers and estimate divergence 38 times and ancestral ranges to test biogeographic hypotheses. Our phylogenomic tree recovers 39 strongly supported relationships for Baorini skippers and clarifies the systematics of the tribe. 40 Dating analyses suggest that these butterflies originated in the Oriental region, Greater Sunda 41 Islands, and Philippines in the early Miocene approximately 23 million years ago. Baorini 42 skippers dispersed from the Oriental region toward Africa at least five times in the past 20 43 million years. These butterflies colonized the Afrotropics primarily through trans-Arabian 44 geodispersal after the closure of the Tethyan seaway in the mid-Miocene. Range expansion from 45 the Oriental region toward the African continent likely occurred via the Gomphotherium land 46 bridge through the Arabian Peninsula. Alternative scenarios invoking long-distance dispersal and 47 vicariance are not supported. The Miocene climate change and biome shift from forested areas to 48 grasslands possibly facilitated geodispersal in this clade of skippers. 49 50 Systematic Entomology Page 4 of 55 3 51 52 53 KEYWORDS 54 Anchored phylogenomics; Arabotropical forest dispersal; butterfly evolution; Gomphotherium 55 land bridge; Hesperiidae; Lepidoptera phylogenomics; Neotethys Seaway closure; Old World 56 biogeography; transoceanic long-distance dispersal Page 5 of 55 Systematic Entomology 4 57 INTRODUCTION 58 The remarkable geological features of the Old-World tropics, such as the Indo-Australian 59 Archipelago (IAA), the Himalayan mountain range, and the Deccan traps are testaments to the 60 dynamic geological evolution that took place throughout the Cenozoic (Seton et al. 2012). The 61 collision of the Asian, Australian, and Pacific plates resulted in the assemblage of Wallacea (Hall 62 2013) and orogeny of New Guinea (Toussaint et al. 2014), allowing the Asian and Australian 63 biotas to connect through shallow marine straits and ephemeral land bridges between myriad 64 tropical islands (Voris 2000). The collision of the rifting Indian plate with the Asian plate in the 65 Paleocene (Hu et al. 2016), triggered the orogeny of the Himalayas (Zhang et al. 2012), and 66 connected the relic Gondwanan stock with the Laurasian biota. The closure of the Tethyan 67 Ocean in the Oligocene (Pirouz et al. 2017) triggered the orogeny of the Zagros mountain chain 68 along the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, thereby connecting African and Asian biotas by a 69 land bridge (i.e., the Gomphotherium land bridge; Rögl 1998) through the Arabian Peninsula 70 (Harzhauser et al. 2007; Berra & Angiolini 2014). Disentangling the impact of these major 71 geological rearrangements on the evolution of the regional biota is necessary to understand the 72 mechanisms of lineage diversification in the Old-World tropics. 73 Of particular interest are clades of organisms disjunctly distributed in Asia and Africa, 74 because these allow testing hypotheses related to dispersal, vicariance, and extinction with 75 respect to the geology of the African, Arabian, Asian, and Indian plates. The distribution of such 76 clades has been explained by four biogeographic hypotheses. The first hypothesis, transoceanic 77 long-distance dispersal (LDD) between Asia and Africa, has been invoked to explain disjunct 78 distributions. Under this hypothesis (H1), the colonization of distant areas from a source 79 geographic range is accomplished directly and is not the result of range expansion followed by 80 widespread extinction/range contraction. A second hypothesis posits range expansion with trans- 81 Arabian dispersal (H2, also known as the “Gomphotherium land bridge hypothesis”, Harzhauser Systematic Entomology Page 6 of 55 5 82 et al. 2007) followed by regional extinction in the Arabian Peninsula. The Gomphotherium land 83 bridge hypothesis is based on geological evidence that the eastern part of the Tethys Ocean (i.e., 84 Neotethys) that once separated Africa and Asia closed as a result of the Arabian plate moving 85 northward and colliding with the Asian plate in the Oligocene ca. 27 million years ago (Ma), 86 engendering the orogeny of the Zagros mountain chain in the process (Pirouz et al. 2017). A 87 third hypothesis is derived from the “boreotropical dispersal hypothesis”. This latter postulate 88 suggests that lineages expanded their geographic ranges in higher latitudes through boreotropical 89 forests that existed in the Eocene and Oligocene, before climate cooling triggered the wane of 90 boreotropical forests, in turn promoting ecological vicariance (Wolfe 1975). Recent studies (e.g., 91 Couvreur et al. 2011; Sánchez-Ramírez et al. 2015) suggest that a similar process could be 92 invoked for Africa-Asia disjunctions, where range expansion could have happened after the 93 closure of the Tethys Ocean via now-vanished tropical forests in the Arabian Peninsula 94 (Ghazanfar & Fisher 1998; Griffin 2002). This hypothesis, which we coin “Arabotropical forest 95 dispersal” (H3), implies that range expansion would had to have happened between the 96 emergence of these habitats and their disappearance, triggered by the onset of a cooler climate in 97 the late Eocene and Oligocene (Zachos et al. 2001). As a result, this hypothesis predicts range 98 expansions resulting in ancestral widespread distributions, followed by vicariance triggered by 99 the aridification of the Arabian Peninsula and associated floristic reconfiguration (Ghazanfar & 100 Fisher 1998; Griffin 2002). The last hypothesis proposes that organisms rafted on the 101 Gondwanan Indian plate (“biotic ferry hypothesis” or “out-of-India hypothesis”; Datta-Roy & 102 Karanth 2009) and subsequently diversified in Asia. Under this hypothesis (H4), lineages 103 occurring in Gondwana during the Cretaceous and therefore in the landmass comprising Africa, 104 India, and Madagascar at the time, would have been transported via the rafting Indian plate 105 across the Indian Ocean, before docking in the Oriental region in the Eocene ca. 60 Ma (Hu et al. 106 2016). Although this hypothesis was initially supported by phylogenetic patterns, it has since Page 7 of 55 Systematic Entomology 6 107 been largely rejected by numerous studies of unrelated plants and animals that use molecular 108 dating approaches (Toussaint et al. 2016). A related mechanism is the use of the Indian rafting 109 plate as a “stepping stone” whereby taxa dispersed from the Oriental region to insular India 110 before its final docking and then dispersed toward other Gondwanan landmasses (Toussaint et al. 111 2018a). Both processes imply ancient African and Oriental divergences. Overall, there are few 112 empirical studies focusing on animal taxa that investigate the evolution of African-Asian 113 disjunctions in a phylogenetic framework with the aim to test these competing hypotheses. 114 Baorini grass skippers (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae) are widespread butterflies 115 distributed from Madagascar, the Mascarenes, Africa and southern Europe, through the Arabian 116 Peninsula, and to the
Recommended publications
  • Buden-Etal2005.Pdf
    98 PACIFIC SCIENCE . January 2005 Figure 1. Location of the Caroline Islands. along the shore. The average annual rainfall spp.) are the dominant trees on all but the ranges from about 363 cm in Chuuk (Merlin smallest atoll islands, where coastal scrub and and Juvik 1996) to 1,015 cm estimated in the strand predominate. All of the islands fall mountains on Pohnpei (Merlin et al. 1992). within the equatorial rain belt and are wet The land area on the numerous, wide- enough to support a mesophytic vegetation spread, low (1–4 m high) coralline atolls is (Mueller-Dombois and Fosberg 1998). All of miniscule. Satawan Atoll in the Mortlock the atolls visited during this survey are in- Islands, southern Chuuk State, has the largest habited or (in the case of Ant Atoll) have been total land area, with 4.6 km2 distributed so in the recent past. Ornamental shrubs, among approximately 49 islets (Bryan 1971). trees, and herbs are common in the settle- Houk (¼ Pulusuk Atoll), a lone islet west of ments, which are usually located on one or Chuuk Lagoon, is the largest single island several of the larger islets; the others are vis- (2.8 km2) among all of these outlyers. Coco- ited frequently to harvest coconuts, crabs, and nut (Cocos nucifera) and breadfruit (Artocarpus other forest products used by the community. Butterflies of the Eastern Caroline Islands . Buden et al. 99 materials and methods record from Kosrae, but this sight record re- quires confirmation.] Butterflies were collected by D.W.B. when the opportunity arose during biological sur- veys of several different taxonomic groups, Family Lycaenidae including birds, reptiles, odonates, and milli- Catochrysops panormus (C.
    [Show full text]
  • A Compilation and Analysis of Food Plants Utilization of Sri Lankan Butterfly Larvae (Papilionoidea)
    MAJOR ARTICLE TAPROBANICA, ISSN 1800–427X. August, 2014. Vol. 06, No. 02: pp. 110–131, pls. 12, 13. © Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia & Taprobanica Private Limited, Homagama, Sri Lanka http://www.sljol.info/index.php/tapro A COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF FOOD PLANTS UTILIZATION OF SRI LANKAN BUTTERFLY LARVAE (PAPILIONOIDEA) Section Editors: Jeffrey Miller & James L. Reveal Submitted: 08 Dec. 2013, Accepted: 15 Mar. 2014 H. D. Jayasinghe1,2, S. S. Rajapaksha1, C. de Alwis1 1Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka, 762/A, Yatihena, Malwana, Sri Lanka 2 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Larval food plants (LFPs) of Sri Lankan butterflies are poorly documented in the historical literature and there is a great need to identify LFPs in conservation perspectives. Therefore, the current study was designed and carried out during the past decade. A list of LFPs for 207 butterfly species (Super family Papilionoidea) of Sri Lanka is presented based on local studies and includes 785 plant-butterfly combinations and 480 plant species. Many of these combinations are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. The impact of introducing new plants on the dynamics of abundance and distribution of butterflies, the possibility of butterflies being pests on crops, and observations of LFPs of rare butterfly species, are discussed. This information is crucial for the conservation management of the butterfly fauna in Sri Lanka. Key words: conservation, crops, larval food plants (LFPs), pests, plant-butterfly combination. Introduction Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis 1949). As all herbivorous insects show some and have two stages of food consumtion.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 1, 206-211
    ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 1, 206-211 Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH RESEARCH ARTICLE BUTTERFLY SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN MANIKKUNNUMALA FOREST OF WESTERN GHATS, INDIA. M. K. Nandakumar1, V.V. Sivan1, Jayesh P Joseph1, M. M. Jithin1, M. K. Ratheesh Narayanan2, N. Anilkumar1. 1 Community Agrobiodiversity Centre, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation,Puthoorvayal, Kalpetta, Kerala- 673121, India 2 Department of Botany, Payyanur College, Edat P.O., Kannur, Kerala-670327, India Manuscript Info Abstract Manuscript History: Butterflies, one of the most researched insect groups throughout the world, are also one of the groups that face serious threats of various kinds and in Received: 11 November 2014 Final Accepted: 26 December 2014 varying degrees. Wayanad district is one of the biodiversity rich landscapes Published Online: January 2015 within the biodiversity hot spot of Western Ghats. This paper essentially deals with the abundance and diversity of butterfly species in Key words: Manikkunnumala forest in Wayanad district of Western Ghats. The hilly ecosystem of this area is under various pressures mainly being Butterfly diversity, Abundance, anthropogenic. Still this area exhibits fairly good diversity; this includes Wayanad, Western Ghats some very rare and endemic butterflies. When assessed the rarity and *Corresponding Author abundance, six out of 94 recorded butterflies comes under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The area needs immediate attention to conserve the M. K. Nandakumar remaining vegetation in order to protect the butterfly diversity. Copy Right, IJAR, 2015,. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION Butterflies are one of the unique groups of insects, which grasp the attention of nature lovers worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Seismic Reflection Survey and Well Drilling, Umkhanyakude District Municipality, Northern Kzn
    SFG1897 v2 Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SEISMIC REFLECTION SURVEY AND WELL DRILLING, UMKHANYAKUDE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY, NORTHERN KZN Public Disclosure Authorized Client: SANEDI–SACCCS Consultant: G.A. Botha (PhD, Pr.Sci.Nat) in association with specialist consultants; Brousse-James and Associates, WetRest, Jeffares & Green, S. Allan Council for Geoscience, P.O. Box 900, Pietermaritzburg, 3200 Council for Geoscience report: 2016-0009 June, 2016 Copyright © Council for Geoscience, 2016 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... vii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Project description ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Location and regional context ....................................................................................................... 5 2.2 2D seismic reflection survey and well drilling; project description and technical aspects ............ 7 2.2.1 Seismic survey (vibroseis) process ....................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Well drilling ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication A preliminary checklist of butterflies from the northern Eastern Ghats with notes on new and significant species records including three new reports for peninsular India Rajkamal Goswami, Ovee Thorat, Vikram Aditya & Seena Narayanan Karimbumkara 26 November 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 13 | Pages: 12769–12791 10.11609/jot.3730.10.13.12769-12791 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints contact <[email protected]> Publisher & Host Partners Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2018 | 10(13): 12769–12791 A preliminary
    [Show full text]
  • Check-List of the Butterflies of the Kakamega Forest Nature Reserve in Western Kenya (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea)
    Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 25 (4): 161–174 (2004) 161 Check-list of the butterflies of the Kakamega Forest Nature Reserve in western Kenya (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea) Lars Kühne, Steve C. Collins and Wanja Kinuthia1 Lars Kühne, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; email: [email protected] Steve C. Collins, African Butterfly Research Institute, P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Wanja Kinuthia, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract: All species of butterflies recorded from the Kaka- list it was clear that thorough investigation of scientific mega Forest N.R. in western Kenya are listed for the first collections can produce a very sound list of the occur- time. The check-list is based mainly on the collection of ring species in a relatively short time. The information A.B.R.I. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Furthermore records from the collection of the National density is frequently underestimated and collection data Museum of Kenya (Nairobi), the BIOTA-project and from offers a description of species diversity within a local literature were included in this list. In total 491 species or area, in particular with reference to rapid measurement 55 % of approximately 900 Kenyan species could be veri- of biodiversity (Trueman & Cranston 1997, Danks 1998, fied for the area. 31 species were not recorded before from Trojan 2000). Kenyan territory, 9 of them were described as new since the appearance of the book by Larsen (1996). The kind of list being produced here represents an information source for the total species diversity of the Checkliste der Tagfalter des Kakamega-Waldschutzge- Kakamega forest.
    [Show full text]
  • 377 Genus Borbo Evans
    14th edition (2015). Genus Borbo Evans, 1949 A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History): 44, 436 (502 pp.). London. Type-species: Hesperia borbonica Boisduval, by original designation. A predominantly Afrotropical genus containing 23 species. There are 19 Afrotropical species, one of which (borbonica) extends extralimitally. There are a further four extralimital species. *Borbo binga (Evans, 1937) Dark Forest Swift Baoris binga Evans, 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum: 178 (212 pp.). Type locality: Ivory Coast. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Banco (Larsen, 2005a); Lamto (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Assin Foso (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a); Kakum National Park (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Ojo near Lagos (Larsen, 2005a). Democratic Republic of Congo – Luali, Mayoumbe district (Ackery et al., 1995). Habitat: Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A scarce skipper (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. *Borbo borbonica (Boisduval, 1833)# Olive-haired Swift A male Olive-haired Swift (Borbo borbonica) feeding on a Lantana flower Image courtesy Raimund Schutte Hesperia borbonica Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 213 (149-270). Pamphila borbonica Boisduval. Trimen, 1866a. 1 Pamphila borbonica (Boisduval, 1833). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Pelopidas borbonica (Boisduval, 1833). Evans, 1937. Pelopidas borbonica Boisduval, 1833. Swanepoel, 1953a. Borbo borbonica (Boisduval, 1833). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Borbo borbonica (De Boisduval, 1833). Pringle et al., 1994: 335. Borbo borbonica borbonica. Male (Wingspan 42 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.
    [Show full text]
  • A Report on Butterfly Diversity in a Regenerated Forest Area in Atvan
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2021; 9(4): 234-241 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 www.entomoljournal.com A report on butterfly diversity in a regenerated JEZS 2021; 9(4): 234-241 forest area in Atvan, Lonavala, Maharashtra, © 2021 JEZS Received: 14-04-2021 India Accepted: 27-05-2021 Reema Singh The Machan Resort, Private Reema Singh and Manzoor Ahmed Road, Lonavala Road, Atvan. Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract Manzoor Ahmed Present study is based on private land that was an earlier barren land with fewer plants. The land has been CSIR- Indian Institute of converted into the forest through natural seeding and seed dispersal, and hence called as Regenerated or a Integrative Medicine (IIIM Secondary Forest. A study has been done to understand the health of this regenerated forest area, and the Jammu), India data has been compared to the nearest study area Mulshi, Maharashtra, where a comparative study has been done forming landscapes that include natural forest area or primary forest. Three different landscapes and trail along the property has been created and butterflies were documented. Butterflies act as a "model" organism to study the richness of a forest. The data was used to understand the abundance of butterflies in a regenerated forest area as well as whether the forest patch can be considered a suitable habitat for the species to thrive. A total of 90 species of butterflies were documented from the survey area where butterflies of family Nymphalidae (35) were found to be dominant, followed by Lycaenidae (18), Pereidae (14), Hesperiidae (14), Papilionidae (8), Riodinidae (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, Wardha, Maharashtra, Central India
    Biodiversity Journal, 2018, 9 (3): 171–180 DOI: 10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2018.9.3.171.180 Butterflies (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera) of the Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, Wardha, Maharashtra, Central India Ashish Tiple Department of Zoology, Vidhyabharti College, Seloo, Wardha 442 104, India; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The diversity of butterfly species (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera) was studied in the Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, Wardha district area (Central India) of 138.12 km2 from 2011 to 2017. A total of 114 species of butterflies belonging to 6 families were recorded. Most of the butterflies recorded belong to the family Nymphalidae (35 species). 34 Lycaenidae species were recorded. A total of 18 Hesperiidae and 18 Pieridae species were recorded, 8 species were recorded from the Papilionidae and 1 species from the Riodinidae family. Among the 114 butterflies recorded, 9 species come under the protection category of the Indian Wild Life (protection) Act 1972 (i.e., Pachliopta hector, Appias albina, Appias libythea, Eurema an- dersonii, Euploea core, Hypolimnas misippus, Euchrysops cnejus, Lampides boeticus, Ionolyce helicon, Baoris farri). The observations support the value of the National Park (Re- serve forest) area in providing valuable resources for butterflies. KEY WORDS Lepidoptera; diversity; Bor wild life Sanctuary; Wardha; Mahrashtra. Received 16.03.2018; accepted 22.05.2018; printed 30.09.2018; published online 05.10.2018 INTRODUCTION East and meets the Maikal Hill range which comes from Kanha (Figs. 1–3). Bor Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as a tiger Among insect, butterflies are the most beautiful reserve in July 2014. It is located near Hingani in and colourful creatures on the earth, have a great Wardha District, Maharashtra.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Research Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019
    International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 A Study on the Congregation of Adult Butterflies on Non-floral Resources at Different Locations in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India Panchali Sengupta1*, Narayan Ghorai2 1Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukaria, Malikapur, Barasat, District-24 Parganas (North), Kolkata-700126.West Bengal, India Email id: [email protected] 2Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukaria, Malikapur, Barasat, District-24 Parganas (North), Kolkata-700126.West Bengal, India email id: [email protected] Abstract Several instances of puddling, as reported among different herbivore arthropods, appears quite interesting. Significantly, congregation of adult butterflies at several non-floral resources (wet soil/mud, animal dung, bird droppings, carrion, rotten/fermenting fruits) were examined at different locations in Jalpaiguri district adjacent to the tea estates, villages and agricultural tracts. Different species of papilionids and pierids congregate on wet soil patch and puddle collectively. However other species of nymphalid, lycaenid and hesperid are found to puddle individually, without associating with others on resources like excrements and carrion. Irrespective of any species newly emerged males, and aged females are found to puddle. Interestingly, each species belonging to a particular family have a specific range of puddling duration. Such specificity in puddling among species of a family could probably be associated with their need for a common nutrient. Keywords:, congregation, hesperid, lycaenid, nymphalid, papilionid, pierid *corresponding author Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:5877 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 Introduction Puddling is a widely recognised fascinating event in the life history of any herbivore arthropods except beetles targeted towards accumulation of specific micronutrient (Mollemann, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Insects and Other Arthropods from Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands)
    Vol. XXI, No. 2, December, 1972 271 Insects and other Arthropods from Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands) Bernard B. Sugerman U. S. ARMY, HAWAII Kwajalein Atoll is located in the Ralik (Sunset or Western) Chain of the Marshall Islands in the West Central Pacific Ocean. It is 2100 nautical miles southwest of San Francisco. Lying less than 700 miles north of the Equator, Kwajalein is in the latitude of Panama and the southern Philippines; it is in the longitude of New Zealand, 2300 miles south, and the Kamchatka Peninsula, USSR, 2600 miles north. Kwajalein Atoll is of coral reef formation in the shape of a crescent loop enclosing a lagoon. Situated on the reef are approximately 100 small islands, with a total land area of only 5.6 square miles (3584 acres). The three largest islets, Kwajalein (1.2 square miles), Roi-Namur and Ebadon, at the extremities of the Atoll, account for nearly half the total land area. While the typical size of the remaining isles may be about 140 by 225 m, the smallest islands are no more than sand cays that merely break the water's surface at high tide. The lagoon enclosed by the reef is the world's largest lagoon, having a surface area of 902 square miles. The Atoll's longest dimension is 75 miles from Kwajalein to Ebadon, and its average width is about 15 miles. Kwajalein Islet at the Atoll's southern tip and Roi-Namur at its northern extremity are 50 miles apart. All islets are flat and few natural points exceed 15 feet above mean sea level; those which do are sand dunes.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science Botany & Zology
    Online ISSN : 2249-4626 Print ISSN : 0975-5896 DOI : 10.17406/GJSFR DiversityofButterflies RevisitingMelaninMetabolism InfluenceofHigh-FrequencyCurrents GeneticStructureofSitophilusZeamais VOLUME20ISSUE4VERSION1.0 Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science Botany & Zology Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science Botany & Zology Volume 20 Issue 4 (Ver. 1.0) Open Association of Research Society Global Journals Inc. © Global Journal of Science (A Delaware USA Incorporation with “Good Standing”; Reg. Number: 0423089) Frontier Research. 2020 . Sponsors:Open Association of Research Society Open Scientific Standards All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in version 1.0 Publisher’s Headquarters office of “Global Journal of Science Frontier Research.” By Global Journals Inc. Global Journals ® Headquarters All articles are open access articles distributed 945th Concord Streets, under “Global Journal of Science Frontier Research” Framingham Massachusetts Pin: 01701, Reading License, which permits restricted use. United States of America Entire contents are copyright by of “Global USA Toll Free: +001-888-839-7392 Journal of Science Frontier Research” unless USA Toll Free Fax: +001-888-839-7392 otherwise noted on specific articles. No part of this publication may be reproduced Offset Typesetting or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including G lobal Journals Incorporated photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written 2nd, Lansdowne, Lansdowne Rd., Croydon-Surrey, permission. Pin: CR9 2ER, United Kingdom The opinions and statements made in this book are those of the authors concerned. Packaging & Continental Dispatching Ultraculture has not verified and neither confirms nor denies any of the foregoing and no warranty or fitness is implied.
    [Show full text]