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Washington, DC June 1, 2016 Dear Mr. President, We Are Writing, As
Washington, DC June 1, 2016 Dear Mr. President, We are writing, as Americans committed to the success of our country’s Afghanistan mission, to urge that you sustain the current level of U.S. forces in Afghanistan through the remainder of your term. Aid levels and diplomatic energies should similarly be preserved without reduction. Unless emergency conditions require consideration of a modest increase, we would strongly favor a freeze at the level of roughly 10,000 U.S. troops through January 20. This approach would also allow your successor to assess the situation for herself or himself and make further adjustments accordingly. The broader Middle East is roiled in conflicts that pit moderate and progressive forces against those of violent extremists. As we saw on 9/11 and in the recent attacks in Paris, San Bernardino, and Brussels, the problems of the Middle East do not remain contained within the Middle East. Afghanistan is the place where al Qaeda and affiliates first planned the 9/11 attacks and a place where they continue to operate—and is thus important in the broader effort to defeat the global extremist movement today. It is a place where al Qaeda and ISIS still have modest footprints that could be expanded if a security vacuum developed. If Afghanistan were to revert to the chaos of the 1990s, millions of refugees would again seek shelter in neighboring countries and overseas, dramatically intensifying the severe challenges already faced in Europe and beyond. In the long-term struggle against violent extremists, the United States above all needs allies—not only to fight a common enemy, but also to create a positive vision for the peoples of the region. -
Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution Introduction In his poem, The Second Coming (1919), William Butler Yeats captured the moment we are now experiencing: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. As we see the deterioration of the institutions created and fostered after the Second World War to create a climate in which peace and prosperity could flourish in Europe and beyond, it is important to understand the role played by diplomacy in securing the stability and strengthening the shared values of freedom and democracy that have marked this era for the nations of the world. It is most instructive to read the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, in which he encouraged Americans not only to do good things for their own country, but to do good things in the world. The creation of the Peace Corps is an example of the kind of spirit that put young American volunteers into some of the poorest nations in an effort to improve the standard of living for people around the globe. We knew we were leaders; we knew that we had many political and economic and social advantages. There was an impetus to share this wealth. Generosity, not greed, was the motivation of that generation. Of course, this did not begin with Kennedy. It was preceded by the Marshall Plan, one of the only times in history that the conqueror decided to rebuild the country of the vanquished foe. -
Choosing Sides and Guiding Policy United States’ and Pakistan’S Wars in Afghanistan
UNIVERSITY OF FLORDA Choosing Sides and Guiding Policy United States’ and Pakistan’s Wars in Afghanistan Azhar Merchant 4/24/2019 Table of Contents I. Introduction… 2 II. Political Settlement of the Mujahedeen War… 7 III. The Emergence of the Taliban and the Lack of U.S. Policy… 27 IV. The George W. Bush Administration… 50 V. Conclusion… 68 1 I. Introduction Forty years of war in Afghanistan has encouraged the most extensive periods of diplomatic and military cooperation between the United States and Pakistan. The communist overthrow of a relatively peaceful Afghan government and the subsequent Soviet invasion in 1979 prompted the United States and Pakistan to cooperate in funding and training Afghan mujahedeen in their struggle against the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Afghanistan entered a period of civil war throughout the 1990s that nurtured Islamic extremism, foreign intervention, and the rise of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, ultimately culminating in the devastating attacks against Americans on September 11th. Seventeen years later, the United States continues its war in Afghanistan while its relationship with Pakistan has deteriorated to an all-time low. The mutual fear of Soviet expansionism was the unifying cause for Americans and Pakistanis to work together in the 1980s, yet as the wars in Afghanistan evolved, so did the countries’ respective aims and objectives.1 After the Soviets were successfully pushed out of the region by the mujahedeen, the United States felt it no longer had any reason to stay. The initial policy aim of destabilizing the USSR through prolonged covert conflict in Afghanistan was achieved. -
Terrorism in Afghanistan: a Joint Threat Assessment
Terrorism in Afghanistan: A Joint Threat Assessment Terrorism in Afghanistan: A Joint Threat Assessment Introduction 7 Chapter I: Afghanistan’s Security Situation and Peace Process: Comparing U.S. and Russian Perspectives (Barnett R. Rubin) 9 Chapter II: Militant Terrorist Groups in, and Connected to, Afghanistan (Ekaterina Stepanova and Javid Ahmad) 24 Chapter III: Afghanistan in the Regional Security Interplay Context (Andrey Kazantsev and Thomas F. Lynch III) 41 Major Findings and Conclusions 67 Appendix A: Protecting Afghanistan’s Borders: U.S. and Russia to Lead in a Regional Counterterrorism Effort (George Gavrilis) 72 Appendix B: Arms Supplies for Afghan Militants and Terrorists (Vadim Kozyulin) 75 Appendix C: Terrorism Financing: Understanding Afghanistan’s Specifics (Konstantin Sorokin and Vladimir Ivanov) 79 Acronyms 83 Terrorism in Afghanistan Joint U.S.-Russia Working Group on Counterterrorism in Afghanistan Working Group Experts: Javid Ahmad1 Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council Sher Jan Ahmadzai Director, Center for Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha Robert Finn Former Ambassador of the United States to Afghanistan George Gavrilis Fellow, Center for Democracy, Toleration, and Religion, University of California, Berkeley Andrey Kazantsev Director, Center for Central Asian and Afghan Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University) Kirill Koktysh Associate Professor, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University) Member, Expert Council, State Duma Committee of Nationalities Mikhail Konarovsky Former Ambassador of the Russian Federation to Afghanistan Col. (Ret.) Oleg V. Kulakov* Professor of Area Studies, Military University, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation Vadim Kozyulin Member, PIR Center Executive Board Researcher, Diplomatic Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Thomas F. -
Afghanistan Reconnected Regional Economic Security Beyond 2014 Afghanistan Reconnected: Regional Economic Security Beyond 2014
Afghanistan Reconnected Regional Economic Security Beyond 2014 Afghanistan Reconnected: Regional Economic Security Beyond 2014 Report on the Abu Dhabi Process Consultations 2013-2014 May 2014 Copyright © 2014 EastWest Institute Illustrations: Dragan Stojanovski, Dan Page Photos: Reporters.be/AP _ Report prepared by Anna Deister, Mohammed Shinwari, Wael Abdul-Shafi, Dr. Beate Maeder-Metcalf (Regional Security Team, EWI Brussels Center). Editor: Sarah Stern; Coordination: Anna Deister The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the position of the EastWest Institute, its Board of Directors or staff. _ The EastWest Institute seeks to make the world a safer place by addressing the seemingly intractable problems that threaten regional and global stability. Founded in 1980, EWI is an international, non-partisan organization with offices in New York, Brussels, Moscow and Washington. EWI’s track record has made it a global go-to place for building trust, influencing policies and delivering solutions. _ The EastWest Institute 11 East 26th Street, 20th Floor New York, NY 10010 U.S.A. +1-212-824-4100 _ [email protected] www.ewi.info ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The EastWest Institute (EWI) in Brussels wishes to thank the governments of Abu Dhabi and of Germany for co-funding the Abu Dhabi Process consultation series “Afghanistan Reconnected” in 2013 and 2014. The consultations held in Istanbul, Islamabad, New Delhi and Berlin would not have been possible without the invaluable diplomatic support of the governments of Turkey, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and Germany. We also would like to thank our partner organizations, in particular the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), New Delhi, the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad, as well as the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Berlin, for their cooperation. -
DEPARTMENT of STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202–647–4000
DEPARTMENT OF STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202±647±4000. Internet, www.state.gov. SECRETARY OF STATE MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and J. STAPLETON ROY Research Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs BARBARA LARKIN Chairman, Foreign Service Grievance Board EDWARD REIDY Chief of Protocol MARY MEL FRENCH Chief of Staff ELAINE K. SHOCAS Civil Service Ombudsman TED A. BOREK Counselor of the Department of State WENDY SHERMAN Deputy Assistant Secretary for Equal DEIDRE A. DAVIS Employment Opportunity and Civil Rights Director, Policy Planning Staff MORTON H. HALPERIN Inspector General JACQUELYN L. WILLIAMS-BRIDGERS Legal Advisor DAVID R. ANDREWS Special Assistant to the Secretary and KRISTIE A. KENNEY Executive Secretary of the Department Deputy Secretary of State STROBE TALBOTT Under Secretary for Arms Control and JOHN D. HOLUM, Acting International Security Affairs Assistant Secretary for Arms Control AVIS T. BOHLEN Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation ROBERT J. EINHORN Assistant Secretary for Political-Military ERIC NEWSOM Affairs Assistant Secretary for Verification and (VACANCY) Compliance Under Secretary for Economic, Business, and ALAN P. LARSON Agricultural Affairs Assistant Secretary for Economic and EARL ANTHONY WAYNE Business Affairs Under Secretary for Global Affairs FRANK E. LOY Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human HAROLD H. KOH Rights, and Labor Assistant Secretary for International RAND BEERS Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Assistant Secretary for Oceans and DAVID B. SANDALOW International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Assistant Secretary for Population, JULIA V. TAFT Refugee, and Migration Affairs Under Secretary for Management BONNIE R. COHEN Assistant Secretary for Administration PATRICK F. KENNEDY Assistant Secretary for Consular Affairs MARY A. -
Publisher Version
US Nation-Building in Afghanistan Why has the US so dramatically failed in Afghanistan since 2001? Dominant explanations have ignored the bureaucratic divisions and personality conflicts inside the US state. This book rectifies this weakness in commentary on Afghani stan by exploring the significant role of these divisions in the US’s difficulties in the country that meant the battle was virtually lost before it even began. The main objective of the book is to deepen readers’ understanding of the impact of bureaucratic politics on nation-building in Afghanistan, focusing primarily on the Bush administration. It rejects the ‘rational actor’ model, according to which the US functions as a coherent, monolithic agent. Instead, internal divisions within the foreign policy bureaucracy are explored, to build up a picture of the internal tensions and contradictions that bedevilled US nation-building efforts. The book also contributes to the vexed issue of whether or not the US should engage in nation-building at all, and if so under what conditions. Dr Conor Keane has degrees in law and politics, and a doctorate on nation building in Afghanistan from Macquarie University. His research interests include counter terrorism, state building, bureaucratic politics and US foreign policy. He has published several articles on these topics in journals such as Armed Forces & Society and International Peacekeeping. US Nation-Building in Afghanistan Conor Keane Routledge MACQUARIE R Taylor & Francis Group UNIVERSITY LONDON AND NEW YORK LIBRARY First published 2016 Contents by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ' © 2016 Conor Keane The right of Conor Keane to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. -
KASPER-DISSERTATION-2021.Pdf
Copyright by Jeremy Ray Kasper 2021 The Dissertation Committee for Jeremy Ray Kasper Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Dissertation: Forgetting How to Win: the U.S. Army, U.S. Department of State, and U.S. Agency for International Development in Post-Combat Operations (1983-2008) Committee: William Inboden, Supervisor Robert Hutchings Donald Kettl Aaron O’Connell Jeremi Suri Forgetting How to Win: the U.S. Army, U.S. Department of State, and U.S. Agency for International Development in Post-Combat Operations (1983-2008) by Jeremy Ray Kasper Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2021 Dedication To the warriors, diplomats, and foreign aid practitioners serving in the shadow of wars past, present, and future. And to my father, whose fascinating stories – told while milking cows on a modest Wisconsin dairy farm – inspired my interest in history and strategy. Acknowledgements This work was made possible by the support, mentorship, and encouragement of each dissertation committee member and the United States Army Goodpaster Scholars program; the candid insights of the practitioners and executives who agreed to be interviewed; and the saintly patience of the author’s wife. v Abstract Forgetting How to Win: the U.S. Army, U.S. Department of State, and U.S. Agency for International Development in Post-Combat Operations (1983-2008) Jeremy Ray Kasper, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2021 Supervisor: William Inboden This dissertation explores how bureaucracies adapt to – and learn from – unexpected crises that lay outside their core mission. -
1992 Delegation to the Former Soviet Union.Pdf
STENY H. HOYER, MARYLAND, CHAIRMAN COMMISSION ON DENNIS DECONCINI , ARIZONA, CO-CHAIRMAN SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE TE S, FASCElL. FLORIDA FRANK LAUTENBERG. NEW JERSEY lARD J, MARKEY , MASSACHUSETTS TIMOTHY WIRTH , COLORADO 237 FORD HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WYCHE FOWLER RICHARDSON, NEW MEXICO , GEORGIA WASHINGTON, DC 20515 lARD FEIGHAN , OHIO HARRY REID. NEVADA I RmER. PENNSYLVANIA ALFONSE 1., O' AMATO, NEW YORK ISTOPHER H. SMITH. NEW JERSEY MALCOLM WALLOP, WYOMING N EDWARD PORTER. ILLINOIS LARRY E. CRAIG, IDAHO 1202) 225- 1901 NK R. WOLF, VIRGINIA ARLEN SPECTER. PENNSYLVANIA EXEClflVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS RICHARD SCHIFTER. DEPARTMENT OF STATE STEPHEN J. HADLEY, DEPARMENT (I DEFENSE WilLIAM D. FRITTS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SAMUEL G. WISE. STAFF DIRECTOR MARY SUE HAFNER. DEPUTY STAFF DIRECTOR AND GENERAL COUNSEL JANE S. FISHER. DEPUTY STAFF DIRECTOR REPORT ON THE HELSINKI COMMISSION VISIT TO ARENIA, AZERBAIAN TAJIKISTAN, UZBEKISTAN, KAZASTAN AND UKRNE (CODEL DeCONCINI) APRIL 10- , 1992 MEMBERS OF DELEGATION Chairman Senator and Mrs, Dennis DeConcini (D- AZ), Co-Chairman of the Helsinki Commission Members Senator and Mrs. James M. Jeffords (R-VT) Senator Daniel K. Akaka (D-HI) .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..................................... ........................... CONTNTS OVERVIEW OVERVIEW: ARENIA AN AZERBAIAN -
Militancy in Pakistan's Borderlands
MILITANCY IN PAKISTAN ’S BORDERLANDS : Imp LICATIONS FOR THE NATION AND FOR AFGHAN POLICY HASSAN Abb AS A CENTURY FOUNDATION RE P ORT THE CENTURY FOUNDATION HEADQUARTERS : 41 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021 212-535-4441 D.C.: 1333 H Street, N.W., 10th Floor, Washington, D.C. 20005 202-387-0400 www.tcf.org THE CEN T URY FOUNDA T ION PROJE ct ON AF GHANIS T AN IN IT S REGIONAL AND MUL T ILA T ERAL DI M ENSIONS This paper is one of a series commissioned by The Century Foundation as part of its project on Afghanistan in its regional and multilateral dimensions. This initiative is examining ways in which the international community may take greater collective responsibility for effectively assisting Afghanistan’s transi- tion from a war-ridden failed state to a fragile but reasonably peaceful one. The program adds an internationalist and multilateral lens to the policy debate on Afghanistan both in the United States and globally, engaging the representa- tives of governments, international nongovernmental organizations, and the United Nations in the exploration of policy options toward Afghanistan and the other states in the region. At the center of the project is a task force of American and international figures who have had significant governmental, nongovernmental, or UN expe- rience in the region, co-chaired by Lakhdar Brahimi and Thomas Pickering, respectively former UN special representative for Afghanistan and former U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author. Nothing written here is to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of The Century Foundation or as an attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any bill before Congress. -
Building State and Security in Afghanistan
Building State and Security in Afghanistan Edited by Wolfgang Danspeckgruber with Robert P. Finn With Contributions by President Hamid Karzai and Prince Hans Adam II. of Liechtenstein Building State and Security in Afghanistan The Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University The Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wil- son School of Public and International Affairs supports teaching, research, publication, and negotiation about issues pertaining to the state, self-determination, self-governance, sover- eignty, security and boundaries with particular consideration of socio-cultural, ethnic, reli- gious issues, and related legal, diplomatic, economic, strategic, and environmental matters involving state as well as non-state actors. The Institute was established in 2000 through the generosity of H.S.H. Prince Hans Adam II. of Liechtenstein. LISD-WWS Study Series Wolfgang Danspeckgruber, Editor-in-Chief Beth English, Executive Editor The LISD-WWS Study Series is a joint venture of the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Deter- mination (LISD) and Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and Inter- national Affairs (WWS). Each volume in the series presents fresh scholarship and timely analysis by academics and policy practitioners on a range of pressing international issues. Content is based on work prepared for various meetings of the Liechtenstein Colloquium on European and International Affairs, a private diplomacy forum held under the auspices of LISD and the House of Liechtenstein. Building State and Security in Afghanistan Edited by Wolfgang Danspeckgruber with Robert P. Finn Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs • Princeton University © 2007 by the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544 All rights reserved. -
DEPARTMENT of STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202–647–4000
DEPARTMENT OF STATE 2201 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20520 Phone, 202–647–4000. Internet, www.state.gov. SECRETARY OF STATE COLIN L. POWELL Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and CARL W. FORD, JR. Research Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs PAUL V. KELLY Chairman, Foreign Service Grievance Board EDWARD REIDY Chief of Protocol DONALD B. ENSENAT Chief of Staff ELAINE K. SHOCAS Civil Service Ombudsman TED A. BOREK Counselor of the Department of State WENDY SHERMAN Deputy Assistant Secretary for Equal DEIDRE A. DAVIS Employment Opportunity and Civil Rights Director, Policy Planning Staff RICHARD N. HAASS Inspector General JACQUELYN L. WILLIAMS-BRIDGERS Legal Adviser WILLIAM H. TAFT IV Special Assistant to the Secretary and KRISTIE A. KENNEY Executive Secretary of the Department Deputy Secretary of State RICHARD L. ARMITAGE Under Secretary for Arms Control and JOHN R. BOLTON International Security Affairs Assistant Secretary for Arms Control AVIS T. BOHLEN Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation ROBERT J. EINHORN Assistant Secretary for Political-Military LINCOLN P. BLOOMFIELD, JR. Affairs Assistant Secretary for Verification and O. JAMES SHEAKS Compliance Under Secretary for Economic, Business, and ALAN P. LARSON Agricultural Affairs Assistant Secretary for Economic and EARL ANTHONY WAYNE Business Affairs Under Secretary for Global Affairs PAULA J. DOBRIANSKY Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human LORNE W. CRANER Rights, and Labor Assistant Secretary for International RAND BEERS Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Assistant Secretary for Oceans and (VACANCY) International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Assistant Secretary for Population, ALAN KRECZKO, Acting Refugee, and Migration Affairs Under Secretary for Management GRANT S. GREEN, JR. Assistant Secretary for Administration PATRICK F.