К 150-Летию Академика В. В. Бартольда (1869–1930)

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К 150-Летию Академика В. В. Бартольда (1869–1930) XXX Международный конгресс по источниковедению и историографии стран Азии и Африки: К 150-летию академика В. В. Бартольда (1869–1930) Санкт-Петербургский XXX International Congress государственный университет on historiography and source studies of Asia and Africa: St Petersburg University On the Occasion of the 150th On the Occasion of the 150th Anniversary On the Occasion of 150th Anniversary of Academician Vasily V. Barthold (1869–1930) 2019 XXX International Congress on Historiography and Source Studies of Asia and Africa Anniversary of Academician Том 2 Vasily V. Barthold (1869–1930) Vol. 2 Том 2 19–21 июня 2019 Vol. 2 19–21 June, 2019 К 150-летию академика К 150-летию академика В. Бартольда (1869–1930) В. и историографии стран Азии и Африки: XXX Международный конгресс по источниковедению по источниковедению XXX Международный конгресс САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ВОСТОЧНЫЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ SAINT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES SAINT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY ThE FACULTY OF ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES XXX International Congress on Historiography and Source Studies of Asia and Africa ON THE OCCASION OF THE 150th ANNIVERSARY OF ACADEMICIAN VASILY V. BARTHOLD (1869–1930) Vol. 2 19-21 June, 2019 Proceedings St Petersburg 2019 САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ВОСТОЧНЫЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ XXX Международный конгресс по источниковедению и историографии стран Азии и Африки к 150-летию академика В. В. Бартольда (1869–1930) Том 2 19–21 июня 2019 г. Материалы конгресса Санкт-Петербург 2019 ББк 63.3(5)+63.3(6) удк 930(5+6) Т67 Издание материалов конгресса осуществлено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, проект № 19-09-20024 Т67 XXX Международный конгресс по источниковедению и исто­ риографии стран Азии и Африки: к 150-летию академика В. В. Бартольда (1869–1930). 19–21 июня 2019 г.: Материалы конгресса / Отв. ред.: Н. Н. Дьяков, А. С. Матвеев. — СПб.: Изд-во Студия «НП-Принт», 2019. ― Т. 2. — 448 с. XXX International Congress on Historiography and Source Stu­ dies of Asia and Africa: On the Occasion of the 150th Anniversary of Academician Vasily V. Barthold (1869–1930). 19–21 June, 2019 / Ed. by Nikolay N. Dyakov, Alexander S. Matveev. — St Petersburg: NP-Print Publishers, 2019. — Vol. 2. — 448 p. ББк 63.3(5)+63.3(6) удк 930(5+6) ISBN 978-5-901724-95-8 (т. 2) © Авторы сборника, 2019 ISBN 978-5-901724-96-5 © СПбГУ, 2019 Секция XIV. иСТочниковедение и историогрАфия индии и ЮвА HISTORIOGRAPHY OF INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Khurshid Sana Khan (BRAC, London, UK) Politics of Historiography in Pakistan and Its Impact on Social and Religious Inclusiveness: A Critical Analysis This paper focuses on the politics of historiography in school textbooks in Pakistan and looks at its influence on the social and religious inclusiveness of minorities within current education system of the country. The paper argues that anti- minority sentiments are promoted through biased historiography in the textbooks. It critically examines school textbooks to find why despite decades of successive state interventions, education system has not been able to create a peaceful democratic civil society, though subjects such as social studies, Pakistan studies and religious studies (Islamiat) were used as ‘surrogates’ for teaching good citizenship at the mainstream private and state schools. The concept of social justice and inclusion cannot be fully understood without finding how history has been written, treated and promoted at a particular place and time. The paper also looks at the role of historiography as a channel for social change and asks whether or not the current education system and historiography in the textbooks have the capacity to accommodate the cultural, ethnic, religious and social variation of the country and to end the legacy of politically and systematically injected sense of sciamachy in the curriculum since 1947, i.e. the year of independence for both Pakistan and India. While Islamization of textbooks reached a new peak under the rule of Zia-ul-haq, students were systematically dissociated from Pakistan’s к 150-летию академика В. В. Бартольда (1869–1930). Ч. 2 5 Секция XIV past multi-faith and multi-culture civilizations that flourished in the region before Islam. Moreover, the relatively recent memories of partition carnage of Muslims in the undivided Indian sub-continent perpetuated through school books, discourages students from appreciating centuries of interreligious harmony that existed under many rulers following different faiths and religions. Since its creation in 1947, Pakistani education system has failed to produce an inclusive curriculum that embraces the religious and racial diversity of its citizens. Recent studies have found a direct connection between lack of good citizenship education and decades of extremism and social and religious hatred in the country. Studies have revealed that competing pressure elements such as religious parties and the feudal system have manipulated the education system and the national curriculum and this has led to religious bigotry, violence, militancy, loss of thousands of civilians and damage to global image of the nation. The paper presents a critical analysis of social studies, Pakistan studies and religious studies (Islamiat) textbooks and uses findings from the researcher’s studies conducted in Pakistan in addition to the secondary data from various sources such local news papers and media reports. The paper concludes with looking at the practical possibilities and implication of introducing social justice and inclusion in the historiography in the school textbooks and within the bigger frame of school education in Pakistan. Бочковская А. В. (МГУ, Москва) «Слово Гуру» и его конфликтогенные измерения (о программном тексте Миссии сант ниранкари) Миссия сант ниранкари (или Сант ниранкари мандал) представляет собой одно из псевдорелигиозных сообществ современной Индии, которое пози- ционирует себя как «универсальное духовное движение, стоящее над всеми кастовыми, расовыми и религиозными различиями»1. Зачастую его некорректно отождествляют с другим сообществом, Ниранкари дарбар, в названии которого также содержится термин «ниранкар» («не имеющий [физической] формы, бесте- лесный, бесплотный; абстрактный») — важнейший эпитет божества у сикхов. Ниранкари дарбар появилось в середине XIX в. как протестное направле- ние в сикхизме, нацеленное на «очищение» веры и возвращение к принципам, изложенным ее основоположником — гуру Нанаком (1469–1539). Вплоть до сегодняшнего дня последователи Ниранкари дарбар имеют собственную линию живых гуру, первым из которых был Даял Дас (1783–1855)2. 1 Sant Nirankari Mission. Official website: http://www.nirankari.org. 2 Webster J. C. B. The Nirankari Sikhs. Madras: The Macmillan India Press, 1979. 6 XXX Международный конгресс по источниковедению и историографии стран Азии и Африки Источниковедение и историография Индии и ЮВА Миссия сант ниранкари была основана в 1929 г. Бутой Сингхом (1873–1943), исключенным за ряд проступков из Ниранкари дарбар. Его преемники Автар Сингх (1943–1962), Гурбачан Сингх (1962–1980) и Хардев Сингх (1980–2016) строили свою деятельность на противопоставлении себя Ниранкари дарбар и — главное — «мейнстримному» сикхизму, где линия живых гуру заверши- лась к концу XVII в. решением десятого (и последнего) гуру Гобинда Сингха (1666–1708). С 1699 г. функцию «вечного гуру» у сикхов стала выполнять книга «Гуру-грантх», в которую вошли гимны первых сикхских гуру, а также неко- торых других авторов. Сикхи воспринимают «Гуру-грантх» в качестве живого существа, и любые проявления «неуважения» к ней, в том числе попытки имита- ции, расценивают как административно или уголовно наказуемые преступления. Программным и одновременно имитирующим «Гуру-грантх» документом Миссии сант ниранкари стала книга «Автар-бани» (Аvtār bāṇī, «Изречения Автара [Сингха]»), опубликованная в 1957 г. на панджаби в графике гурмукхи. В 1965 г. вышел расширенный вариант книги — «Сампуран Автар-бани» (Sampūran avtār bāṇī)1; впоследствии он был переведен на ряд индийских языков — хинди, маратхи, бенгальский и др., а также на английский язык. Книга включает 376 гимнов-шабдов (šabd, «слово»), каждый из которых начинается с обращения к Бесплотному и заканчивается упоминанием имени Автара Сингха («Автар говорит так…»), а в нескольких случаях и Гурбачана Сингха. Таким образом, повествование идет от лица гуру, и постоянное повторение его имени призвано напоминать, что глава Сант ниранкари является земным воплощением/аватарой божественного начала. Соответственно, главную смысловую (и одновременно — конфликтогенную) нагрузку в тексте несут последние строки каждого шабда. Открытое изложение в «Автар-бани» и в проповедях Гурбачана Сингха фило- софских идей Сант ниранкари, среди которых центральное место отводилось тезису об особой роли сатгуру — «истинного [живого] гуру», т.е. лидера общины, в вопросе познания божественной сущности, послужило катализатором для роста протестов со стороны «мейнстримных» сикхов, прежде всего сикхов-хал(ь)са, во главе с Комитетом по управлению гурдварами (Широмани гурдвара прабандхак камити — высший духовный авторитет в сикхизме). Их противостояние с Сант ниранкари в конце 1970-х годов привело к широкомасштабному религиозно- политическому кризису в штате Панджаб, продолжавшемуся более десятилетия. Нейтрально относясь к сообществу Ниранкари дарбар, Комитет по управлению гурдварами сегодня по-прежнему относит Миссию сант ниранкари к числу наиболее «опасных» организаций, действия которых, включая использование собственных «священных»
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