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The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-Scale Disasters

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The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-Scale Disasters THE STUDY OF RECONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FROM LARGE-SCALE DISASTERS - JICA’s Support for Reconstruction – FINAL REPORT NOVEMBER 2013 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Capital Region Comprehensive Planning Institute Co., Ltd. Regional Planning International Co., Ltd. EI JR 13-250 THE STUDY OF RECONSTRUCTION PROCESSES FROM LARGE-SCALE DISASTERS - JICA’s Support for Reconstruction – FINAL REPORT NOVEMBER 2013 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Capital Region Comprehensive Planning Institute Co., Ltd. Regional Planning International Co., Ltd. Preface The Great East Japan Earthquake (the 3.11 Earthquake) brought unprecedented devastation to Japan. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has been providing various kinds of assistance to developing countries challenged by mega-disasters through all stages of the process from emergency relief / rescue to the reconstruction stage. Providing assistance in this field will continue to be an important task for JICA in the future. In order to keep improving the effectiveness of the assistance methods, it is useful as well as important for JICA to learn from the experiences of disasters in Japan including the 3.11 Earthquake. With this background, the object of this study was to firstly, review the knowledge acquired from the actual and concrete recovery and reconstruction processes from past disasters in Japan; secondly, gather the knowledge gained from the reconstruction process from the 3.11 Earthquake which is presently underway; thirdly, analyze several cases of JICA assistance in the reconstruction of developing countries after disaster; and finally, in conclusion, make recommendations for JICA’s future assistance for developing countries recovering from disaster. Regarding the methodology, case studies about past disasters as well as JICA’s overseas assistance were mainly carried out by collecting and analyzing related documents, while reconstruction from the 3.11 Earthquake was analyzed using literature review, field visits, and interviews with those involved. Limitations of the study, however, include the difficulty in obtaining the whole picture of problems resulting from the nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant that occurred as a result of the 3.11 Earthquake. The study team only obtained partial information about the actual situation, found from the viewpoint of long-term evacuation. The study team compiled standard processes and desirable assistance to facilitate reconstruction after disaster into a “Reconstruction Process Standard Book,” as an additional volume of this report, based on the lessons learned from the experience of disasters in Japan. It is expected that the book will be used as a guidebook for JICA staff in charge of support for reconstruction from disaster. The study team will be pleased if the results of this study contribute to a further increase in the effectiveness of JICA assistance for reconstruction from mega-disasters by serving as a guide for JICA staff to deepen their understanding of past experiences and reflect on future assistance projects. November 2013 The JICA Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-scale Disasters Team Leader, Jinzaburo HAMADA The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-scale Disasters Table of Contents SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... S-1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Purpose and Methodologies of the Study ....................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Approach of the Study .................................................................................................................... 1-2 CHAPTER 2 Recovery and Reconstruction Processes in Manuals for Recovery from Disasters within Japan ...................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 State of the Creation of Disaster Recovery Manuals and Other Similar Documents ..................... 2-1 2.2 Basic Recovery and Reconstruction Process and Ways of Thinking about Major Issues in the Tokyo Disaster Recovery Manual ...................................................................................... 2-2 CHAPTER 3 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Process in Japan ........................................... 3-1 3.1 Overviews of Past Mega-Disasters and Noteworthy Features in the Respective Policies for Reconstruction .............................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.2 Lessons Learned from Past Mega-Disasters ................................................................................... 3-36 CHAPTER 4 Support Plans of the Japanese National Government and Local Governments Related to the Great East Japan Earthquake, Trends of the National and Local Governments during the Reconstruction Stage ............................................................ 4-1 4.1 The Period of Emergency Measures Damages, Emergency Medical Care, and Emergency Measures (March 2011 to August 2011) ............................................................. 4-1 4.2 The Period of Recovery Activities, from Temporary Shelters to Temporary Homes (April 2011 to December 2011) .................................................................................................... 4-29 4.3 The Period of Starting Reconstruction, Starting to Decide on Local Government Rehabilitation Plans (May 2011 to February 2012) .................................. 4-37 4.4 The Period of Reconstruction Activities, Town Development during Reconstruction for Municipalities Searching for Solutions (February 2012 to August 2013) .............................. 4-48 CHAPTER 5 Assistance by Private Sector for Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake ................................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1 Volunteer Activities and Its Supporting Organizations .................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Engagement of Universities and Research Organizations .............................................................. 5-17 5.3 Involvement of Private Enterprises and Others .............................................................................. 5-28 i The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-scale Disasters CHAPTER 6 Support and Status of Long-term Evacuation ...................................................... 6-1 6.1 Circumstances ................................................................................................................................ 6-1 6.2 Response of Government and Prefectures ...................................................................................... 6-10 6.3 Response to Municipalities Evacuating and Accepting Residents and Non-Municipal Support Groups ............................................................................................ 6-20 6.4 Evacuees’ Intentions ....................................................................................................................... 6-33 6.5 Considerations on Support for Long-term Evacuees ...................................................................... 6-38 CHAPTER 7 Noteworthy Actions and Major Tasks Ahead Related to the Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake ................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Characteristics of Actions related to the Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake .................................................................................................. 7-1 7.2 Northway Actions Related to the Great East Japan Earthquake ..................................................... 7-3 7.3 Examples of Collaborate Efforts by Diverse Actors after the Great East Japan Earthquake .......... 7-44 7.4 Major Issues (Lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake Reconstruction Activities) ............ 7-71 CHAPTER 8 Cases of Overseas Cooperation of Japanese Government/JICA in the Field of Reconstruction Processes from Mega-Disasters ...................................................................... 8-1 8.1 Overviews of and Lessons Learned from Respective Cooperation Projects .................................. 8-1 8.2 Results of Field Survey in Turkey .................................................................................................. 8-36 CHAPTER 9 Recommendations for Further Improvement of JICA Support for Reconstruction ...................................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 JICA’s Support Activities for Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake ................... 9-1 9.2 Ideas for JICA’s Future Assistance Based on Lessons Learned from Cases .................................. 9-6 ii The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-scale Disasters List of Tables Table S.1 Damage Caused by the 3.11 Earthquake in Comparison with Major Disasters in Japan ..... S-3 Table S.2 Ideas for JICA’s Future Assistance ....................................................................................... S-9 Table 2.1 State of the Creation of Disaster Recovery Manuals and Other Similar Documents outside of Tokyo ..............................................................................................................
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