DOCSLIB.ORG

PERSEBARAN GEOGRAFIJENIS-JENIS Pimelodendron (EUPHORBIACEAE) DI MALESIA [Geographical Distribution of Pimelodendron Spp

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PERSEBARAN GEOGRAFIJENIS-JENIS Pimelodendron (EUPHORBIACEAE) DI MALESIA [Geographical Distribution of Pimelodendron Spp Berita Biologi, Volume 6, Nomor 3, Desember 2002 PERSEBARAN GEOGRAFIJENIS-JENIS Pimelodendron (EUPHORBIACEAE) DI MALESIA [Geographical Distribution of Pimelodendron spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia] Tutie Djarwaningsih Puslit Biologi - LIPI Jl. IT. H. JuandaNo. 18 Bogor 16122 ABSTRACT The analysis of geographical distribution of Pimelodendron in Malesia based especially on data from the revision study of Pimelodendron (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. An analysis of distribution indicated that the highest number of species can be recognized, i.e. in Sumatera four species P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum. P. zoanthogyne, and P. yatesianum; Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo have three species P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum, and P. zoanthogyne; while Celebes, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, Solomon Islands and tropical Australia have one species (P. amboinicum). The geographical distribution indicated that the Malesian region can be considered as the centre of distribution of Pimelodendron. Kata kunci/ Key words: Pimelodendron, P. amboinicum, P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum, P. zoanthogyne, P. yatesianum, persebaran geografi/ geographial distribution, aspek ekologi/ ecological aspects, Malesia. PENDAHULUAN sendiri dan kemampuan dari masing-masing jenis Fitogeografi atau geografi tumbuhan merupa- dalam berkompetisi. Dengan demikian informasi ini kan suatu bidang ilmu yang mencakup persebaran sangat penting dan diperlu-kan oleh lembaga-lembaga geografi, habitat, sejarah serta faktor-faktor biologi yang berkaitan dengan program penghijauan. Selain yang terlibat dalam kehidupan tumbuhan tersebut. itu, bagi para ahli botani hasil analisis suatu koleksi Untuk mempelajarinya diperlukan pengetahuan tumbuhan dapat digunakan untuk menentukan tentang tumbuhan yang bersangkutan baik yang ada batasan suatu kawasan. Misalnya kesulitan dalam seka-rang maupun yang telah punah, keadaan fisik memberikan suatu perkiraan yang akurat mengenai dan geografi, morfologi tumbuhan itu sendiri yang keanekaragaman jenis di suatu kawasan menunjukkan dihubungkan dengan daerah persebarannya, dan bahwa pengetahuan tentang tumbuhan di kawasan mengkorelasikannya dengan evolusi persebarannya tersebut masih dangkal. berdasarkan sejarah waktu geologinya. Adapun Di bidang taksonomi sendiri, informasi geografi tujuannya adalah untuk mencari kerabat liar dari ini sangat diperlukan karena terjadinya proses tumbuhan yang telah dikembangkan secara komersial penjenisan adalah karena adanya isolasi geografis. yang diperlukan olehpara pemulia tanaman budidaya Isolasi geografis berkaitan erat dengan faktor luar yang untuk memperoleh bibit-bibit unggul. Salah satu berperan sebagai katalisator timbulnya barier yang informasi geografi yang sangat diperlukan adalah dapat menimbulkan terja-dinya percabangan garis informasi persebaran jenis, apakah tersebar secara evolusi yang diikuti oleh isolasi reproduksi yang merata, berkelompok atau-pun merupakan jenis merupakan faktor-dalam yang berperan sangat penting endemik di suatu kawasan atau pulau tertentu. Good dalam mencegah terjadinya pertukaran gen antar (1952) menyatakan bahwa persebaran tumbuhan populasi dalam proses penjenisan tersebut. dipengaruhi tidak hanya oleh faktor-faktor alami Kawasan Malesia merupakan salah satu pusat (fisik, biologi) tetapijuga faktor-faktor buatankarena keanekaragaman tumbuhan tropik yang terbesar. aktifitas manusia baik yang disengaja maupun yang Diperkirakan keanekaragaman tumbuhan berpem- tidak disengaja. Faktor-faktor fisik antara lain iklim, buluh di Malesia menunjukkan sedikitnya ada habitat dan ketinggian tempat; sedangkan faktor- 45.000 jenis; suku-suku tumbuhan berpembuluh faktor biologi antara lain morfologi tumbuhan itu yang termasuk besar jumlah jenisnya di kawasan 509 Djarwaningsih - Persebaran Pimelodendron (Euphorbiaceae) di Malesia tersebut menurut Whitmore (1997) berturut-turut dikeluarkan dari marga ini dan selanjutnya adalah Orchidaceae (6500 jenis), Rubiaceae (2000 teridentifikasi sebagai Actephila excelsa var. jenis), Myrtaceae (1600jenis), Euphorbiaceae (1354 javanica. jenis) dan Melastomataceae (1000 jenis). Di kawasan ini ada 2 pusat utama keanekaragaman BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA tumbuhan yaitu New Guinea (termasuk Irian Jaya Data hasil kajian taksonomi marga dan Papua New Guinea) serta Borneo (termasuk Pimelodendron di Malesia (Djarwaningsih, 2001) Brunei Darussalam, Kalimantan, Sabah dan dicatat. Aspek yang dicatat adalah tentang persebaran, Sarawak). New Guinea yang merupakan kepulauan ekologi, tempat tumbuh, nama daerah dan tropik terbesar paling sedikit mempunyai 20.000 kegunaannya. Data tersebut kemudian dikaji dengan jenis dan Borneo 25.000 jenis serta kemungkinan membandingkannya dengan publikasi lain, juga mempunyai keanekaragaman jenis yang sama penelaahan material herbarium yang ada di Herbarium (Johns, 1995). Bogoriense-LIPI, NHN-Leiden, CANB-Australia dan Euphorbiaceae merupakan suku terbesar ke Sarawak-Kuching yang berjumlah 810 lembar, dan 4 dari 5 suku terbesar tumbuhan berpembuluh di selanjutnya dianalisis. Malesia, yang mempunyai 91 marga dengan kurang lebih 1354 jenis. Penelitian geografi tumbuhan HASIL anggota suku Euphorbicaeae di Malesia telah dirintis oleh Whitmore pada marga Macaranga di Jenis-jenis berpotensi Kepulauan Solomon, Semenanjung Malaya, Beberapa jenis Pimelodendron ada yang Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Papua New Guinea sejak mempunyai potensi sebagai penyedap makanan tahun 1962 sampai 1972. Dari penelitian tersebut maupun obat-obatan. Di Sumatera, sebagianpenduduk ternyata dapat diketahui kelimpahan jenis-jenis memanfaatkanbuah.P griffithianum sebagai penyedap Macaranga di suatu habitat dan kawasan tertentu makanan dan dimakan sebagai makanan kecil; di lain di Malesia (Whitmore, 1997). Pimelodendron pihak, sebagian penduduk di Semenanjung Malaya merupakan marga yang tergolong dalam suku bagian timur mengkonsumsi biji P. amboinicum Euphorbiaceae, anak suku Euphorbioideae, puak (mamina, pokopokor) sebagai makanan ringan (Heyne, Stomatocalyceae, anak puak Stomatocalycinae. 1927; Burkill, 1935). KzyuP. macrocarpum (dangku) Marga ini pertama kali dipertelakan oleh Hasskarl dapat digunakan untuk bahan pembuatan papan pada tahun 1855 dengan .P amboinicum Hassk. dari (Heyne, 1927). Air perasan pepagan P. griffithianum Maluku terpilih sebagai tipenya. Anggota- (perah ikan, ara bukit) dan P. amboinicum digunakan anggotanya diperkirakan berjum-lah 7-10 jenis sebagai obat pencahar khusus orang dewasa (Burkill, yang tersebar dari Semenanjung Malaya sampai New 1935). Sedangkan biji/! griffithianum dilaporkan oleh Guinea, Kepulauan Solomon dan Australia tropik sebagian penduduk Kalimantan Timur sebagai biji yang (Webster, 1994). enak dimakan (Bodegom et al, 1999). Daun muda P. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai amboinicum dapat dimakan oleh orang-orang dewasa persebaran jenis-jenis terutama berdasarkan hasil tanpa menimbulkan efek sebagai pencahar, tetapi air penelitian Djarwaningsih (2001) tentang perasan daun-daun yang disangrai lebih dulu kemudian Pimelodendron di Malesia. Di kawasan ini terdapat diteteskan pada mulut bayi yang baru lahir dapat untuk 5 jenis Pimelodendron yaitu P. amboinicum, P. member-sihkan mekonium, kotoran pada lidah, organ- griffithianum, P. macrocarpum, P. zoanthogyne dan organ perut, sebagai obat penenang dan memperlancar P. yatesianum. Sedangkan status P. acuminatum penderita kesulitan buang air besar. Di kepulauan adalah sebagai sinonim dari P. griffithianum dan Solomon sebagian penduduk memanfaatkan air P. naumannianum bersinonim dengan P. rendaman pepagan sebagai obat penurun demam (Perry amboinicum. Menurut Shaw (1975) P. dispersum and Judith, 1980). 510 Berita Biologi, Volume 6, Nomor 3, Desember 2002 Morfologi anggota-anggota suku Euphorbiaceae terjadi secara Anggota marga Pimelodendron pada umum- mekanik ataupun mungkin dengan perantaraan nya berupa pohon berukuran besar atau menengah manusia dan hewan. Setelah buah menjadi kering dengan tinggi 10 - 35 m dan garis tengah 18 - 60 cm dan mengalami gesekan baik secara sengaja atupun ataupun dapat berupa perdu, gundul. Daun ber-seling, tidak sengaja, biji dapat terlontar sejauh 3,5 m atau membundar telur sungsang atau menjorong, tepi agak bahkan lebih. beringgit, menjangat; saraf menyirip; tangkai daun Ditinjau dari persebaran jenisnya per pulau di ukurannya bervariasi dari 1-13 cm. Berumah dua. kawasan Malesia, ternyata setiap pulau mempunyai Perbungaan jantan berupa tandan pendek, di ketiak variasi jumlah jenis yang berbeda-beda. Sumatera ranting, menggerombol. Bunga jantan bertangkai merupakan pulau yang mempunyai jumlah jenis sangat pendek, di ketiak daun gagang yang kecil; tertinggi (4 jenis) yaitu P. griffithianum, P. kelopak berkatup 2, berbentuk seperti mangkuk; macrocarpum, P. zoanthogyne dan P. yatesianum; benangsari 7 - 29, terdiri dari 2 atau 3 baris, kepala sedangkanBorneo dan Semenanjung Malaya mempu- sari hampir duduk. Perbungaan betina berupa tandan nyai 3 jenis yaitu P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum pendek dan renggang, di ketiak ranting, soliter. Bunga dan P. zoanthogyne. Di Sulawesi, Maluku, Kepulauan betina bertangkai pendek, di ketiak daun gagang yang Sunda Kecil dan New Guinea tercatat hanya 1 jenis kecil; kelopak seperti mangkuk, pendek, berkatup 2; yaitu/! amboinicum (Gambar 1). ovarium berbentuk silinder - lonjong, pendek; kepala putik mendatar - melengkung, bebas - menyatu. Buah Bila dikaitkan dengan pembagian daerah di batu, membulat, melonceng atau mengavokad. Biji kawasan Malesia, ternyata menunjukkan bahwa di soliter - banyak, bentuk membulat,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Approved Conservation Advice for Actephila Foetida
    This Conservation Advice was approved by the Minister / Delegate of the Minister on: 16/12/2008 Approved Conservation Advice (s266B of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) Approved Conservation Advice for Actephila foetida This Conservation Advice has been developed based on the best available information at the time this Conservation Advice was approved; this includes existing plans, records or management prescriptions for this species. Description Actephila foetida, Family Euphorbiaceae, is a subshrub up to 1 m tall. The young branchlets are densely covered with soft, short hairs. The leaf stalks are 1.8–7.8 cm long and dark olive- green when dry. The thin leaves are broadly elliptic to obovate, measuring 4.5–53 cm long by 3–21.3 cm wide and are alternately arranged along the branchlets. The upper leaf surface is dark olive-green and more or less hairless; the lower surface is pale olive-green, with a dense covering of spreading hairs on the lateral veins. The flowers are unisexual. Male and female flowers are mixed together in clusters borne in leaf axils. The flower clusters measure 7– 13 mm in diameter and the flowers are approximately 4–8 mm in diameter. Both male and female flowers have 5 sepals and a conspicuous fleshy disk. The fruits are depressed-globose in shape, 15–19 mm in diameter and split releasing up to 3 seeds. This species is distinguished by the (usually) large leaves and the hispid indumentum on the lower surface of the leaf and the flowers that lack petals (Forster, 2005). Conservation Status Actephila foetida is listed as vulnerable.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Angiospermic Flora of Rajkandi Reserve Forest of Moulvibazar, Bangladesh
    Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(2): 187-207, 2018 (December) © 2018 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA OF RAJKANDI RESERVE FOREST OF MOULVIBAZAR, BANGLADESH 1 2 A.K.M. KAMRUL HAQUE , SALEH AHAMMAD KHAN, SARDER NASIR UDDIN AND SHAYLA SHARMIN SHETU Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh Keywords: Checklist; Angiosperms; Rajkandi Reserve Forest; Moulvibazar. Abstract This study was carried out to provide the baseline data on the composition and distribution of the angiosperms and to assess their current status in Rajkandi Reserve Forest of Moulvibazar, Bangladesh. The study reports a total of 549 angiosperm species belonging to 123 families, 98 (79.67%) of which consisting of 418 species under 316 genera belong to Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons), and the remaining 25 (20.33%) comprising 132 species of 96 genera to Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Rubiaceae with 30 species is recognized as the largest family in Magnoliopsida followed by Euphorbiaceae with 24 and Fabaceae with 22 species; whereas, in Lilliopsida Poaceae with 32 species is found to be the largest family followed by Cyperaceae and Araceae with 17 and 15 species, respectively. Ficus is found to be the largest genus with 12 species followed by Ipomoea, Cyperus and Dioscorea with five species each. Rajkandi Reserve Forest is dominated by the herbs (284 species) followed by trees (130 species), shrubs (125 species), and lianas (10 species). Woodlands are found to be the most common habitat of angiosperms. A total of 387 species growing in this area are found to be economically useful. 25 species listed in Red Data Book of Bangladesh under different threatened categories are found under Lower Risk (LR) category in this study area.
    [Show full text]
  • Ultramafic Geocology of South and Southeast Asia
    Galey et al. Bot Stud (2017) 58:18 DOI 10.1186/s40529-017-0167-9 REVIEW Open Access Ultramafc geoecology of South and Southeast Asia M. L. Galey1, A. van der Ent2,3, M. C. M. Iqbal4 and N. Rajakaruna5,6* Abstract Globally, ultramafc outcrops are renowned for hosting foras with high levels of endemism, including plants with specialised adaptations such as nickel or manganese hyperaccumulation. Soils derived from ultramafc regoliths are generally nutrient-defcient, have major cation imbalances, and have concomitant high concentrations of potentially phytotoxic trace elements, especially nickel. The South and Southeast Asian region has the largest surface occur- rences of ultramafc regoliths in the world, but the geoecology of these outcrops is still poorly studied despite severe conservation threats. Due to the paucity of systematic plant collections in many areas and the lack of georeferenced herbarium records and databased information, it is not possible to determine the distribution of species, levels of end- emism, and the species most threatened. However, site-specifc studies provide insights to the ultramafc geoecology of several locations in South and Southeast Asia. The geoecology of tropical ultramafc regions difers substantially from those in temperate regions in that the vegetation at lower elevations is generally tall forest with relatively low levels of endemism. On ultramafc mountaintops, where the combined forces of edaphic and climatic factors inter- sect, obligate ultramafc species and hyperendemics often occur. Forest clearing, agricultural development, mining, and climate change-related stressors have contributed to rapid and unprecedented loss of ultramafc-associated habitats in the region. The geoecology of the large ultramafc outcrops of Indonesia’s Sulawesi, Obi and Halmahera, and many other smaller outcrops in South and Southeast Asia, remains largely unexplored, and should be prioritised for study and conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Revision of the Genus Cleidion (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia
    BLUMEA 50: 197–219 Published on 22 April 2005 http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651905X623373 REVISION OF THE GENUS CLEIDION (EUPHORBIACEAE) IN MALESIA KRISTO K.M. KULJU & PETER C. VAN WELZEN Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] SUMMARY A revision of the Malesian species in the genus Cleidion is presented. Cleidion javanicum is shown to be the correct name for the widespread type species (instead of the name C. spiciflorum). A new species, C. luziae, resembling C. javanicum, is described from the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. In addition, C. salomonis is synonymised with C. papuanum and C. lanceolatum is treated as a variety of C. ramosii. In total 7 Malesian Cleidion species are recognized. Cleidion megistophyllum from the Philippines cannot reliably be confirmed to belong to the genus due to lack of information and specimens and is treated as a doubtful species. Key words: Cleidion, Acalypheae, Cleidiinae, revision, taxonomy, Malesia. INTRODUCTION Cleidion is a pantropical genus belonging to the large angiosperm family Euphorbiaceae s.s. It was described by Blume (1825), who included a single species C. javanicum1. The first revision was made by Müller Argoviensis (1865, 1866). His work was fol- lowed by the comprehensive treatment of Pax & Hoffmann (1914), which included 17 species. Pax & Hoffmann excluded the section Discocleidion Müll.Arg. which differs from Cleidion by the presence of a staminate and pistillate disc (in Cleidion a disc is absent), stipellate and palmatinerved leaves (in Cleidion the leaves are non-stipellate and pinnatinerved), and differences in anther type.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of the Cyathium-Bearing Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae): Phylogenetic Study Based on Morphological Characters
    ParkBot. Bull.and Backlund Acad. Sin. — (2002) Origin 43: of 57-62 the cyathium-bearing Euphorbieae 57 Origin of the cyathium-bearing Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae): phylogenetic study based on morphological characters Ki-Ryong Park1,* and Anders Backlund2 1Department of Biology, Kyung-Nam University, Masan 631-701, Korea 2Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC-Biomedical center, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden (Received October 6, 2000; Accepted August 24, 2001) Abstract. A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Euphorbioideae was undertaken to elucidate the origin of the cyathium- bearing Euphorbieae and to provide hypotheses about evolutionary relationships within the subfamily. Twenty-one species representing most of the genera within the study group and three outgroup taxa from the subfamilies Acalyphoideae and Crotonoideae were selected for parsimony analysis. An unweighted parsimony analysis of 24 morphological characters resulted in five equally parsimonious trees with consistency indices of 0.67 and tree lengths of 39 steps. The strict consensus tree supported monophyly of the cyathium-bearing Euphorbieae. The sister group relationships of cyathium bearing Euphorbieae with Maprounea (subtribe Hippomaninae) were supported weakly, and the origin of cyathium is possibly in Hippomaneae, or in the common ancestor of Euphorbieae and remaining taxa of Euphorbioideae plus Acalyphoideae. Within the tribe Euphorbieae, both subtribes Euphorbiinae and Neoguilauminiinae are monophyletic, but the African endemic subtribe Anthosteminae is unresolved. The resulting trees support the monophyly of the tribe Stomatocalyceae while the tribe Hippomaneae does not consistently form a clade. Keywords: Cyathium; Euphorbieae; Phylogeny. Introduction to the position of a female flower. Accordingly, the Eu- phorbia-like cyathium results from the alteration of floral In a recent classification of subfamily Euphorbioideae axis and the condensation of the axis of male flower in Boiss., Webster (1975, 1994b) recognized six tribes: Hippomaneae.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on New Guinea Moths. 1. Introduction (Lepidoptera)
    PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 105(4), 2003, pp. 1034-1042 STUDIES ON NEW GUINEA MOTHS. 1. INTRODUCTION (LEPIDOPTERA) SCOTT E. MILLER, VOJTECH NOVOTNY, AND YVES BASSET (SEM) Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0105, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]. edu); (VN) Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences and Biological Faculty, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (YB) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Ancon, Panama Abstract.•This is the first in a series of papers providing taxonomic data in support of ecological and biogeographic studies of moths in New Guinea. The primary study is an extensive inventory of the caterpillar fauna of a lowland rainforest site near Madang, Papua New Guinea, from 1994•2001. The inventory focused on the Lepidoptera com- munity on 71 woody plant species representing 45 genera and 23 families. During the study, 46,457 caterpillars representing 585 species were sampled, with 19,660 caterpillars representing 441 species reared to adults. This introductory contribution is intended to provide background on the project, including descriptions of the study site, sampling methods, and taxonomic methods. Key Words: Malesia, Papua New Guinea, Lepidoptera, biodiversity, rearing, community ecology A very large portion of tropical biodi- 1992 and 1993 (Basset 1996, Basset et al. versity consists of herbivorous insects, and 1996). This paper represents the first in a among them, Lepidoptera are among the series of papers providing taxonomic doc- most amenable to study. To better under- umentation in support of the broader stud- stand the structure and maintenance of trop- ies, and is intended to provide general back- ical biodiversity, we undertook a series of ground, including descriptions of the study related inventories of Lepidoptera in New site, sampling methods, and taxonomic Guinea.
    [Show full text]
  • Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem
    Check List 9(2): 186–207, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution Check List of Wild Angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir PECIES S OF Mandar Nilkanth Datar 1* and P. Lakshminarasimhan 2 ISTS L (Molem) National Park, Goa, India *1 CorrespondingAgharkar Research author Institute, E-mail: G. [email protected] G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004. Maharashtra, India. 2 Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P. O. Botanic Garden, Howrah - 711 103. West Bengal, India. Abstract: Bhagwan Mahavir (Molem) National Park, the only National park in Goa, was evaluated for it’s diversity of Angiosperms. A total number of 721 wild species belonging to 119 families were documented from this protected area of which 126 are endemics. A checklist of these species is provided here. Introduction in the National Park are Laterite and Deccan trap Basalt Protected areas are most important in many ways for (Naik, 1995). Soil in most places of the National Park area conservation of biodiversity. Worldwide there are 102,102 is laterite of high and low level type formed by natural Protected Areas covering 18.8 million km2 metamorphosis and degradation of undulation rocks. network of 660 Protected Areas including 99 National Minerals like bauxite, iron and manganese are obtained Parks, 514 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 43 Conservation. India Reserves has a from these soils. The general climate of the area is tropical and 4 Community Reserves covering a total of 158,373 km2 with high percentage of humidity throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding Confirms Polyphagy in a Generalist Moth, Homona Mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
    Molecular Ecology Notes (2007) 7, 549–557 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01786.x BARCODINGBlackwell Publishing Ltd DNA barcoding confirms polyphagy in a generalist moth, Homona mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) JIRI HULCR,* SCOTT E. MILLER,† GREGORY P. SETLIFF,‡ KAROLYN DARROW,† NATHANIEL D. MUELLER,§ PAUL D. N. HEBERT¶ and GEORGE D. WEIBLEN** *Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 243 Natural Sciences Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, †National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA, ‡Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108–1095 USA, §Saint Olaf College, 1500 Saint Olaf Avenue, Northfield, MN 55057, USA,¶Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1, **Bell Museum of Natural History and Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, 1445 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108–1095, USA Abstract Recent DNA barcoding of generalist insect herbivores has revealed complexes of cryptic species within named species. We evaluated the species concept for a common generalist moth occurring in New Guinea and Australia, Homona mermerodes, in light of host plant records and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I haplotype diversity. Genetic divergence among H. mermerodes moths feeding on different host tree species was much lower than among several Homona species. Genetic divergence between haplotypes from New Guinea and Australia was also less than interspecific divergence. Whereas molecular species identification methods may reveal cryptic species in some generalist herbivores, these same methods may confirm polyphagy when identical haplotypes are reared from multiple host plant families. A lectotype for the species is designated, and a summarized bibliography and illustrations including male genitalia are provided for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material Saving Rainforests in the South Pacific
    Australian Journal of Botany 65, 609–624 © CSIRO 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT17096_AC Supplementary material Saving rainforests in the South Pacific: challenges in ex situ conservation Karen D. SommervilleA,H, Bronwyn ClarkeB, Gunnar KeppelC,D, Craig McGillE, Zoe-Joy NewbyA, Sarah V. WyseF, Shelley A. JamesG and Catherine A. OffordA AThe Australian PlantBank, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia. BThe Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. CSchool of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia DBiodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography Group, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. EInstitute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand. FRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, RH17 6TN, United Kingdom. GNational Herbarium of New South Wales, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. HCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Table S1 (below) comprises a list of seed producing genera occurring in rainforest in Australia and various island groups in the South Pacific, along with any available information on the seed storage behaviour of species in those genera. Note that the list of genera is not exhaustive and the absence of a genus from a particular island group simply means that no reference was found to its occurrence in rainforest habitat in the references used (i.e. the genus may still be present in rainforest or may occur in that locality in other habitats). As the definition of rainforest can vary considerably among localities, for the purpose of this paper we considered rainforests to be terrestrial forest communities, composed largely of evergreen species, with a tree canopy that is closed for either the entire year or during the wet season.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/09/2021 12:24:23AM Via Free Access 2 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 26 (1), 2005: 1-68 WOOD ANATOMY OF THE SUBFAMILY EUPHORBIOIDEAE A comparison with subfamilies Crotonoideae and Acalyphoideae and the implications for the circumscription of the Euphorbiaceae Alberta M. W. Mennega Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 es Utrecht, The Netherlands SUMMARY The wood anatomy was studied of 82 species from 34 out of 54 genera in the subfamily Euphorbioideae, covering all five tribes recognized in this subfamily. In general the woods show a great deal of similarity. They are charac­ terized by a relative paucity of vessels, often arranged in short to long, dumbbell-shaped or twin, radial multiples, and by medium-sized to large intervessel pits; fibres often have gelatinous walls; parenchyma apotracheal in short, wavy, narrow bands and diffuse-in-aggregates; mostly uni- or only locally biseriate rays, strongly heterocellular (except Hippomane, Hura and Pachystroma). Cell contents, either silica or crystals, or both together, are nearly always present and often useful in distinguishing between genera. Radiallaticifers were noticed in most genera, though they are scarce and difficult to trace. The laticifers are generally not surrounded by special cells, except in some genera of the subtribe Euphorbiinae where radiallaticifers are comparatively frequent and conspicuous. Three ofthe five tribes show a great deal of conformity in their anatomy. Stomatocalyceae, however, stand apart from the rest by the combination of the scarcity of vessels, and mostly biseriate, vertically fused and very tall rays. Within Euphorbieae the subtribe Euphorbiinae shows a greater vari­ ation than average, notably in vessel pitting, the frequent presence of two­ celled parenchyma strands, and in size and frequency of the laticifers.
    [Show full text]
  • Phyllanthaceae
    Species information Abo ut Reso urces Hom e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Phyllanthaceae Family Profile Phyllanthaceae Family Description A family of 59 genera and 1745 species, pantropiocal but especially in Malesia. Genera Actephila - A genus of about 20 species in Asia, Malesia and Australia; about ten species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1980a, 1980b); Webster (1994b); Forster (2005). Antidesma - A genus of about 170 species in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; five species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1980a); Henkin & Gillis (1977). Bischofia - A genus of two species in Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; one species occurs naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1967). Breynia - A genus of about 25 species in Asia, Malesia, Australia and New Caledonia; seven species occur naturally in Australia. Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink (1963); McPherson (1991); Webster (1994b). Bridelia - A genus of about 37 species in Africa, Asia, Malesia and Australia; four species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1976); Dressler (1996); Forster (1999a); Webster (1994b). Cleistanthus - A genus of about 140 species in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia, Australia, Micronesia, New Caledonia and Fiji; nine species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1976, 1980b); Webster (1994b). Flueggea - A genus of about 16 species, pantropic but also in temperate eastern Asia; two species occur naturally in Australia. Webster (1984, 1994b). Glochidion - A genus of about 200 species, mainly in Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; about 15 species occur naturally in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 10 EIA Khongkhang-Moreh Pkg3
    Environmental Impact Assessment Vol. 1 of 2 Project Number: 47341-004 July 2020 India: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Investment Program – Tranche 3 Imphal - Moreh Road (Khongkhang-Moreh section) Prepared by National Highways & Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in June 2019 available on https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/ind-47341-004-eia. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 20 May 2020) Currency Unit = Indian rupee/s (₹) ₹1.00 = $0.014 $1.00 = ₹75.6565 ABBREVIATIONS AADT – Annual Average Daily Traffic AAQM – Ambient air quality monitoring ADB – Asian Development Bank BDL – Below detectable limit BOD – Biochemical oxygen demand BOQ – Bill of quantity CO – Carbon monoxide COD – Chemical oxygen demand CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board AE – Authority Engineer DFO – Divisional Forest Officer DG – Diesel generating set DO – Dissolved oxygen DPR – Detailed project report EFP – Environmental Focal Person EHS – Environment Health and Safety EIA – Environmental impact assessment EMOP – Environmental monitoring plan EMP – Environmental management plan GHG – Greenhouse gas GOI – Government of India GRC – Grievance redress committee GRM – Grievance redress mechanism IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IRC – Indian Road Congress IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature LHS – Left hand side LPG – Liquefied petroleum gas MOEFCC – Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change MORTH – Ministry of
    [Show full text]