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PERSEBARAN GEOGRAFIJENIS-JENIS Pimelodendron (EUPHORBIACEAE) DI MALESIA [Geographical Distribution of Pimelodendron Spp

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Berita Biologi, Volume 6, Nomor 3, Desember 2002 PERSEBARAN GEOGRAFIJENIS-JENIS Pimelodendron (EUPHORBIACEAE) DI MALESIA [Geographical Distribution of Pimelodendron spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia] Tutie Djarwaningsih Puslit Biologi - LIPI Jl. IT. H. JuandaNo. 18 Bogor 16122 ABSTRACT The analysis of geographical distribution of Pimelodendron in Malesia based especially on data from the revision study of Pimelodendron (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. An analysis of distribution indicated that the highest number of species can be recognized, i.e. in Sumatera four species P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum. P. zoanthogyne, and P. yatesianum; Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo have three species P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum, and P. zoanthogyne; while Celebes, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, Solomon Islands and tropical Australia have one species (P. amboinicum). The geographical distribution indicated that the Malesian region can be considered as the centre of distribution of Pimelodendron. Kata kunci/ Key words: Pimelodendron, P. amboinicum, P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum, P. zoanthogyne, P. yatesianum, persebaran geografi/ geographial distribution, aspek ekologi/ ecological aspects, Malesia. PENDAHULUAN sendiri dan kemampuan dari masing-masing jenis Fitogeografi atau geografi tumbuhan merupa- dalam berkompetisi. Dengan demikian informasi ini kan suatu bidang ilmu yang mencakup persebaran sangat penting dan diperlu-kan oleh lembaga-lembaga geografi, habitat, sejarah serta faktor-faktor biologi yang berkaitan dengan program penghijauan. Selain yang terlibat dalam kehidupan tumbuhan tersebut. itu, bagi para ahli botani hasil analisis suatu koleksi Untuk mempelajarinya diperlukan pengetahuan tumbuhan dapat digunakan untuk menentukan tentang tumbuhan yang bersangkutan baik yang ada batasan suatu kawasan. Misalnya kesulitan dalam seka-rang maupun yang telah punah, keadaan fisik memberikan suatu perkiraan yang akurat mengenai dan geografi, morfologi tumbuhan itu sendiri yang keanekaragaman jenis di suatu kawasan menunjukkan dihubungkan dengan daerah persebarannya, dan bahwa pengetahuan tentang tumbuhan di kawasan mengkorelasikannya dengan evolusi persebarannya tersebut masih dangkal. berdasarkan sejarah waktu geologinya. Adapun Di bidang taksonomi sendiri, informasi geografi tujuannya adalah untuk mencari kerabat liar dari ini sangat diperlukan karena terjadinya proses tumbuhan yang telah dikembangkan secara komersial penjenisan adalah karena adanya isolasi geografis. yang diperlukan olehpara pemulia tanaman budidaya Isolasi geografis berkaitan erat dengan faktor luar yang untuk memperoleh bibit-bibit unggul. Salah satu berperan sebagai katalisator timbulnya barier yang informasi geografi yang sangat diperlukan adalah dapat menimbulkan terja-dinya percabangan garis informasi persebaran jenis, apakah tersebar secara evolusi yang diikuti oleh isolasi reproduksi yang merata, berkelompok atau-pun merupakan jenis merupakan faktor-dalam yang berperan sangat penting endemik di suatu kawasan atau pulau tertentu. Good dalam mencegah terjadinya pertukaran gen antar (1952) menyatakan bahwa persebaran tumbuhan populasi dalam proses penjenisan tersebut. dipengaruhi tidak hanya oleh faktor-faktor alami Kawasan Malesia merupakan salah satu pusat (fisik, biologi) tetapijuga faktor-faktor buatankarena keanekaragaman tumbuhan tropik yang terbesar. aktifitas manusia baik yang disengaja maupun yang Diperkirakan keanekaragaman tumbuhan berpem- tidak disengaja. Faktor-faktor fisik antara lain iklim, buluh di Malesia menunjukkan sedikitnya ada habitat dan ketinggian tempat; sedangkan faktor- 45.000 jenis; suku-suku tumbuhan berpembuluh faktor biologi antara lain morfologi tumbuhan itu yang termasuk besar jumlah jenisnya di kawasan 509 Djarwaningsih - Persebaran Pimelodendron (Euphorbiaceae) di Malesia tersebut menurut Whitmore (1997) berturut-turut dikeluarkan dari marga ini dan selanjutnya adalah Orchidaceae (6500 jenis), Rubiaceae (2000 teridentifikasi sebagai Actephila excelsa var. jenis), Myrtaceae (1600jenis), Euphorbiaceae (1354 javanica. jenis) dan Melastomataceae (1000 jenis). Di kawasan ini ada 2 pusat utama keanekaragaman BAHAN DAN CARA KERJA tumbuhan yaitu New Guinea (termasuk Irian Jaya Data hasil kajian taksonomi marga dan Papua New Guinea) serta Borneo (termasuk Pimelodendron di Malesia (Djarwaningsih, 2001) Brunei Darussalam, Kalimantan, Sabah dan dicatat. Aspek yang dicatat adalah tentang persebaran, Sarawak). New Guinea yang merupakan kepulauan ekologi, tempat tumbuh, nama daerah dan tropik terbesar paling sedikit mempunyai 20.000 kegunaannya. Data tersebut kemudian dikaji dengan jenis dan Borneo 25.000 jenis serta kemungkinan membandingkannya dengan publikasi lain, juga mempunyai keanekaragaman jenis yang sama penelaahan material herbarium yang ada di Herbarium (Johns, 1995). Bogoriense-LIPI, NHN-Leiden, CANB-Australia dan Euphorbiaceae merupakan suku terbesar ke Sarawak-Kuching yang berjumlah 810 lembar, dan 4 dari 5 suku terbesar tumbuhan berpembuluh di selanjutnya dianalisis. Malesia, yang mempunyai 91 marga dengan kurang lebih 1354 jenis. Penelitian geografi tumbuhan HASIL anggota suku Euphorbicaeae di Malesia telah dirintis oleh Whitmore pada marga Macaranga di Jenis-jenis berpotensi Kepulauan Solomon, Semenanjung Malaya, Beberapa jenis Pimelodendron ada yang Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Papua New Guinea sejak mempunyai potensi sebagai penyedap makanan tahun 1962 sampai 1972. Dari penelitian tersebut maupun obat-obatan. Di Sumatera, sebagianpenduduk ternyata dapat diketahui kelimpahan jenis-jenis memanfaatkanbuah.P griffithianum sebagai penyedap Macaranga di suatu habitat dan kawasan tertentu makanan dan dimakan sebagai makanan kecil; di lain di Malesia (Whitmore, 1997). Pimelodendron pihak, sebagian penduduk di Semenanjung Malaya merupakan marga yang tergolong dalam suku bagian timur mengkonsumsi biji P. amboinicum Euphorbiaceae, anak suku Euphorbioideae, puak (mamina, pokopokor) sebagai makanan ringan (Heyne, Stomatocalyceae, anak puak Stomatocalycinae. 1927; Burkill, 1935). KzyuP. macrocarpum (dangku) Marga ini pertama kali dipertelakan oleh Hasskarl dapat digunakan untuk bahan pembuatan papan pada tahun 1855 dengan .P amboinicum Hassk. dari (Heyne, 1927). Air perasan pepagan P. griffithianum Maluku terpilih sebagai tipenya. Anggota- (perah ikan, ara bukit) dan P. amboinicum digunakan anggotanya diperkirakan berjum-lah 7-10 jenis sebagai obat pencahar khusus orang dewasa (Burkill, yang tersebar dari Semenanjung Malaya sampai New 1935). Sedangkan biji/! griffithianum dilaporkan oleh Guinea, Kepulauan Solomon dan Australia tropik sebagian penduduk Kalimantan Timur sebagai biji yang (Webster, 1994). enak dimakan (Bodegom et al, 1999). Daun muda P. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai amboinicum dapat dimakan oleh orang-orang dewasa persebaran jenis-jenis terutama berdasarkan hasil tanpa menimbulkan efek sebagai pencahar, tetapi air penelitian Djarwaningsih (2001) tentang perasan daun-daun yang disangrai lebih dulu kemudian Pimelodendron di Malesia. Di kawasan ini terdapat diteteskan pada mulut bayi yang baru lahir dapat untuk 5 jenis Pimelodendron yaitu P. amboinicum, P. member-sihkan mekonium, kotoran pada lidah, organ- griffithianum, P. macrocarpum, P. zoanthogyne dan organ perut, sebagai obat penenang dan memperlancar P. yatesianum. Sedangkan status P. acuminatum penderita kesulitan buang air besar. Di kepulauan adalah sebagai sinonim dari P. griffithianum dan Solomon sebagian penduduk memanfaatkan air P. naumannianum bersinonim dengan P. rendaman pepagan sebagai obat penurun demam (Perry amboinicum. Menurut Shaw (1975) P. dispersum and Judith, 1980). 510 Berita Biologi, Volume 6, Nomor 3, Desember 2002 Morfologi anggota-anggota suku Euphorbiaceae terjadi secara Anggota marga Pimelodendron pada umum- mekanik ataupun mungkin dengan perantaraan nya berupa pohon berukuran besar atau menengah manusia dan hewan. Setelah buah menjadi kering dengan tinggi 10 - 35 m dan garis tengah 18 - 60 cm dan mengalami gesekan baik secara sengaja atupun ataupun dapat berupa perdu, gundul. Daun ber-seling, tidak sengaja, biji dapat terlontar sejauh 3,5 m atau membundar telur sungsang atau menjorong, tepi agak bahkan lebih. beringgit, menjangat; saraf menyirip; tangkai daun Ditinjau dari persebaran jenisnya per pulau di ukurannya bervariasi dari 1-13 cm. Berumah dua. kawasan Malesia, ternyata setiap pulau mempunyai Perbungaan jantan berupa tandan pendek, di ketiak variasi jumlah jenis yang berbeda-beda. Sumatera ranting, menggerombol. Bunga jantan bertangkai merupakan pulau yang mempunyai jumlah jenis sangat pendek, di ketiak daun gagang yang kecil; tertinggi (4 jenis) yaitu P. griffithianum, P. kelopak berkatup 2, berbentuk seperti mangkuk; macrocarpum, P. zoanthogyne dan P. yatesianum; benangsari 7 - 29, terdiri dari 2 atau 3 baris, kepala sedangkanBorneo dan Semenanjung Malaya mempu- sari hampir duduk. Perbungaan betina berupa tandan nyai 3 jenis yaitu P. griffithianum, P. macrocarpum pendek dan renggang, di ketiak ranting, soliter. Bunga dan P. zoanthogyne. Di Sulawesi, Maluku, Kepulauan betina bertangkai pendek, di ketiak daun gagang yang Sunda Kecil dan New Guinea tercatat hanya 1 jenis kecil; kelopak seperti mangkuk, pendek, berkatup 2; yaitu/! amboinicum (Gambar 1). ovarium berbentuk silinder - lonjong, pendek; kepala putik mendatar - melengkung, bebas - menyatu. Buah Bila dikaitkan dengan pembagian daerah di batu, membulat, melonceng atau mengavokad. Biji kawasan Malesia, ternyata menunjukkan bahwa di soliter - banyak, bentuk membulat,
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  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/09/2021 12:24:23AM Via Free Access 2 IAWA Journal, Vol

    Downloaded from Brill.Com10/09/2021 12:24:23AM Via Free Access 2 IAWA Journal, Vol

    IAWA Journal, Vol. 26 (1), 2005: 1-68 WOOD ANATOMY OF THE SUBFAMILY EUPHORBIOIDEAE A comparison with subfamilies Crotonoideae and Acalyphoideae and the implications for the circumscription of the Euphorbiaceae Alberta M. W. Mennega Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 es Utrecht, The Netherlands SUMMARY The wood anatomy was studied of 82 species from 34 out of 54 genera in the subfamily Euphorbioideae, covering all five tribes recognized in this subfamily. In general the woods show a great deal of similarity. They are charac­ terized by a relative paucity of vessels, often arranged in short to long, dumbbell-shaped or twin, radial multiples, and by medium-sized to large intervessel pits; fibres often have gelatinous walls; parenchyma apotracheal in short, wavy, narrow bands and diffuse-in-aggregates; mostly uni- or only locally biseriate rays, strongly heterocellular (except Hippomane, Hura and Pachystroma). Cell contents, either silica or crystals, or both together, are nearly always present and often useful in distinguishing between genera. Radiallaticifers were noticed in most genera, though they are scarce and difficult to trace. The laticifers are generally not surrounded by special cells, except in some genera of the subtribe Euphorbiinae where radiallaticifers are comparatively frequent and conspicuous. Three ofthe five tribes show a great deal of conformity in their anatomy. Stomatocalyceae, however, stand apart from the rest by the combination of the scarcity of vessels, and mostly biseriate, vertically fused and very tall rays. Within Euphorbieae the subtribe Euphorbiinae shows a greater vari­ ation than average, notably in vessel pitting, the frequent presence of two­ celled parenchyma strands, and in size and frequency of the laticifers.
  • Phyllanthaceae

    Phyllanthaceae

    Species information Abo ut Reso urces Hom e A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Phyllanthaceae Family Profile Phyllanthaceae Family Description A family of 59 genera and 1745 species, pantropiocal but especially in Malesia. Genera Actephila - A genus of about 20 species in Asia, Malesia and Australia; about ten species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1980a, 1980b); Webster (1994b); Forster (2005). Antidesma - A genus of about 170 species in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; five species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1980a); Henkin & Gillis (1977). Bischofia - A genus of two species in Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; one species occurs naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1967). Breynia - A genus of about 25 species in Asia, Malesia, Australia and New Caledonia; seven species occur naturally in Australia. Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink (1963); McPherson (1991); Webster (1994b). Bridelia - A genus of about 37 species in Africa, Asia, Malesia and Australia; four species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1976); Dressler (1996); Forster (1999a); Webster (1994b). Cleistanthus - A genus of about 140 species in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Malesia, Australia, Micronesia, New Caledonia and Fiji; nine species occur naturally in Australia. Airy Shaw (1976, 1980b); Webster (1994b). Flueggea - A genus of about 16 species, pantropic but also in temperate eastern Asia; two species occur naturally in Australia. Webster (1984, 1994b). Glochidion - A genus of about 200 species, mainly in Asia, Malesia, Australia and the Pacific islands; about 15 species occur naturally in Australia.
  • Appendix 10 EIA Khongkhang-Moreh Pkg3

    Appendix 10 EIA Khongkhang-Moreh Pkg3

    Environmental Impact Assessment Vol. 1 of 2 Project Number: 47341-004 July 2020 India: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Investment Program – Tranche 3 Imphal - Moreh Road (Khongkhang-Moreh section) Prepared by National Highways & Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in June 2019 available on https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/ind-47341-004-eia. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 20 May 2020) Currency Unit = Indian rupee/s (₹) ₹1.00 = $0.014 $1.00 = ₹75.6565 ABBREVIATIONS AADT – Annual Average Daily Traffic AAQM – Ambient air quality monitoring ADB – Asian Development Bank BDL – Below detectable limit BOD – Biochemical oxygen demand BOQ – Bill of quantity CO – Carbon monoxide COD – Chemical oxygen demand CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board AE – Authority Engineer DFO – Divisional Forest Officer DG – Diesel generating set DO – Dissolved oxygen DPR – Detailed project report EFP – Environmental Focal Person EHS – Environment Health and Safety EIA – Environmental impact assessment EMOP – Environmental monitoring plan EMP – Environmental management plan GHG – Greenhouse gas GOI – Government of India GRC – Grievance redress committee GRM – Grievance redress mechanism IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IRC – Indian Road Congress IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature LHS – Left hand side LPG – Liquefied petroleum gas MOEFCC – Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change MORTH – Ministry of