Springer Series in Electronics and Photonics 25 Edited by D

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Springer Series in Electronics and Photonics 25 Edited by D. H. Auston Springer Series in Electronics and Photonics Editors: D. H. Auston W. Engl T. Sugano

Volume 21 Picosecond Electronics and Optoelectronics Editors: G. A. Mourou, D. M. Bloom, C.-H. Lee Volume 22 High-Speed Electronics Basic Physical Phenomena and Device Principles Editors: B. Kallback and H. Beneking Volume 23 Guided-Wave Acousto-optics Interactions, Devices, and Applications Editor: C. S. Tsai Volume 24 Picosecond Electronics and Optoelectronics II Editors: EJ. Leonberger, C.H. Lee, E Capasso, and H. Morkoc Volume 25 Photonic Switching Editors: T. K. Gustafson and P. W. Smith Volume 26 Guided-Wave Optoelectronics Editor: T. Tamir

This series was originally published under the title Springer Series in Electrophysics and has been renamed starting with Volume 22. Volumes 1-20 are listed on the back inside cover Photonic Switching

Proceedings of the First Topical Meeting, Incline Village, Nevada, March 18-20, 1987

Editors: T. K. Gustafson and P. W. Smith

With 145 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Dr. T. Kenneth Gustafson University of California, Dept. EECS, 183 M. Cory Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

Dr. Peter W. Smith Bell Communication Research, 331 Newman Springs Rd., Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020, USA

Series Editors: Dr. David H. Auston Columbia University, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, New York, NY 10027, USA

Professor Dr. Walter Engl Institut fUr Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Rhein.-Westf. Technische Hochschule, Templergraben 55, D-5100 Aachen, Fed. Rep. of Germany

Professor Takuo Sugano Department of Electronic Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, Japan

ISBN-13: 978-3-642-73390-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-73388-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-73388-8

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Photonic switching: proceedings of the first topical meeting. Incline Village. NV. March 18-20. 1987/ editors, T. K. Gustafson and P. W. Smith. (Springer series in electronics and photonics ; 25) "Sponsored by the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society and the Optical Society of America with the cooperation of the IEEE Communications Society"-Pref. Includes index. 1. Photonics-Congresses. 2. Switching circuits-Congresses. I. Gustafson, T. K. (Ture Kenneth), 1940-. II. Smith. P. W. (Peter w.). 1937-. III. IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society. IV. Optical Society of America. V. IEEE Communications Society. VI. Series: Springer series in electronics and photonics; v. 25. TA1505.P49 1988 621.36-dc 19 88-1998 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. specifically the rights of translation. reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation. broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways. and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9.1965. in its version of June 24. 1985. and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988 Softcvoer reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1988 The use of registered names. trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply. even in the absence of a specific statement. that such names arc exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

2154/3150-543210 Preface

The first topical meeting on Photonic Switching was held March 18-20, 1987 in Incline Village, Nev., USA in conjunction with the second topical meeting on Optical Computing. It was sponsored by the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society and the Optical Society of America with the co• operation of the IEEE Communications Society. The attendance at these meetings was well in excess of 500 persons - a measure of the growing worldwide interest in optical techniques for switching and signal process• ing. Our goal in organizing the Photonic Switching meeting was to provide a forum for the presentation of original papers on the subjects of devices and architectures suitable for switching, multiplexing or routing of optical signals. The purpose of the meeting was to foster and enhance interaction between two groups that share a common interest in exploring possible applications of photonic switching technology: people working on optical switching devices and components, and people working on future switching systems and networks. The first day was devoted to invited plenary papers of broad interest, and these sessions were held jointly with the Optical Computing confer• ence. These papers, which constitute the first section of the book, point out some of the practical problems that must be resolved if optical switch• ing and signal-processing techniques are to be widely adopted. The papers in the rest of the proceedings give a good indication of the current "state of the art". They illustrate the wide variety of materials and devices that are now being investigated, and the wide variety of systems applications that are envisaged. It is clear that much progress must be made before photonic switching will have a major impact, but given the current high level of interest and activity, that time may not be far off. We would like to thank John Midwinter, Stu Personick, and all the program committee for their efforts in putting together the technical pro• gram; the AFOSR and the NSF for grants that provided an important part of the conference funding; and the staff of the Optical Society of America for their expert help in running this meeting.

Berkeley, CA T.K. GustaJson Red Bank, NJ P.W. Smith May 1987 v Contents

Part I Introduction to Photonic Switching

Linking Technology and Applications. By S.D. Personick 2 Electronic Switching Technologies for Digital Logic By R.W. Keyes (With 7 Figures) ...... 4 Photonic Switching Components: Current Status and Future Possibilities. By J .E. Midwinter ...... 14 Photonic Switching System/Network Architectural Possibilities By T. Yasui and K. Kikuchi (With 14 Figures) ...... 24

Part II Photonic Switching Components

Optoelectronic Hybrid Switching By R.I. MacDonald (With 3 Figures) 38 Photonic Switching with Stripe Domains. By E.J. Torok, J.A. Krawczak, G.L. Nelson, B.S. Fritz, W.A. Harvey, and F.G. Hewitt (With 2 Figures) ...... 46 Single-Mode Fiber Switch with Simultaneous Loop-Back Feature By W.C. Young and L. Curtis (With 4 Figures) ...... 50 An All-Fibre Routing Switch By S.R. Mallinson, J.V. Wright, and C.A. Millar (With 4 Figures) 54 An All-Optical Switch for Signal Routing Between Fibres By C.R. Paton, S.D. Smith, and A.C. Walker (With 4 Figures) .. 59 Monolithically Integrated Optical Gate 2x2 Matrix Switch Using GaAs/AIGaAs Multiple Quantum Well Structure By A. Ajisawa, M. Fujiwara, J. Shimizu, M. Sugimoto, M. Uchida, Y. Ohta, and K. Asakawa (With 3 Figures) ...... 63

4x4 Ti:LiNb03 Switch Array with Full Broadcast Capability By G.A. Bogert (With 1 Figure) ...... 67

VII Hard Limiting Opto-electronic Logic Devices. By P. Wheatley, M. Whitehead, P.J. Bradley, G. Parry, J.E. Midwinter, P. Mistry, M.A. Pate, and J .S. Roberts (With 4 Figures) ...... 69 Nonlinear Optical Logic Etalon at Today's Fiber Communication Wavelengths By K. Tai, J.L. Jewell, and W.T. Tsang (With 3 Figures) ...... 73 Optical Threshold Mechanism Using the Fiber Coupled Pha.',e Conjugate Mirror By R. Yahalom, A. Agranat, and A. Yariv (With 3 Figures) 77 Operating Curves for Optical Bistable Devices By P. Wheatley and J .E. Midwinter (With 3 Figures) 80 Optical Amplifiers for Photonic Switches By R.M. Jopson and G. Eisenstein (With 2 Figures) ...... 84 170ps Fast Switching Response and 2Gbps Optical Memory Operation of Bistable Laser Diodes with Electrically Controlled Saturable Absorber By A. Tomita, S. Ohkouti, and A. Suzuki (With 3 Figures) ..... 88 An Ultrafast All-Optical Switch. By S.R. Friberg, Y. Silberberg, M.K. Oliver, M.J. Andrejco, M.A. Saifi, and P.W. Smith (Wi th 3 Figures) ...... 92 A Digital Electrooptic Switch By Y. Silberberg and P. Perlmutter (With 3 Figures) ...... 95

Part III Nonlinear Optical Materials for Photonic Switching

Silicon Injection-Mode 1.3 pm Electro-optical Switching By J.P. Lorenzo and R.A. Soref (With 3 Figures) ...... 102 Room Temperature Excitonic Nonlinear Absorption in GaAsj AIGaAs Multiple Quantum Well Structures Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) By H.C. Lee, A. Hariz, P.D. Dapkus, A. Kost, M. Kawase, and E. Garmire (With 4 Figures) ...... 106 Design and Construction of Holographic Optical Elements for Photonic Switching Applications. By M.R. Taghizadeh, LR. Redmond, A.C. Walker, and S.D. Smith (With 2 Figures) III Organic Materials for Nonlinear Optics. By R.D. Small, J.E. Sohn, K.D. Singer, and M.G. Kuzyk (With 2 Figures) ...... 115 Physical and Optical Properties of Cd(Se,S) Microcrystallites in Glass. By D.W. Hall and N.F. Borrelli (With 4 Figures) ...... 122

VIII The Dynamics of Photonic Switching in Indium Antimonide By H.A. MacKenzie, J. Young, H. AI-Attar, and A.H.K. Iltaif (Wi th 5 Figures) ...... 125 Fast All-Optical Switching in a Silicon-On-Sapphire Waveguide By H. Chelli, A. Niepceron, N. Paraire, A. Koster, H. Sauer, M. Carton, and S. Laval (With 2 Figures) ...... 129

Part IV Photonic Switching Architectures

Optical Broadband Communications Network Architecture Utilizing Wavelength-Division Switching Technology By S. Suzuki and K. Nagashima (With 4 Figures) ...... 134 Deterministic and Statistic Circuit Assignment Architectures for Optical Switching Systems By A. de Bosio, C. De Bernardi, and F. Melindo (With 3 Figures) 138 Dilated Networks for Photonic Switching By K. Padmanabhan and A. Netravali (With 3 Figures) ...... 142 A New Architecture for Large Integrated Optical Switch-Arrays By P.J. Duthie, M.J. Wale, and I. Bennion (With 2 Figures) 146 Photonic Time-Division Switching Technology By H. Goto, K. Nagashima, and S. Suzuki (With 9 Figures) 151 Optimizing Photonic Variable-Integer-Delay Circuits By RA. Thompson (With 6 Figures) ...... 158 A Photonic Switch Architecture Utilizing Code Division Multiplexing By T.S. Rzeszewski and A.L. Lentine (With 3 Figures) ...... 167

Part V Photonic Switching Systems

Switching Requirements for Broadband ISDN By O. Fundneider (With 2 Figures) ...... 172 Photonic Switching and Automatic Cross-Connect Systems By J .A. Nagel ...... 180 Optical Switching in Coherent Lightwave Systems By M. Fujiwara, S. Suzuki, K. Emura, M. Kondo, K. Manome, I. Mito, K. Kaede, M. Shikada, and M. Sakaguchi (With 6 Figures) ...... 184

IX A Photonic Switching Demonstration Display. By J.R. Erickson, C.G. Hseih, R.F. Huisman, M.L. Larson, J.V. Tokar, G.A. Bogert, E.J. Murphy, and R.T. Ku (With 3 Figures) ...... 189 Self-Routing Optical Switch with Optical Processing By P.R. Prucnal, D.J. Blumenthal, and P.A. Perrier (With 2 Figures) ...... 193 System Considerations for the Lithium Niobate Photonic Switching Technology. By W.A. Payne and H.S. Hinton (With 1 Figure) 196 Computational Properties of Nonlinear Optical Devices By M.E. Prise, N. Streibl, and M.M. Downs (With 2 Figures) 200 A 1.7 Gigabit-per-Second, Time-Multiplexed Photonic Switching Experiment. By J.R. Erickson, R.A. Nordin, W.A. Payne, and M.T. Ratajack (With 3 Figures) ...... 204 4-Gb/s Optical Time-Division Multiplexed System Experiments Using Ti:LiNb03 Switch/Modulators. By R.S. Tucker, S.K. Korotky, G. Eisenstein, U. Koren, G. Raybon, J.J. Veselka, L.L. Buhl, B.L. Kasper, and R.C. Alferness (With 4 Figures) 208 Optical Amplification in Switching Networks. By L. Thyien, P. Granestrand, and A. Djupsjobacka (With 4 Figures) ...... 212

Index of Contributors...... 217