A SHORT HISTORY OF A SHORT HISTORY OF CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS A SHORT HISTORY OF A SHORT HISTORY CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CIRCUITS AND Franco Maloberti and Anthony C. Davies (Editors) SYSTEMS After an overview of major scientific discoveries of the 18th and 19th Franco Maloberti and Anthony C. Davies (Editors) centuries, which created electrical science as we know and understand it and led to its useful applications in energy conversion, transmission, manufacturing industry and communications, this Circuits and Systems History book fills a gap in published literature by providing a record of the many outstanding scientists, mathematicians and engineers who laid the foundations of Circuit Theory and Filter Design from the mid-20th Century. Additionally, the book records the history of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society from its origins as the small Circuit Theory Group of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), which merged with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) to form IEEE in 1963, to the large and broad-coverage worldwide IEEE Society which it is today. Many authors from many countries contributed to the creation of this book, working to a very tight time-schedule. The result is a substantial contribution to their enthusiasm and expertise which it is hoped that readers will find both interesting and useful. It is sure that in such a book omissions will be found and in the space and time available, much valuable material had to be left out. It is hoped that this book Anthony C. Davies (Editors) Franco Maloberti and will stimulate an interest in the marvellous heritage and contributions that have come from the many outstanding people who worked in the Circuits and Systems area. A Short History of Circuits and Systems A Short History of Circuits and Systems Editors Franco Maloberti President IEEE CAS Society and University of Pavia, Italy Anthony C. Davies King’s College London, UK Published, sold and distributed by: River Publishers Niels Jernes Vej 10 9220 Aalborg Ø Denmark River Publishers Lange Geer 44 2611 PW Delft The Netherlands Tel.: +45369953197 www.riverpublishers.com ISBN: 978-87-93379-70-1 (Paperback) 978-87-93379-71-8 (Hardback) 978-87-93379-69-5 (Ebook) Copyright © 2016 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) Published by River Publishers. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in are trieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the IEEE. Requests to the IEEE for permission to reuse content should be addressed to the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office at [email protected]. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: 20th May 2016 Editors: Franco Maloberti and Anthony C. Davies Title: A Short History of Circuits and Systems Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The birth of Electrical Science 3 Alessandro Volta . 3 About Volta and the \Voltaic Pile" . 19 3 The Golden Epoch 23 The Magic of the Electrical Current . 23 From the Charge to the Electric Field . 27 The Laws of Circuits . 31 The Magnetic Inductance . 35 The two faces of an Equivalent Circuit . 37 The path to Radio: from Maxwell to Marconi . 41 Magnetic Flux and Electromagnetic Waves . 45 Entrepreneurship in Electrical Engineering . 49 Power Electric Circuits: Pacinotti and Ferraris . 51 4 History of Electronic Devices 59 The Electronic Tube . 59 The Bipolar Transistor . 62 The MOS Transistor and the Integrated Circuits . 65 5 The History of 71 The Resonant Circuit . 71 Filters . 81 Adaptive Filters . 85 Adaptive Signal Processing: Widrow's Group . 91 Active Filters . 97 Multirate Filters . 101 Switched Capacitor Filters . 105 Nonlinear Circuits . 111 Chaos . 121 Neural Networks . 131 Circuits and Systems for Fuzzy Logic . 135 Signal Processing . 139 CAS Image Processing . 147 Data Converters . 153 Delta Sigma Converters . 159 Sensor and Sensors Systems . 167 Biological Sensor Systems . 173 Biomedical Circuits and Systems . 181 Switching Power Converter Circuits . 183 v vi CONTENTS Control Theory . 189 SPICE and Compact Modeling . 195 Corsi e Ricorsi: The EDA Story . 203 The Business of Design Automation . 219 Circuit and System Education . 226 6 The History of the CAS Society 231 A Brief Timeline . 231 Conferences and International Outlook . 232 Publications of the Society . 233 The Core Subjects in the Early Years . 234 The Real Fundamentals of the Circuit Theory . 237 Annual Symposium of the CAS Society . 245 Editors of CAS Society Publications . 246 7 CAS Society Awards 249 Recognising members . 249 8 Current and Emergent Topics 255 9 In Memoriam 267 Claude E. Shannon . 268 Balthasar van der Pol . 269 Karl K¨upfm¨uller . 271 Ernst Adolph Guillemin . 273 Sidney Darlington . 275 Bernard Tellegen . 277 Wolja Saraga . 279 Wilhelm Cauer . 282 Herbert J. Carlin . 285 Mac Van Valkenburg . 287 Vitold Belevitch . 291 Radoslav Horvat . 293 Robert Aaron . 295 H. John Orchard . 297 Charles A. Desoer . 299 Alfred Fettweis . 301 Ernest Kuh . 303 Rui de Figueiredo . 305 Mirko Mili´c. 307 Donald O. Pederson . 309 Michael K. Sain . 311 Tam´asRoska . 313 John Choma . 315 Jiˇr´ı(George) Vlach . 318 A. Richard Newton . 319 10 Authors Biographies 321 Author Index 335 1 Introduction The IEEE Circuits and Systems Society comprises about ten thousand members distributed around the world. It covers many disciplines in the circuits and systems area and addresses global goals by conceiving and pioneering solutions to fundamental and applied scientific and engineering problems. The history of electricity dates back thousands of years. It all began in ancient Greece when, about 600 years before Christ, Thales, a mathematician from Miletus, discovered that a rubbed piece of amber was able to lift small chips of wood. That discovery reminded Thales of the legend of Magnus (from whose name we have the word magnetism) whose iron-studded soles were stuck to a special rocky surface. After centuries the electrostatic and magnetic effects were studied and experimentally verified to lay the foundations of electrical circuits. The contributions of the initial steps came from disparate disciplines, Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) was a professor of anatomy in Bologna, Italy. One day he observed that electricity caused muscular contraction of the legs of a frog. He concluded that there is some sort of ‘animal electricity’. It was just necessary to wait a few years to see astonishing evolutions that lead to the discovery of the pile by Alessandro Volta (Chapter 2), the observation of Øersted on the generation of a magnetic field with an electrical current, the explanations of Amp`ere,the studies of Joule, Coulomb, Faraday and many others whose discoveries are described in Chapter 3. Other milestones in our history are the active devices whose use permits amplification and switching and, accordingly more reliable processing of electri- cal variables. The history of electronic devices is a mix of scientific achievement and economical implementations as described in Chapter 4. The above created solid foundations of what we classify now circuits and systems. Applications sprung from the resonant circuit and its consequences in radio engineering. They were facilitated by use of filters, a scientific area that interested so many scientists and produced exceptional research outcomes. The circuits and systems area evolved toward many other facets, including nonlinear circuits, chaos, neural networks, fuzzy logic, signal processing, image processing, 1 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION and data conversion. More recently the use of sensors and actuators made possible a substantial further expansion of the circuits and systems domain into measurement and control of non-electrical quantities. Moving into the digital domain allowed the building of extremely complex systems whose design was made possible by very effective CAD tools. All this is recalled in Chapter 5. Chapters 6 and 7 retrace the steps in the foundation and development of the CAS Society. Chapter 8 honours many of the great scientists and engineers who made the circuit and systems field so important for electrical engineering. We are grateful for the substantial efforts made by the many authors of parts.