J-91-14-III (Prakrit).P65

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

J-91-14-III (Prakrit).P65 PAPER-III PRAKRIT Signature and Name of Invigilator 1. (Signature) __________________________ OMR Sheet No. : ............................................... (Name) ____________________________ (To be filled by the Candidate) 2. (Signature) __________________________ Roll No. (Name) ____________________________ (In figures as per admission card) Roll No.________________________________ J9 1 1 4 (In words) 1 Time : 2 /2 hours] [Maximum Marks : 150 Number of Pages in this Booklet : 8 Number of Questions in this Booklet : 75 Instructions for the Candidates ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖÙ£ÖµÖÖë Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ×®Ö¤ìü¿Ö 1. Write your roll number in the space provided on the top of 1. ‡ÃÖ ¯Öéšü Ûêú ‰ú¯Ö¸ü ×®ÖµÖŸÖ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö ¯Ö¸ü †¯Ö®ÖÖ ¸üÖê»Ö ®Ö´²Ö¸ü ×»Ö×ÜÖ‹ … this page. 2. ‡ÃÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Ö¡Ö ´Öë ¯Ö“ÖÆü¢Ö¸ü ²ÖÆãü×¾ÖÛú»¯ÖßµÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Æïü … 2. This paper consists of seventy five multiple-choice type of 3. ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¸ü´³Ö ÆüÖê®Öê ¯Ö¸ü, ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ¤êü ¤üß •ÖÖµÖêÝÖß … ¯ÖÆü»Öê questions. ¯ÖÖÑ“Ö ×´Ö®Ö™ü †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ÜÖÖê»Ö®Öê ŸÖ£ÖÖ ˆÃÖÛúß ×®Ö´®Ö×»Ö×ÜÖŸÖ 3. At the commencement of examination, the question booklet •ÖÖÑ“Ö Ûêú ×»Ö‹ פüµÖê •ÖÖµÖëÝÖê, וÖÃÖÛúß •ÖÖÑ“Ö †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê †¾Ö¿µÖ Ûú¸ü®Öß Æîü : will be given to you. In the first 5 minutes, you are requested (i) ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ÜÖÖê»Ö®Öê Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ˆÃÖÛêú Ûú¾Ö¸ü ¯Öê•Ö ¯Ö¸ü »ÖÝÖß ÛúÖÝÖ•Ö to open the booklet and compulsorily examine it as below : Ûúß ÃÖᯙ ÛúÖê ±úÖ›Ìü »Öë … ÜÖã»Öß Æãü‡Ô µÖÖ ×²Ö®ÖÖ Ã™üßÛú¸ü-ÃÖᯙ Ûúß (i) To have access to the Question Booklet, tear off the paper seal on the edge of this cover page. Do not accept ¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ã¾ÖßÛúÖ¸ü ®Ö Ûú¸ëü … a booklet without sticker-seal and do not accept an open (ii) Ûú¾Ö¸ü ¯Öéšü ¯Ö¸ü ”û¯Öê ×®Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ûêú ¯Öéšü ŸÖ£ÖÖ booklet. ¯ÖÏ¿®ÖÖë Ûúß ÃÖÓܵÖÖ ÛúÖê †“”ûß ŸÖ¸üÆü “ÖîÛú Ûú¸ü »Öë ×Ûú µÖê ¯Öæ¸êü (ii) Tally the number of pages and number of questions Æïü … ¤üÖêÂÖ¯ÖæÞÖÔ ¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ×•Ö®Ö´Öë ¯Öéšü/¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Ûú´Ö ÆüÖë µÖÖ ¤ãü²ÖÖ¸üÖ †Ö in the booklet with the information printed on the ÝÖµÖê ÆüÖë µÖÖ ÃÖß׸üµÖ»Ö ´Öë ®Ö ÆüÖë †£ÖÖÔŸÖË ×ÛúÃÖß ³Öß ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü Ûúß cover page. Faulty booklets due to pages/questions ¡Öã×™ü¯ÖæÞÖÔ ¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ã¾ÖßÛúÖ¸ü ®Ö Ûú¸ëü ŸÖ£ÖÖ ˆÃÖß ÃÖ´ÖµÖ ˆÃÖê missing or duplicate or not in serial order or any »ÖÖî™üÖÛú¸ü ˆÃÖÛêú ãÖÖ®Ö ¯Ö¸ü ¤æüÃÖ¸üß ÃÖÆüß ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ »Öê »Öë … other discrepancy should be got replaced immediately ‡ÃÖÛêú ×»Ö‹ †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ¯ÖÖÑ“Ö ×´Ö®Ö™ü פüµÖê •ÖÖµÖëÝÖê … ˆÃÖÛêú ²ÖÖ¤ü ®Ö by a correct booklet from the invigilator within the ŸÖÖê †Ö¯ÖÛúß ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ¾ÖÖ¯ÖÃÖ »Öß •ÖÖµÖêÝÖß †Öî¸ü ®Ö Æüß †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê period of 5 minutes. Afterwards, neither the Question †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖµÖ ×¤üµÖÖ •ÖÖµÖêÝÖÖ … Booklet will be replaced nor any extra time will be (iii) ‡ÃÖ •ÖÖÑ“Ö Ûêú ²ÖÖ¤ü OMR ¯Ö¡ÖÛú Ûúß ÛÎú´Ö ÃÖÓܵÖÖ ‡ÃÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ given. ¯Ö¸ü †Ó×ÛúŸÖ Ûú¸ü ¤ëü … (iii) After this verification is over, the OMR Sheet Number 4. (A), (B), (C) (D) should be entered on this Test Booklet. ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Ûêú ×»Ö‹ “ÖÖ¸ü ˆ¢Ö¸ü ×¾ÖÛú»¯Ö ŸÖ£ÖÖ ×¤üµÖê 4. Each item has four alternative responses marked (A), (B), (C) ÝÖµÖê Æïü … †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ÃÖÆüß ˆ¢Ö¸ü Ûêú ¾Öé¢Ö ÛúÖê ¯Öê®Ö ÃÖê ³Ö¸üÛú¸ü ÛúÖ»ÖÖ Ûú¸ü®ÖÖ Æîü and (D). You have to darken the circle as indicated below on •ÖîÃÖÖ ×Ûú ®Öß“Öê פüÜÖÖµÖÖ ÝÖµÖÖ Æîü … the correct response against each item. ˆ¤üÖÆü¸üÞÖ : Example : •Ö²Ö×Ûúú(C) ÃÖÆüß ˆ¢Ö¸ü Æîü … where (C) is the correct response. 5. ¯ÖÏ¿®ÖÖë Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü Ûêú¾Ö»Ö ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ûêú †®¤ü¸ü פüµÖê ÝÖµÖê OMR ¯Ö¡ÖÛú ¯Ö¸ü 5. Your responses to the items are to be indicated in the OMR Æüß †Ó×ÛúŸÖ Ûú¸ü®Öê Æïü … µÖפü †Ö¯Ö OMR ¯Ö¡ÖÛú ¯Ö¸ü פüµÖê ÝÖµÖê ¾Öé¢Ö Ûêú †»ÖÖ¾ÖÖ Sheet given inside the Booklet only. If you mark at any ×ÛúÃÖß †®µÖ ãÖÖ®Ö ¯Ö¸ü ˆ¢Ö¸ü דÖÅ®ÖÖÓ×ÛúŸÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê Æïü, ŸÖÖê ˆÃÖÛúÖ ´Ö滵ÖÖÓÛú®Ö place other than in the circle in the OMR Sheet, it will not be ®ÖÆüà ÆüÖêÝÖÖ … evaluated. 6. †®¤ü¸ü פüµÖê ÝÖµÖê ×®Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖë ÛúÖê ¬µÖÖ®Ö¯Öæ¾ÖÔÛú ¯ÖœÌëü … 6. Read instructions given inside carefully. 7. Ûú““ÖÖ ÛúÖ´Ö (Rough Work) ‡ÃÖ ¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ûêú †×®ŸÖ´Ö ¯Öéšü ¯Ö¸ü Ûú¸ëü … 7. Rough Work is to be done in the end of this booklet. 8. µÖפü †Ö¯Ö OMR ¯Ö¡ÖÛú ¯Ö¸ü ×®ÖµÖŸÖ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö Ûêú †»ÖÖ¾ÖÖ †¯Ö®ÖÖ ®ÖÖ´Ö, ¸üÖê»Ö 8. If you write your Name, Roll Number, Phone Number or put ®Ö´²Ö¸ü, ±úÖê®Ö ®Ö´²Ö¸ü µÖÖ ÛúÖê‡Ô ³Öß ‹êÃÖÖ ×“ÖÅ®Ö ×•ÖÃÖÃÖê †Ö¯ÖÛúß ¯ÖÆü“ÖÖ®Ö ÆüÖê any mark on any part of the OMR Sheet, except for the space ÃÖÛêú, †Ó×ÛúŸÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê Æïü †£Ö¾ÖÖ †³Ö¦ü ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ÛúÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê Æïü, µÖÖ ÛúÖê‡Ô allotted for the relevant entries, which may disclose your †®µÖ †®Öã×“ÖŸÖ ÃÖÖ¬Ö®Ö ÛúÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê Æïü, •ÖîÃÖê ×Ûú †Ó×ÛúŸÖ ×ÛúµÖê ÝÖµÖê identity, or use abusive language or employ any other unfair ˆ¢Ö¸ü ÛúÖê ×´Ö™üÖ®ÖÖ µÖÖ ÃÖ±êú¤ü õÖÖÆüß ÃÖê ²Ö¤ü»Ö®ÖÖ ŸÖÖê ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ Ûêú ×»ÖµÖê means such as change of response by scratching or using †µÖÖêÝµÖ ‘ÖÖê×ÂÖŸÖ ×ÛúµÖê •ÖÖ ÃÖÛúŸÖê Æïü … white fluid, you will render yourself liable to disqualification. 9. You have to return the test question booklet and Original 9. †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ¯ŸÖ ÆüÖê®Öê ¯Ö¸ü ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ‹¾ÖÓ ´Öæ»Ö OMR ¯Ö¡ÖÛú OMR Sheet to the invigilators at the end of the examination ×®Ö¸üßõÖÛú ´ÖÆüÖê¤üµÖ ÛúÖê »ÖÖî™üÖ®ÖÖ †Ö¾Ö¿µÖÛú Æîü †Öî¸ü ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖׯŸÖ Ûêú ²ÖÖ¤ü compulsorily and must not carry it with you outside the ˆÃÖê †¯Ö®Öê ÃÖÖ£Ö ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ³Ö¾Ö®Ö ÃÖê ²ÖÖÆü¸ü ®Ö »ÖêÛú¸ü •ÖÖµÖë … ÆüÖ»ÖÖÓ×Ûú †Ö¯Ö Examination Hall. You are, however, allowed to carry original ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖׯŸÖ ¯Ö¸ü ´Öæ»Ö ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ŸÖ£ÖÖ OMR ¯Ö¡ÖÛú Ûúß ›ãü¯»ÖßÛêú™ü question booklet and duplicate copy of OMR Sheet on ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖ †¯Ö®Öê ÃÖÖ£Ö »Öê •ÖÖ ÃÖÛúŸÖê Æïü … conclusion of examination. 10. Ûêú¾Ö»Ö ®Öß»Öê/ÛúÖ»Öê ²ÖÖ»Ö ¯¾ÖÖ‡Õ™ü ¯Öê®Ö ÛúÖ Æüß ‡ÃŸÖê´ÖÖ»Ö Ûú¸ëü … 10. Use only Blue/Black Ball point pen. 11. ×ÛúÃÖß ³Öß ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ÛúÖ ÃÖÓÝÖÞÖÛú (Ûîú»ÖÛãú»Öê™ü¸ü) µÖÖ »ÖÖÝÖ ™êü²Ö»Ö †Öפü ÛúÖ 11. Use of any calculator or log table etc., is prohibited. ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ ¾ÖÙ•ÖŸÖ Æîü … 12. There is no negative marks for incorrect answers. 12. ÝÖ»ÖŸÖ ˆ¢Ö¸üÖë Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ÛúÖê‡Ô ®ÖÛúÖ¸üÖŸ´ÖÛú †ÓÛú ®ÖÆüà Æïü … J-91-14 1 P.T.O. PRAKRIT ¯ÖÏÖ éúŸÖ Paper – III ¯ÖÞÆü¯Ö¢ÖÓ – III ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö¯Ö¡Ö – III Note : This paper contains Seventy Five (75) objective type questions, each question carrying two (2) marks. Attempt all the questions. ®ÖÖê™ü : ‡´Ö×´´Ö ¯ÖÞÆü¯Ö¢Öê ¯ÖÓ“ÖÃÖ¢Ö¸üß (75) ²ÖÆãü×¾ÖÛúׯ¯ÖµÖÖ×ÞÖ ¯ÖÞÆüÖ×ÞÖ ÃÖ×®ŸÖ … ¯Ö¢ÖêÝÖÓ ¯ÖÞÆÓü ¤ãü¾Öê (2) †ÓÛúÃÃÖ †×Ÿ£Ö … ÃÖ¾¾ÖÖ×ÞÖ ¯ÖÞÆüÖ×ÞÖ ÛúÖ׸üµÖÖ×ÞÖ ×¢Ö … ®ÖÖê™ü : ‡ÃÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö¯Ö¡Ö ´Öë ¯Ö“ÖÆü¢Ö¸ü (75) ²ÖÆãü-×¾ÖÛú»¯ÖßµÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Æïü … ¯ÖÏŸµÖêÛú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Ûêú ¤üÖê (2) †ÓÛú Æïü … ÃÖ³Öß ¯ÖÏ¿®ÖÖë Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ¤üßו֋ … 1. This language is considered to be the 5. The nature of the personality of basis in the development of the ‘Śak āra’ in M acchaka ikam is Rajasth ān language - ´Öé“”ûÛú×™üÛÓú Ûêú ¯ÖÖ¡Ö ‘¿ÖÛúÖ¸ü’ Ûêú ¾µÖ׌ŸÖŸ¾Ö ÛúÖ ¸üÖ•ÖãÖÖ®Öß ³ÖÖÂÖÖ Ûêú ×¾ÖÛúÖÃÖ ´Öë ‡ÃÖ ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ÛúÖê ¯ÖÏ´ÖãÜÖ Ã¾Ö³ÖÖ¾Ö Æîü - ¯ÖÏ´ÖãÜÖ †Ö¬ÖÖ¸ü ´ÖÖ®ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖ Æîü - (A) †ÃÖ´²Ö¨ü ¯ÖÏ»ÖÖ¯Ö Ûú¸ü®ÖÖ (A) †¯Ö³ÖÏÓ¿Ö (B) ŸÖ×´Ö»Ö (B) ‘Ö´ÖÞ›ü¸ü×ÆüŸÖ Ûú£Ö®Ö Ûú¸ü®ÖÖ (C) Ûú®®Ö›Ìü (D) ¾ÖîפüÛú ³ÖÖÂÖÖ (C) ¤üµÖÖ»ÖãŸÖÖ 2. The earliest names of these two (D) ¯Ö¸üÖÛÎú´Öß ÆüÖê®ÖÖ languages of the middle period are 6. The H āth gumph ā inscription begins found in the Kuvalayam ālākahao – with Ûãú¾Ö»ÖµÖ´ÖÖ»ÖÖÛúÆüÖ ´Öë ‡®Ö ¤üÖê ´Ö¬µÖµÖãÝÖß®Ö ³ÖÖÂÖÖ†Öë ÆüÖ£ÖßÝÖãÓ±úÖ ×¿Ö»ÖÖ»ÖêÜÖ ‡ÃÖÃÖê ¯ÖÏÖ¸ü´³Ö ÆüÖêŸÖÖ Æîü Ûêú ¯ÖÏÖ¸ü×´³ÖÛú ®ÖÖ´Ö ×´Ö»ÖŸÖê Æïü - (A) ÞÖ´ÖÖê ˆÃÖÆüוÖÞÖÓ (A) ²ÖÓÝÖ»ÖÖ-ˆ×›ÌüµÖÖ (B) ´Ö¹ý-ÝÖã•ÖÔ¸ü (B) ÞÖ´ÖÖê †¸üÆÓüŸÖÖÞÖÓ (C) ´ÖÖÝÖ¬Öß-³ÖÖê•Ö¯Öã¸üß (D) ´Ö¸üÖšüß-ÛúÖëÛúÞÖß (C) ÞÖ´ÖÖê ŸÖ£ÖÖÝÖŸÖÖê ā 3. Pr krit verses are quoted as examples (D) ÞÖ´ÖÖê ³ÖÝÖ¾ÖŸÖÖê in this type of texts – ¯ÖÏÖÛéúŸÖ³ÖÖÂÖÖ Ûúß ÝÖÖ£ÖÖ†Öë ÛúÖ ˆ¨ü¸üÞÖ ¥ü™üÖ®ŸÖºþ¯Ö 7.
Recommended publications
  • ZEYLANICA a Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka
    ZEYLANICA A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka Asiff Hussein Second Edition: September 2014 ZEYLANICA. A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka ISBN 978-955-0028-04-7 © Asiff Hussein Printed by: Printel (Pvt) Ltd 21/11, 4 th Lane, Araliya Uyana Depanama, Pannipitiya Published by: Neptune Publications CONTENTS Chapter 1 Legendary peoples of Lanka Chapter 2 The Veddas, the aboriginal inhabitants of Lanka and their speech Chapter 3 The Origins of the Sinhalese nation and the Sinhala language Chapter 4 The Origins of the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Tamil language Chapter 5 The Sri Lankan Moors and their language Chapter 6 The Malays of Sri Lanka and the local Malay language Chapter 7 The Memons, a people of North Indian origin and their language Chapter 8 Peoples of European origin. The Portuguese and Dutch Burghers Chapter 9 The Kaffirs. A people of African origin Chapter 10 The Ahikuntaka. The Gypsies of Sri Lanka INTRODUCTORY NOTE The system of transliteration employed in the text, save for citations, is the standard method. Thus dots below letters represent retroflex sounds which are pronounced with the tip of the tongue striking the roof of the mouth further back than for dental sounds which are articulated by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth. Among the other sounds transliterated here c represents the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (as sounded in the English church ) and ś the palatal sibilant (as sounded in English sh ow ). The lingual which will be found occurring in Sanskrit words is similar in pronunciation to the palatal .
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of New York State Is Designed As a Resource for All Education Professionals, but with Particular Consideration to Those Who Work with Bilingual1 Students
    TTHE LLANGUAGES OF NNEW YYORK SSTATE:: A CUNY-NYSIEB GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS LUISANGELYN MOLINA, GRADE 9 ALEXANDER FFUNK This guide was developed by CUNY-NYSIEB, a collaborative project of the Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS) and the Ph.D. Program in Urban Education at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, and funded by the New York State Education Department. The guide was written under the direction of CUNY-NYSIEB's Project Director, Nelson Flores, and the Principal Investigators of the project: Ricardo Otheguy, Ofelia García and Kate Menken. For more information about CUNY-NYSIEB, visit www.cuny-nysieb.org. Published in 2012 by CUNY-NYSIEB, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, NY, NY 10016. [email protected]. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alexander Funk has a Bachelor of Arts in music and English from Yale University, and is a doctoral student in linguistics at the CUNY Graduate Center, where his theoretical research focuses on the semantics and syntax of a phenomenon known as ‘non-intersective modification.’ He has taught for several years in the Department of English at Hunter College and the Department of Linguistics and Communications Disorders at Queens College, and has served on the research staff for the Long-Term English Language Learner Project headed by Kate Menken, as well as on the development team for CUNY’s nascent Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context. Prior to his graduate studies, Mr. Funk worked for nearly a decade in education: as an ESL instructor and teacher trainer in New York City, and as a gym, math and English teacher in Barcelona.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Indian Legacy
    Medieval Indian Legacy Linguistic and Literary Monograph prepared for delivering the Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji Memorial Lecture on 6th May 2011 at IGNCA Medieval Indian Legacy Linguistic and Literary Indra Nath Choudhuri Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts New Delhi MEDIEVAL INDIAN LEGACY Linguistic and Literary ISBN: 978-93-80935-60-7 © Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, utilised in any form or by any means, electronic and mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission of the author and the publisher. First published in 2012 by INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL CENTRE FOR ARTS Janpath, New Delhi- 110001 (India) Designed and Printed in India by Aryan Books International, New Delhi Preface Let me first express my gratitude to IGNCA for the invitation which they gave me to deliver the most prestigious Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji Memorial Lecture, and now for publishing the lecture. What I came to know from the letter of Dr. V.S. Shukla of the Kalako‹a Division that over the years these lectures were delivered mostly by well-known linguists like Professor S.K.Verma, Professor D.P. Pattanayak, Professor S.R. Banerjee, Professor Vidya Niwas Mishra and Professor Uday Narayan Singh. I am not a linguist but a comparatist and that might have prompted the authorities to invite me particularly when Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji himself wrote a very seminal book on ‘Languages and Literatures of India’. The topic of my presentation was one of my choice, ‘The Medieval Indian Legacy: Linguistic and Literary’.
    [Show full text]
  • INDO-ABYAN VERNACULARS (Continued.) by Sir GEORGE GRIERSON, K.C.I.E
    INDO-ABYAN VERNACULARS (Continued.) By Sir GEORGE GRIERSON, K.C.I.E. CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL 47. We have completed our geographical survey of the Indo- Aryan Vernacular and their dialects. It has been seen that they have been divided into three families, a Midland, an Intermediate, and an Outer. We shall now consider the mutual relationship of these families, and it will be more convenient to consider their growth downwards from the source than to folloAv their course upstream. The treatment must necessarily be historical, but the portion dealing with those stages which preceded that of the Indo-Aryan Vernacular lies outside the frame of the present work, and my account of them will be as brief as is consistent with gaining a clear idea of the whole subject.1 48. The. earliest documents illustrating the language of the Indo-Aryans that we possess are the hj'mns of the Rg Veda. These hymns were composed at widely different times and in widely different localities, some in Arachosia and some in the country near the Jamna, but, owing to their having undergone a process of editing by those that compiled them into their present arrangement, they now show few easily recognizable traces of dialectic differences.2 On the other hand, it is certain that even at that early period " there must have existed a popular language which already differed widely in its phonetic aspect from the literary dialect ",s and that this folk-language varied so 1 It is necessary to explain that this chapter was originally drafted in the year 1898.
    [Show full text]
  • Demo of Sanskrit-Hindi SMT System
    Demo of Sanskrit-Hindi SMT System Rajneesh Pandey, Atul Kr. Ojha, Girish Nath Jha Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India {rajneeshp1988, shashwatup9k, girishjha}@gmail.com Abstract The demo proposal presents a Phrase based Sanskrit-Hindi (SaHiT) Statistical Machine Translation system. The system has been developed on Moses. 43k sentences of Sanskrit-Hindi parallel corpus and 56k sentences of a monolingual corpus in the target language (Hindi) have been used. This system gives 57 BLEU score. Keywords: Machine translation, SMT, corpus, evaluation, Sanskrit and Hindi, SaHiT 1. Introduction 2. Description of Moses based SaHiT Sanskrit and Hindi belong to an Indo-Aryan language MT System family. Hindi is considered to be a direct descendant of an early form of Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit and The first step was the creation of parallel (Sanskrit- 1 speaker in India. Today Hindi is widely spoken across Hindi) corpus and monolingual corpus of the target the country as well as in some parts of countries like language (Hindi). We prepared 43k sentences. Out of Mauritius etc. According to the Census of 20011, India 43k, 25k sentences were collected from the Dept. of 4 has more than 378,000,000 Hindi speakers. Public Relation , Madhya Pradesh (MP) government The knowledge or information source can be accessed and rests of the data were manually translated. The next by users through translation of the texts from Sanskrit to step was the collection of a monolingual corpus and 56k other languages. Development of a Machine Translation sentences were crawled. The detailed statistics are (MT) system like Sanskrit-Hindi (SaHiT) MT can presented below (Table 1): provide faster and easy solution for this task.
    [Show full text]
  • TFM Itziarmtzdeantonana.Pdf (665.2Kb)
    " A typological and areal approach to Konkani grammar " A project work submitted to the Faculty of Arts of the University of the Basque Country in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics by Itziar Mtz. de Antoñana Vitoria-Gasteiz June 24th, 2015 1/85 Index I. Introduction.................................................................................................... 5 I.1. About the Konkani language.............................................................. 5 I.1.1. Scope of this study.............................................................. 5 I.1.2. Dialects of Konkani............................................................. 9 I.1.3. Literary Konkani.................................................................. 12 I.2. General typological description.......................................................... 13 I.2.1. Phonology............................................................................ 14 a) Vowels and consonants................................................. 14 i. Vowel and consonantal system........................... 14 ii. Consonant/vowel ratio....................................... 15 iii. Nasality............................................................. 15 b) Suprasegmental features and prosody........................... 15 i. Quantity and syllable structure........................... 15 ii. Accentual type & intonation............................. 16 iii. Vowels in contact............................................. 16 I.2.2. Morphology.........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Südasien and Manageable Corpus, Strnad Selected Just One Hundred Songs from the Total of 370 Contained in the Codex
    Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 2017; 112(4–5): 416–442 NāthꞋyogīs contributed. In order to create a transparent Südasien and manageable corpus, Strnad selected just one hundred songs from the total of 370 contained in the codex. In- Strnad, Jaroslav: Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī. spired by the edition of Callewaert and the criteria that Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr Vānī Poems author had proposed for establishing the relative period from Rājasthān. Leiden/Boston: Brill 2013. XXIV, 573 S. 8° when a song became popular in the Kabīr tradition, Strnad = Brillʼs Indological Library 45. Hartbd. € 146,00. ISBN does not take account of the couplets (sākhīs) that also 978-90-04-25112-0. form part of the codex. These might have made the lin- guistic task even more complex, as is suggested by other Bespr. von Monika Horstmann, Heidelberg/Deutschland, E-Mail: [email protected] Sant sākhī-oeuvres. Strnad targets especially a student readership wishing to familiarise themselves with pre- https://doi.org/10.1515/olzg-2017-0133 modern ‘Hindiʼ of the Sadhukkaṙī type, and he aspires to devise a tool for them that – in the words of Miltner – The major lines of tradition that transmitted the work as- makes the “process of interpretation … very simple and cribed to Kabīr were that of the Ādigranth, the Dādūpanthī requires minimal brainwork” (Strnad, p. 5). This disarm- tradition of Rajasthan, and the Bījak tradition of the Ka- ing stance inherited from Miltner stands in stark contrast bīrꞋpanth. The so far oldest available manuscript in the with the enormous brainwork undertaken by the author, Dādūpanthī tradition is a codex dated respectively VS which brought forth a book by far exceeding a presenta- 1678/1621 CE and VS 1671/1614 CE (in this sequence) in two tion ad usum delphini.
    [Show full text]
  • PRAKRIT TIMES an International Innovative E-Newsletter Year 1: Volume II – 2020 an In
    An International Innovative E-Newsletter PRAKRIT TIMES An International Innovative E-Newsletter Year 1: Volume II – 2020 An In PRAKRIT TIMES An Effort to Re-Enrich India’s Endangered Ancient Prakrit Language Editor : Dr. Arihant Kumar Jain ‘णमो जिणाणं’ Happy Akshaya Tritiya to All, Thank you so much for this Positive, Encouraging and Overwhelming response for "Prakrit Times". It means a lot to this little effort. I hope 'PRAKRIT TIMES' continues to receive your Guidance and Blessings even further. Volume II - 2020 An International Innovative E-Newsletter PRAKRIT TIMES An In Grand Release of "Prakrit Times” Newsletter in Various Academic Institutions of India 'Prakrit Times' Newsletter was grandly released in many Academic Institutions and Universi- ties of the country. Firstly it was released at Holy Place Ahimsa Sthal, New Delhi in front of Bhagwan Mahaveer in the presence of Renowned Scholars like Prof. Veersagar Jain, Prof. Anekant Kumar Jain, Dr. Indu Jain Rashtragaurav and many eminent personalities of Jain Samaj. Where everyone applauded this introduction of 'Prakrit Times' with one voice. After the release, everyone congratulated the editor Dr. Arihant Kumar Jain for 'Prakrit Times' and also praised his efforts. Prakrit Times also released by Uttar Pradesh Jain Vidya Shodh Sansthan, Culture Department, Lucknow U.P. in the presence of several dignitaries. This was done on the occasion of a seminar on the topic "Ahimsa our National Culture" at the International Buddhist Institute's Auditorium on the 29th foundation day of the Institute. The chief guest of this seminar, Presidential Awardee Prof. Phoolchanda Jain Premi said that the true nature of non-violence was reflected in Indian culture.
    [Show full text]
  • LANGUAGES of INDIA WHITE PAPER Languages of India I
    LANGUAGES OF INDIA WHITE PAPER Languages of India i About Andovar Andovar is a global provider of multilingual content solutions. Our services range from text translation and content creation, through audio and video recording, to turnkey localization of websites, software, eLearning and games. Our headquarters is in Singapore, and offices in Thailand, Colombia, USA and India. About This White Paper Andovar opened an office in Kolkata in 2014 to better serve our international clients and to add Indian language translation and audio recording to our suite of services. This white paper is an attempt to understand the localization situation when it comes to the major languages spoken in India. This has proven to be a challenging task. Not only are there dozens of languages and over ten scripts in everyday use in India, but it is also a rapidly developing country, with a huge and growing economy and new intiatives related to languages, encoding and translation technology support appear almost monthly. Not much has been written to date to give a holistic overview of the localization landscape and hopefully this white paper will be a useful reference to language professionals, even if it is far from perfect. As such, there may be mistakes or missing information which will be added in future updates. Please contact [email protected] with any questions or suggestions. The data on number or speakers and native speakers of Indian languages is unreliable, with different sources following different conventions when deciding what is a language and what is merely a dialect*. Our first source is the Indian Census from 2001 (www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/), which provided comprehensive information about the whole country, but is now outdated.
    [Show full text]
  • NMT Based Similar Language Translation for Hindi - Marathi
    NMT based Similar Language Translation for Hindi - Marathi Vandan Mujadia and Dipti Misra Sharma Machine Translation - Natural Language Processing Lab Language Technologies Research Centre Kohli Center on Intelligent Systems International Institute of Information Technology - Hyderabad [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Data Sents Token Type Hindi (Parallel) 38,246 7.6M 39K This paper describes the participation of team Marathi (Parallel) 38,246 5.6M 66K F1toF6 (LTRC, IIIT-Hyderabad) for the WMT Hindi (Mono) 80M - - 2020 task, similar language translation. We Marathi (Mono) 3.2M - - experimented with attention based recurrent neural network architecture (seq2seq) for this Table 1: Hindi-Marathi WMT2020 Training data task. We explored the use of different lin- guistic features like POS and Morph along with back translation for Hindi-Marathi and translation. Marathi-Hindi machine translation. This paper describes our experiments for the 1 Introduction task of similar language translation of WMT-2020. We focused only on Hindi-Marathi language pair Machine Translation (MT) is the field of Natural for the translation task (both directions). The Language Processing which aims to translate origin of these two languages are the same as they a text from one natural language (i.e Hindi) to are Indo-aryan languages(wikipedia, 2020). Hindi another (i.e Marathi). The meaning of the resulting is said to have evolved from Sauraseni Prakrit translated text must be fully preserved as the (wikipedia Hindi, 2020) whereas Marathi is said to source text in the target language. have evolved from Maharashtri Prakrit (wikipedia Marathi, 2020). They also have evolved as two For the translation task, different types of ma- major languages in different regions of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Assamese Cotton University
    P.G. 3RD SEMESTER SYLLABUS: DEPARTMENT OF ASSAMESE COTTON UNIVERSITY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Paper: ASM 901C INTRODUCTION TO WESTERN LITERARY THEORY Total Credit: 04 Objective: This Course is designed to give the students a general idea of certain popular and influential western literary and politico-cultural theories. It will also be examined here how these theories have made their presence felt in different genres of Assamese literature. Unit I: Classicism : Introduction, Characteristics and Brief History (Special reference to Aristotle, Horace and Longinus) Romanticism: Introduction, Characteristics and Brief History (Special reference to Immanuel Kant, George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Assamese literature) Unit II: Modernism : Introduction, Characteristics and Brief History (Special reference to symbolism, imagism, realism and Assamese literature) Postmodernism : Introduction, Characteristics and Brief History (Special reference to structuralism, deconstruction, death of the author and Assamese literature) Unit III: Socialism & Communism : Introduction, Characteristics and Brief History (Special reference to dialectical materialism, historical materialism, Marxist literary criticism and Assamese literature) Unit IV: Feminism & Ecocriticism : Introduction, Characteristics and Brief History (Special
    [Show full text]
  • 8 the Gupta Kingdom
    ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 Origin and political history of the Guptas 8 THE GUPTA KINGDOM* K. Chakrabarti Contents Origin and political history of the Guptas ........................ 188 Social and economic conditions ............................. 193 Administration ..................................... 197 Religious life ...................................... 199 Literature ........................................ 201 Science ......................................... 202 Art and architecture ................................... 203 Origin and political history of the Guptas The political disintegration which followed the dissolution of the Kushan Empire continued up to the beginning of the fourth century. The Kushans still ruled over western Panjab, but they had ceased to exercise any authority further east. The Sakas ruled over Gujarat and a part of Malwa, but their power was also on the decline. The rest of northern India was divided into a number of small kingdoms and autonomous states. The origin of the Guptas is somewhat obscure. Many authorities on Gupta history believe that they came from Magadha or northern Bengal, which was the original nucleus of their empire. On the basis of the provenance of early Gupta coin hoards and the distri- bution of the important Gupta inscriptions, historians have now come to accept the lower Doab region as the original home of the Guptas. * See Map 4. 188 ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 Origin and political history of the Guptas From the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta we learn that while the first two kings of the Gupta dynasty were merely mahar¯ aja¯ s, Chandragupta I (c. 319/320–c. 335 or c. 350), the son and successor of the second king, Ghatotkaca (c. 280–c. 319), assumed the title of mahar¯ ajadhir¯ aja¯ .
    [Show full text]