Demo of Sanskrit-Hindi SMT System
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ZEYLANICA a Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka
ZEYLANICA A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka Asiff Hussein Second Edition: September 2014 ZEYLANICA. A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka ISBN 978-955-0028-04-7 © Asiff Hussein Printed by: Printel (Pvt) Ltd 21/11, 4 th Lane, Araliya Uyana Depanama, Pannipitiya Published by: Neptune Publications CONTENTS Chapter 1 Legendary peoples of Lanka Chapter 2 The Veddas, the aboriginal inhabitants of Lanka and their speech Chapter 3 The Origins of the Sinhalese nation and the Sinhala language Chapter 4 The Origins of the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Tamil language Chapter 5 The Sri Lankan Moors and their language Chapter 6 The Malays of Sri Lanka and the local Malay language Chapter 7 The Memons, a people of North Indian origin and their language Chapter 8 Peoples of European origin. The Portuguese and Dutch Burghers Chapter 9 The Kaffirs. A people of African origin Chapter 10 The Ahikuntaka. The Gypsies of Sri Lanka INTRODUCTORY NOTE The system of transliteration employed in the text, save for citations, is the standard method. Thus dots below letters represent retroflex sounds which are pronounced with the tip of the tongue striking the roof of the mouth further back than for dental sounds which are articulated by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth. Among the other sounds transliterated here c represents the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (as sounded in the English church ) and ś the palatal sibilant (as sounded in English sh ow ). The lingual which will be found occurring in Sanskrit words is similar in pronunciation to the palatal . -
Kannada Versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power and Subjugation Dr
================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 17:8 August 2017 UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 ================================================================ Kannada versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power and Subjugation Dr. Meti Mallikarjun =================================================================== Abstract This paper explores the sociolinguistic struggles and conflicts that have taken place in the context of confrontation between Kannada and Sanskrit. As a result, the dichotomy of the “enlightened” Sanskrit and “unenlightened” Kannada has emerged among Sanskrit-oriented scholars and philologists. This process of creating an asymmetrical relationship between Sanskrit and Kannada can be observed throughout the formation of the Kannada intellectual world. This constructed dichotomy impacted the Kannada world in such a way that without the intellectual resource of Sanskrit, the development of the Kannada intellectual world is considered quite impossible. This affirms that Sanskrit is inevitable for Kannada in every respect of its sociocultural and philosophical formations. This is a very simple contention, and consequently, Kannada has been suffering from “inferiority” both in the cultural and philosophical development contexts. In spite of the contributions of Prakrit and Pali languages towards Indian cultural history, the Indian cultural past is directly connected to and by and large limited to the aspects of Sanskrit culture and philosophy alone. The Sanskrit language per se could not have dominated or subjugated any of the Indian languages. But its power relations with religion and caste systems are mainly responsible for its domination over other Indian languages and cultures. Due to this sociolinguistic hegemonic structure, Sanskrit has become a language of domination, subjugation, ideology and power. This Sanskrit-centric tradition has created its own notion of poetics, grammar, language studies and cultural understandings. -
Social Transformation of Pakistan Under Urdu Language
Social Transformations in Contemporary Society, 2021 (9) ISSN 2345-0126 (online) SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF PAKISTAN UNDER URDU LANGUAGE Dr. Sohaib Mukhtar Bahria University, Pakistan [email protected] Abstract Urdu is the national language of Pakistan under article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. Urdu language is the first brick upon which whole building of Pakistan is built. In pronunciation both Hindi in India and Urdu in Pakistan are same but in script Indian choose their religious writing style Sanskrit also called Devanagari as Muslims of Pakistan choose Arabic script for writing Urdu language. Urdu language is based on two nation theory which is the basis of the creation of Pakistan. There are two nations in Indian Sub-continent (i) Hindu, and (ii) Muslims therefore Muslims of Indian sub- continent chanted for separate Muslim Land Pakistan in Indian sub-continent thus struggled for achieving separate homeland Pakistan where Muslims can freely practice their religious duties which is not possible in a country where non-Muslims are in majority thus Urdu which is derived from Arabic, Persian, and Turkish declared the national language of Pakistan as official language is still English thus steps are required to be taken at Government level to make Urdu as official language of Pakistan. There are various local languages of Pakistan mainly: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, Balti and it is fundamental right of all citizens of Pakistan under article 28 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 to protect, preserve, and promote their local languages and local culture but the national language of Pakistan is Urdu according to article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. -
Sanskrit Alphabet
Sounds Sanskrit Alphabet with sounds with other letters: eg's: Vowels: a* aa kaa short and long ◌ к I ii ◌ ◌ к kii u uu ◌ ◌ к kuu r also shows as a small backwards hook ri* rri* on top when it preceeds a letter (rpa) and a ◌ ◌ down/left bar when comes after (kra) lri lree ◌ ◌ к klri e ai ◌ ◌ к ke o au* ◌ ◌ к kau am: ah ◌ं ◌ः कः kah Consonants: к ka х kha ga gha na Ê ca cha ja jha* na ta tha Ú da dha na* ta tha Ú da dha na pa pha º ba bha ma Semivowels: ya ra la* va Sibilants: sa ш sa sa ha ksa** (**Compound Consonant. See next page) *Modern/ Hindi Versions a Other ऋ r ॠ rr La, Laa (retro) औ au aum (stylized) ◌ silences the vowel, eg: к kam झ jha Numero: ण na (retro) १ ५ ॰ la 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 @ Davidya.ca Page 1 Sounds Numero: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 १॰ ॰ १ २ ३ ४ ६ ७ varient: ५ ८ (shoonya eka- dva- tri- catúr- pancha- sás- saptán- astá- návan- dásan- = empty) works like our Arabic numbers @ Davidya.ca Compound Consanants: When 2 or more consonants are together, they blend into a compound letter. The 12 most common: jna/ tra ttagya dya ddhya ksa kta kra hma hna hva examples: for a whole chart, see: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari_conjuncts.php that page includes a download link but note the site uses the modern form Page 2 Alphabet Devanagari Alphabet : к х Ê Ú Ú º ш @ Davidya.ca Page 3 Pronounce Vowels T pronounce Consonants pronounce Semivowels pronounce 1 a g Another 17 к ka v Kit 42 ya p Yoga 2 aa g fAther 18 х kha v blocKHead -
Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English
English Language Teaching; Vol. 13, No. 5; 2020 ISSN 1916-4742 E-ISSN 1916-4750 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English Tania Ali Khan1 1Minhaj University/Department of English Language & Literature Lahore, Pakistan Correspondence: Tania Ali Khan, Minhaj University/Department of English Language & Literature Lahore, Pakistan Received: March 19, 2020 Accepted: April 18, 2020 Online Published: April 21, 2020 doi: 10.5539/elt.v13n5p49 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n5p49 Abstract Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd while using these words. Numerous studies are conducted on Pakistani English Vocabulary, yet a couple manage to deal with morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the morphological integration of Urdu loan words in Pakistani English. Another purpose of the study is to investigate the main reasons of this morphological integration process. The Qualitative research method is used in this study. Researcher prepares a sample list of 50 loan words for the analysis. These words are randomly chosen from the newspaper “The Dawn” since it is the most dispersed English language newspaper in Pakistan. Some words are selected from the Books and Novellas of Pakistani English fiction authors, and concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. -
Exploring Language Similarities with Dimensionality Reduction Techniques
EXPLORING LANGUAGE SIMILARITIES WITH DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION TECHNIQUES Sangarshanan Veeraraghavan Final Year Undergraduate VIT Vellore [email protected] Abstract In recent years several novel models were developed to process natural language, development of accurate language translation systems have helped us overcome geographical barriers and communicate ideas effectively. These models are developed mostly for a few languages that are widely used while other languages are ignored. Most of the languages that are spoken share lexical, syntactic and sematic similarity with several other languages and knowing this can help us leverage the existing model to build more specific and accurate models that can be used for other languages, so here I have explored the idea of representing several known popular languages in a lower dimension such that their similarities can be visualized using simple 2 dimensional plots. This can even help us understand newly discovered languages that may not share its vocabulary with any of the existing languages. 1. Introduction Language is a method of communication and ironically has long remained a communication barrier. Written representations of all languages look quite different but inherently share similarity between them. For example if we show a person with no knowledge of English alphabets a text in English and then in Spanish they might be oblivious to the similarity between them as they look like gibberish to them. There might also be several languages which may seem completely different to even experienced linguists but might share a subtle hidden similarity as they is a possibility that languages with no shared vocabulary might still have some similarity. -
An Augmented Translation Technique for Low Resource Language Pair: Sanskrit to Hindi Translation
An Augmented Translation Technique for low Resource Language pair: Sanskrit to Hindi translation RASHI KUMAR, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India PIYUSH JHA, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India VINEET SAHULA, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is an ongoing technique for Machine Translation (MT) using enormous artificial neural network. It has exhibited promising outcomes and has shown incredible potential in solving challenging machine translation exercises. One such exercise is the best approach to furnish great MT to language sets with a little preparing information. In this work, Zero Shot Translation (ZST) is inspected for a low resource language pair. By working on high resource language pairs for which benchmarks are available, namely Spanish to Portuguese, and training on data sets (Spanish-English and English-Portuguese) we prepare a state of proof for ZST system that gives appropriate results on the available data. Subsequently the same architecture is tested for Sanskrit to Hindi translation for which data is sparse, by training the model on English-Hindi and Sanskrit-English language pairs. In order to prepare and decipher with ZST system, we broaden the preparation and interpretation pipelines of NMT seq2seq model in tensorflow, incorporating ZST features. Dimensionality reduction ofword embedding is performed to reduce the memory usage for data storage and to achieve a faster training and translation cycles. In this work existing helpful technology has been utilized in an imaginative manner to execute our Natural Language Processing (NLP) issue of Sanskrit to Hindi translation. A Sanskrit-Hindi parallel corpus of 300 is constructed for testing. -
Languages of New York State Is Designed As a Resource for All Education Professionals, but with Particular Consideration to Those Who Work with Bilingual1 Students
TTHE LLANGUAGES OF NNEW YYORK SSTATE:: A CUNY-NYSIEB GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS LUISANGELYN MOLINA, GRADE 9 ALEXANDER FFUNK This guide was developed by CUNY-NYSIEB, a collaborative project of the Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS) and the Ph.D. Program in Urban Education at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, and funded by the New York State Education Department. The guide was written under the direction of CUNY-NYSIEB's Project Director, Nelson Flores, and the Principal Investigators of the project: Ricardo Otheguy, Ofelia García and Kate Menken. For more information about CUNY-NYSIEB, visit www.cuny-nysieb.org. Published in 2012 by CUNY-NYSIEB, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, NY, NY 10016. [email protected]. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alexander Funk has a Bachelor of Arts in music and English from Yale University, and is a doctoral student in linguistics at the CUNY Graduate Center, where his theoretical research focuses on the semantics and syntax of a phenomenon known as ‘non-intersective modification.’ He has taught for several years in the Department of English at Hunter College and the Department of Linguistics and Communications Disorders at Queens College, and has served on the research staff for the Long-Term English Language Learner Project headed by Kate Menken, as well as on the development team for CUNY’s nascent Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context. Prior to his graduate studies, Mr. Funk worked for nearly a decade in education: as an ESL instructor and teacher trainer in New York City, and as a gym, math and English teacher in Barcelona. -
Urdu and Linguistics: a Fraught but Evolving Relationship
elena bashir Urdu and Linguistics: A Fraught But Evolving Relationship 1. Introduction I was honored to be invited to give a talk at the Urdu Humanities Conference held in Madison, Wisconsin on 14 October 2010. However, when I thought about this, I wondered, ìHow can I present anything at a conference on Urdu humanities? I would be like a crow among the swans óa linguist among the literary scholars.î However, since I am a com- mitted, card-carrying crow, with no pretensions to being a swan yet admiring their beauty, I took my life in my hands and proceeded. This estrangement that I have felt between the worlds of Urdu scholarship and of linguistics is the theme of this paper. I will begin by describing the disconnect I have perceived between Urdu studies and linguistics, discuss what I see as some reasons for it, and end with what seems to be a rapprochement or a new phase of this relationship. Both ìUrduî and ìlinguisticsî are recent terms. ìUrduî was not in use as the name of a language until the latter half of the eighteenth century (Faruqi 2001, 23),1 the language which has become Urdu having previously been known by a variety of other names. Similarly, for ìlinguistics,î the term ìlinguisticî first appeared as a noun in the sense of ìthe science of languagesî or ìphilologyî in 1837, and its plural ìlinguisticsî appeared in this sense first in 1855 (Onions 1955, 1148), and did not come into wider use as name for this discipline until the latter part of the twentieth century.2 Therefore, this discussion will necessarily focus on 1Bailey (1939, 264) cites a couplet written in 1782 in which ìUrduî is used as the name of the language. -
Spotlight on Tamil
Heritage Voices: Languages Urdu ABOUT THE URDU LANGUAGE Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language that serves as the primary, secondary, or tertiary language of communication for millions of individuals in Pakistan, India, and sizable migrant communities in the Persian Gulf, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Syntactically Urdu and Hindi are identical, with Urdu incorporating a heavier loan vocabulary from Persian, Arabic, and Turkic and retaining the original spelling of words and sounds from these languages. Speakers of both languages are able to communicate with each other at an informal level without much difficulty. In more formal situations and in higher registers, the two languages diverge significantly. Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script called Nasta'liq, which was modified and expanded to incorporate a distinctively South Asian phonology. While Urdu is one of the world's leading languages of Muslim erudition, some of its leading protagonists have been Hindu and Sikh authors taking full advantage of Urdu's rich expressive medium. Urdu has developed a preeminent position in South Asia as a language of literary genius as well as a major medium of communication in the daily lives of people. It is an official language of Pakistan, where it is a link language and probably the most widely understood language across all regions, which also have their own languages (Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi, and Punjabi). It is also one of the national languages of India. Urdu is widely understood by Afghans in Pakistan and Afghanistan, who acquire the language through media, business, and family connections in Pakistan. Urdu serves as a lingua franca for many in South Asia, especially for Muslims. -
Correlative Clause Features in Sanskrit and Hindi/Urdu
CORRELATIVE CLAUSE FEATURES IN SANSKRIT AND HINDI/URDU Alice Davison, University of Iowa [email protected] 12-10-06 1. Introduction Correlative clauses represent a parametric variation on relative clauses, found in various related and unrelated languages (cf. Grosu 2002, den Dikken 2005) In this paper I explore how this parameter is realized over a period of some thousands of years in Indic languages. I contrast correlative clauses related finite clauses in the earliest Indic language which is attested, the Sanskrit of the Rg Veda and early Sanskrit prose, with corresponding subordinate clauses in a modern Indic language, Hindi/Urdu. There is remarkable lexical continuity, in that the relative determiners are formally distinct from the interrogatives. Sanskrit has only one dependent clause type, the correlative construction, which corresponds to three kinds of subordinate clause in Hindi/Urdu: correlative clauses, complement clauses, and conditional/adverbial clauses. This comparison allows some exploration of how languages divided in time share a specific parameter (Gianollo et al, to appear), and to what degree they diverge. The two language have many common lexical and structural properties. But by many syntactic and semantic criteria, the correlative clauses in the two languages are sharply different. In Vedic Sanskrit, correlative clauses are loosely and paratactically related to another clause, while in Hindi/Urdu, the relation between a correlative clause and the other ‘host’ clause is very closely constrained, and dependent clauses are syntactically different from main clauses. I propose some formal features which form links between adjoined clauses, and guide semantic interpretation. This sequence of historical changes, which took place at some point between Vedic Sanskrit and the modern languages, involves the grammaticization of a semantic predicational feature, so that what was a default feature becomes a lexical feature of relative Ds. -
Krishnadeva, a Fresh Transliteration Scheme
KRISHNADHEVA SCRIPT – Transliteration Scheme for Indian Languages to English N. Krishnamurthy 1. INTRODUCTION For the thousands of years that Devanagari has existed, millions have used it, mainly to chant Sanskrit (or other Devanagari-script based) prayers and scriptures. Devanagari is the script, and it is used for many languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, and Marathi. Many do not know the Devanagari script, but have access to its transliterations into a language they know. Of these, a number of South Indian languages, such as Kannada, Malayalam and Telugu, based on Devanagari, have very similar alphabet sets with almost identical sounds. To them the transliterated versions would have been faithful reproductions of the original. However for those who did not know such Devanagari-based languages, or who did not have the transliterations available, the next recourse was to use the English language script. The author of this paper learnt Sanskrit at home from a priest as a boy, and had Sanskrit as second language in his undergraduate days. He also studied some Hindu scriptures in the Devanagari script, and formally studied a small portion of the Veda-s through a Guru. Problems with Devanagari-related languages: Many adjustments and accommodations have been made to reflect the sounds of Devanagari, such as the following (see Comparison Table at end): . The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) includes the following conventions: "i", "u", etc. with a bar above it, to represent the long "i", "u", etc. "t", "d", and "s" with a dot underneath each, to represent the sound "t", "d", and "sh", while without the dot, they would represent, "th", "dh" and "s".