Correlative Clause Features in Sanskrit and Hindi/Urdu
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Kannada Versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power and Subjugation Dr
================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 17:8 August 2017 UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 ================================================================ Kannada versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power and Subjugation Dr. Meti Mallikarjun =================================================================== Abstract This paper explores the sociolinguistic struggles and conflicts that have taken place in the context of confrontation between Kannada and Sanskrit. As a result, the dichotomy of the “enlightened” Sanskrit and “unenlightened” Kannada has emerged among Sanskrit-oriented scholars and philologists. This process of creating an asymmetrical relationship between Sanskrit and Kannada can be observed throughout the formation of the Kannada intellectual world. This constructed dichotomy impacted the Kannada world in such a way that without the intellectual resource of Sanskrit, the development of the Kannada intellectual world is considered quite impossible. This affirms that Sanskrit is inevitable for Kannada in every respect of its sociocultural and philosophical formations. This is a very simple contention, and consequently, Kannada has been suffering from “inferiority” both in the cultural and philosophical development contexts. In spite of the contributions of Prakrit and Pali languages towards Indian cultural history, the Indian cultural past is directly connected to and by and large limited to the aspects of Sanskrit culture and philosophy alone. The Sanskrit language per se could not have dominated or subjugated any of the Indian languages. But its power relations with religion and caste systems are mainly responsible for its domination over other Indian languages and cultures. Due to this sociolinguistic hegemonic structure, Sanskrit has become a language of domination, subjugation, ideology and power. This Sanskrit-centric tradition has created its own notion of poetics, grammar, language studies and cultural understandings. -
The Generative Lexicon
The Generative Lexicon James Pustejovsky" Computer Science Department Brandeis University In this paper, I will discuss four major topics relating to current research in lexical seman- tics: methodology, descriptive coverage, adequacy of the representation, and the computational usefulness of representations. In addressing these issues, I will discuss what I think are some of the central problems facing the lexical semantics community, and suggest ways of best ap- proaching these issues. Then, I will provide a method for the decomposition of lexical categories and outline a theory of lexical semantics embodying a notion of cocompositionality and type coercion, as well as several levels of semantic description, where the semantic load is spread more evenly throughout the lexicon. I argue that lexical decomposition is possible if it is per- formed generatively. Rather than assuming a fixed set of primitives, I will assume a fixed number of generative devices that can be seen as constructing semantic expressions. I develop a theory of Qualia Structure, a representation language for lexical items, which renders much lexical ambiguity in the lexicon unnecessary, while still explaining the systematic polysemy that words carry. Finally, I discuss how individual lexical structures can be integrated into the larger lexical knowledge base through a theory of lexical inheritance. This provides us with the necessary principles of global organization for the lexicon, enabling us to fully integrate our natural language lexicon into a conceptual whole. 1. Introduction I believe we have reached an interesting turning point in research, where linguistic studies can be informed by computational tools for lexicology as well as an appre- ciation of the computational complexity of large lexical databases. -
Property Modifiers
Property Modifiers Marie Duží and Michal Fait VSB-Technical University Ostrava, Department of Computer Science FEI, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. In this paper, we deal with property modifiers defined as func- tions that associate a given root property P with a modified property [MP]. Property modifiers typically divide into four kinds, namely intersective, subsective, privative and modal. Here we do not deal with modal modi- fiers like alleged, which appear to be well-nigh logically lawless, because, for instance, an alleged assassin is or is not an assassin. The goal of this paper is to logically define the three remaining kinds of modifiers. Fur- thermore, we introduce the rule of pseudo-detachment as the rule of left subsectivity to replace the modifier M in the premise by the property M* in the conclusion, and prove that this rule is valid for all kinds of modifiers. Furthermore, it is defined in a way that avoids paradoxes like that a small elephant is smaller than a large mouse. Key words: Property modifier, subsective, intersective, privative, the rule of pseudo-detachment, Transparent intensional logic, TIL, intensional essentialism 1 Introduction We introduce a logic of property modifiers modelled as a mapping from proper- ties to properties, such that the result of the application of a modifier to a property is another property. This is because the result of modification does not depend on the state of the world, nor on time. For instance, if one applies the modifier Skilful to the property Surgeon, they obtain the property of being a skilful surgeon. -
Social Transformation of Pakistan Under Urdu Language
Social Transformations in Contemporary Society, 2021 (9) ISSN 2345-0126 (online) SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF PAKISTAN UNDER URDU LANGUAGE Dr. Sohaib Mukhtar Bahria University, Pakistan [email protected] Abstract Urdu is the national language of Pakistan under article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. Urdu language is the first brick upon which whole building of Pakistan is built. In pronunciation both Hindi in India and Urdu in Pakistan are same but in script Indian choose their religious writing style Sanskrit also called Devanagari as Muslims of Pakistan choose Arabic script for writing Urdu language. Urdu language is based on two nation theory which is the basis of the creation of Pakistan. There are two nations in Indian Sub-continent (i) Hindu, and (ii) Muslims therefore Muslims of Indian sub- continent chanted for separate Muslim Land Pakistan in Indian sub-continent thus struggled for achieving separate homeland Pakistan where Muslims can freely practice their religious duties which is not possible in a country where non-Muslims are in majority thus Urdu which is derived from Arabic, Persian, and Turkish declared the national language of Pakistan as official language is still English thus steps are required to be taken at Government level to make Urdu as official language of Pakistan. There are various local languages of Pakistan mainly: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, Balti and it is fundamental right of all citizens of Pakistan under article 28 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 to protect, preserve, and promote their local languages and local culture but the national language of Pakistan is Urdu according to article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. -
Sanskrit Alphabet
Sounds Sanskrit Alphabet with sounds with other letters: eg's: Vowels: a* aa kaa short and long ◌ к I ii ◌ ◌ к kii u uu ◌ ◌ к kuu r also shows as a small backwards hook ri* rri* on top when it preceeds a letter (rpa) and a ◌ ◌ down/left bar when comes after (kra) lri lree ◌ ◌ к klri e ai ◌ ◌ к ke o au* ◌ ◌ к kau am: ah ◌ं ◌ः कः kah Consonants: к ka х kha ga gha na Ê ca cha ja jha* na ta tha Ú da dha na* ta tha Ú da dha na pa pha º ba bha ma Semivowels: ya ra la* va Sibilants: sa ш sa sa ha ksa** (**Compound Consonant. See next page) *Modern/ Hindi Versions a Other ऋ r ॠ rr La, Laa (retro) औ au aum (stylized) ◌ silences the vowel, eg: к kam झ jha Numero: ण na (retro) १ ५ ॰ la 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 @ Davidya.ca Page 1 Sounds Numero: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 १॰ ॰ १ २ ३ ४ ६ ७ varient: ५ ८ (shoonya eka- dva- tri- catúr- pancha- sás- saptán- astá- návan- dásan- = empty) works like our Arabic numbers @ Davidya.ca Compound Consanants: When 2 or more consonants are together, they blend into a compound letter. The 12 most common: jna/ tra ttagya dya ddhya ksa kta kra hma hna hva examples: for a whole chart, see: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari_conjuncts.php that page includes a download link but note the site uses the modern form Page 2 Alphabet Devanagari Alphabet : к х Ê Ú Ú º ш @ Davidya.ca Page 3 Pronounce Vowels T pronounce Consonants pronounce Semivowels pronounce 1 a g Another 17 к ka v Kit 42 ya p Yoga 2 aa g fAther 18 х kha v blocKHead -
Intersective Entailments with Adverbials?
Class 4 Modification and Events Modifiers in syntax Modifier = constituent that doesn’t change syntactic category of its sister. happy – adjective (phrase) very happy – adjective phrase (AP) very is an AP modifier women – noun (phrase) tall women – noun phrase (NP) tall is an NP modifier (adnominal) More examples? ran quickly – verb phrase (VP) modifier (adverb, adverbial) very quickly – (also) adverb modifier Further? men in the kitchen, men who knit, men and/or women, almost every man Semantics: Modifier Functions Modifier function = a function of type aa. happy – et very happy – et very – (et )( et ) very denotes a modifier function women – et tall women – et tall – (et )( et ) every man – (et )t Alternatively: almost every man – (et )t every – (et )(( et )t) almost – (( et )t)(( et )t) almost every – (et )(( et )t) almost – (( et )(( et )t))(( et )(( et )t)) Syntax-Semantics Hypothesis: All modifiers in syntax denote modifier functions. [ In categorial grammar: Type(N)=et Type(N N)=(et)(et) Type(NP)=(et)t Type(NP NP)=((et)t)((et)t) In general: Type(X X) = (Type(X))(Type(X)) ] But what denotations should modifier functions have? Intersective adnominal modifiers [[ fast cars ]] = car ∩ fast [[ houses in England ]] = house ∩ in_England [[ houses where I lived ]] = house ∩ { x∈E : live_in(I,x) } A function F of type ( et )( et ) is an intersective modifier if there is a set of entities B s.t. for every function get characterizing a set A, the et function F(g) characterizes the set A∩B. Adverbials – similarity to adnominals Adnominals Adverbials Adjectives/ Adverbs fast cars ate fast Preposition Phrases houses in England ate in England Relative Clauses houses where I lived ate where I lived Question: Can we treat adverbials as intersective modifiers? Common answer: - Surely not as (et)(et) modifiers. -
Redalyc.Property Modifiers and Intensional Essentialism
Computación y Sistemas ISSN: 1405-5546 [email protected] Instituto Politécnico Nacional México Duží, Marie Property Modifiers and Intensional Essentialism Computación y Sistemas, vol. 21, núm. 4, 2017, pp. 601-613 Instituto Politécnico Nacional Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61553900004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative ISSN 2007-9737 Property Modifiers and Intensional Essentialism Marie Duží VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Department of Computer Science, Czech Republic [email protected] Abstract. In this paper, I deal with property modifiers characteristic function from individuals to truth- defined as functions that associate a given root property values. So, for an individual to instantiate a P with a modified property [M P]. Property modifiers property, whether modified or not, is to be an typically divide into four kinds, namely intersective, element of its extension at a given world and time. subsective, privative and modal. Here I do not deal with The novel contribution of this paper is a new modal modifiers like alleged, which appear to be well- nigh logically lawless, because, for instance, an alleged definition of subsective and privative modifiers in assassin is or is not an assassin. The goal of this paper terms of intensional essentialism. is to logically define the three remaining kinds of Kamp’s seminal [9] seeks to draw a line modifiers together with the rule of left subsectivity that I between those adjectives whose meaning is a launch as the rule of pseudo-detachment to replace the property and those adjectives whose meaning is a modifier M in the premise by the property M* in the function that maps properties to properties. -
Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English
English Language Teaching; Vol. 13, No. 5; 2020 ISSN 1916-4742 E-ISSN 1916-4750 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English Tania Ali Khan1 1Minhaj University/Department of English Language & Literature Lahore, Pakistan Correspondence: Tania Ali Khan, Minhaj University/Department of English Language & Literature Lahore, Pakistan Received: March 19, 2020 Accepted: April 18, 2020 Online Published: April 21, 2020 doi: 10.5539/elt.v13n5p49 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n5p49 Abstract Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd while using these words. Numerous studies are conducted on Pakistani English Vocabulary, yet a couple manage to deal with morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the morphological integration of Urdu loan words in Pakistani English. Another purpose of the study is to investigate the main reasons of this morphological integration process. The Qualitative research method is used in this study. Researcher prepares a sample list of 50 loan words for the analysis. These words are randomly chosen from the newspaper “The Dawn” since it is the most dispersed English language newspaper in Pakistan. Some words are selected from the Books and Novellas of Pakistani English fiction authors, and concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. -
Exploring Language Similarities with Dimensionality Reduction Techniques
EXPLORING LANGUAGE SIMILARITIES WITH DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION TECHNIQUES Sangarshanan Veeraraghavan Final Year Undergraduate VIT Vellore [email protected] Abstract In recent years several novel models were developed to process natural language, development of accurate language translation systems have helped us overcome geographical barriers and communicate ideas effectively. These models are developed mostly for a few languages that are widely used while other languages are ignored. Most of the languages that are spoken share lexical, syntactic and sematic similarity with several other languages and knowing this can help us leverage the existing model to build more specific and accurate models that can be used for other languages, so here I have explored the idea of representing several known popular languages in a lower dimension such that their similarities can be visualized using simple 2 dimensional plots. This can even help us understand newly discovered languages that may not share its vocabulary with any of the existing languages. 1. Introduction Language is a method of communication and ironically has long remained a communication barrier. Written representations of all languages look quite different but inherently share similarity between them. For example if we show a person with no knowledge of English alphabets a text in English and then in Spanish they might be oblivious to the similarity between them as they look like gibberish to them. There might also be several languages which may seem completely different to even experienced linguists but might share a subtle hidden similarity as they is a possibility that languages with no shared vocabulary might still have some similarity. -
An Augmented Translation Technique for Low Resource Language Pair: Sanskrit to Hindi Translation
An Augmented Translation Technique for low Resource Language pair: Sanskrit to Hindi translation RASHI KUMAR, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India PIYUSH JHA, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India VINEET SAHULA, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is an ongoing technique for Machine Translation (MT) using enormous artificial neural network. It has exhibited promising outcomes and has shown incredible potential in solving challenging machine translation exercises. One such exercise is the best approach to furnish great MT to language sets with a little preparing information. In this work, Zero Shot Translation (ZST) is inspected for a low resource language pair. By working on high resource language pairs for which benchmarks are available, namely Spanish to Portuguese, and training on data sets (Spanish-English and English-Portuguese) we prepare a state of proof for ZST system that gives appropriate results on the available data. Subsequently the same architecture is tested for Sanskrit to Hindi translation for which data is sparse, by training the model on English-Hindi and Sanskrit-English language pairs. In order to prepare and decipher with ZST system, we broaden the preparation and interpretation pipelines of NMT seq2seq model in tensorflow, incorporating ZST features. Dimensionality reduction ofword embedding is performed to reduce the memory usage for data storage and to achieve a faster training and translation cycles. In this work existing helpful technology has been utilized in an imaginative manner to execute our Natural Language Processing (NLP) issue of Sanskrit to Hindi translation. A Sanskrit-Hindi parallel corpus of 300 is constructed for testing. -
Lecture 8. Semantics of Possessives, Continued. Arguments Vs. Modifiers
The Structure of Meaning, Lecture 8 Barbara H. Partee, March 20, 2006 Lecture 8. Semantics of Possessives, continued. Arguments vs. modifiers. Puzzles of predicate possessives. 1. Semantics of possessives, continued: arguments vs. modifiers. ................................................................................1 2. Different kinds of genitives/possessives: why Jensen and Vikner may be right for Russian genitives but not for all English genitives. ..........................................................................................................................................3 2.1. Predicate possessives: a problem for the “one genitive” approach? ...................................................................4 2.1.1. Predicate possessives in English. ...........................................................................................................5 2.1.2. Russian prenominal possessives vs. genitives........................................................................................6 2.1.3. German possessive pronouns. ................................................................................................................6 2.1.4. Polish possessive pronouns....................................................................................................................8 2.2. Conclusions about predicate possessives. ...........................................................................................................9 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................................................9 -
Urdu and Linguistics: a Fraught but Evolving Relationship
elena bashir Urdu and Linguistics: A Fraught But Evolving Relationship 1. Introduction I was honored to be invited to give a talk at the Urdu Humanities Conference held in Madison, Wisconsin on 14 October 2010. However, when I thought about this, I wondered, ìHow can I present anything at a conference on Urdu humanities? I would be like a crow among the swans óa linguist among the literary scholars.î However, since I am a com- mitted, card-carrying crow, with no pretensions to being a swan yet admiring their beauty, I took my life in my hands and proceeded. This estrangement that I have felt between the worlds of Urdu scholarship and of linguistics is the theme of this paper. I will begin by describing the disconnect I have perceived between Urdu studies and linguistics, discuss what I see as some reasons for it, and end with what seems to be a rapprochement or a new phase of this relationship. Both ìUrduî and ìlinguisticsî are recent terms. ìUrduî was not in use as the name of a language until the latter half of the eighteenth century (Faruqi 2001, 23),1 the language which has become Urdu having previously been known by a variety of other names. Similarly, for ìlinguistics,î the term ìlinguisticî first appeared as a noun in the sense of ìthe science of languagesî or ìphilologyî in 1837, and its plural ìlinguisticsî appeared in this sense first in 1855 (Onions 1955, 1148), and did not come into wider use as name for this discipline until the latter part of the twentieth century.2 Therefore, this discussion will necessarily focus on 1Bailey (1939, 264) cites a couplet written in 1782 in which ìUrduî is used as the name of the language.