Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English
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Handling Word Formation in Comparative Linguistics
Developing an annotation framework for word formation processes in comparative linguistics Nathanael E. Schweikhard, MPI-SHH, Jena Johann-Mattis List, MPI-SHH, Jena Word formation plays a central role in human language. Yet computational approaches to historical linguistics often pay little attention to it. This means that the detailed findings of classical historical linguistics are often only used in qualitative studies, yet not in quantitative studies. Based on human- and machine-readable formats suggested by the CLDF-initiative, we propose a framework for the annotation of cross-linguistic etymological relations that allows for the differentiation between etymologies that involve only regular sound change and those that involve linear and non-linear processes of word formation. This paper introduces this approach by means of sample datasets and a small Python library to facilitate annotation. Keywords: language comparison, cognacy, morphology, word formation, computer-assisted approaches 1 Introduction That larger levels of organization are formed as a result of the composition of lower levels is one of the key features of languages. Some scholars even assume that compositionality in the form of recursion is what differentiates human languages from communication systems of other species (Hauser et al. 2002). Whether one believes in recursion as an identifying criterion for human language or not (see Mukai 2019: 35), it is beyond question that we owe a large part of the productivity of human language to the fact that words are usually composed of other words (List et al. 2016a: 7f), as is reflected also in the numerous words in the lexicon of human languages. While compositionality in the sphere of semantics (see for example Barsalou 2017) is still less well understood, compositionality at the level of the linguistic form is in most cases rather straightforward. -
Kannada Versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power and Subjugation Dr
================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 17:8 August 2017 UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 ================================================================ Kannada versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power and Subjugation Dr. Meti Mallikarjun =================================================================== Abstract This paper explores the sociolinguistic struggles and conflicts that have taken place in the context of confrontation between Kannada and Sanskrit. As a result, the dichotomy of the “enlightened” Sanskrit and “unenlightened” Kannada has emerged among Sanskrit-oriented scholars and philologists. This process of creating an asymmetrical relationship between Sanskrit and Kannada can be observed throughout the formation of the Kannada intellectual world. This constructed dichotomy impacted the Kannada world in such a way that without the intellectual resource of Sanskrit, the development of the Kannada intellectual world is considered quite impossible. This affirms that Sanskrit is inevitable for Kannada in every respect of its sociocultural and philosophical formations. This is a very simple contention, and consequently, Kannada has been suffering from “inferiority” both in the cultural and philosophical development contexts. In spite of the contributions of Prakrit and Pali languages towards Indian cultural history, the Indian cultural past is directly connected to and by and large limited to the aspects of Sanskrit culture and philosophy alone. The Sanskrit language per se could not have dominated or subjugated any of the Indian languages. But its power relations with religion and caste systems are mainly responsible for its domination over other Indian languages and cultures. Due to this sociolinguistic hegemonic structure, Sanskrit has become a language of domination, subjugation, ideology and power. This Sanskrit-centric tradition has created its own notion of poetics, grammar, language studies and cultural understandings. -
Social Transformation of Pakistan Under Urdu Language
Social Transformations in Contemporary Society, 2021 (9) ISSN 2345-0126 (online) SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF PAKISTAN UNDER URDU LANGUAGE Dr. Sohaib Mukhtar Bahria University, Pakistan [email protected] Abstract Urdu is the national language of Pakistan under article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. Urdu language is the first brick upon which whole building of Pakistan is built. In pronunciation both Hindi in India and Urdu in Pakistan are same but in script Indian choose their religious writing style Sanskrit also called Devanagari as Muslims of Pakistan choose Arabic script for writing Urdu language. Urdu language is based on two nation theory which is the basis of the creation of Pakistan. There are two nations in Indian Sub-continent (i) Hindu, and (ii) Muslims therefore Muslims of Indian sub- continent chanted for separate Muslim Land Pakistan in Indian sub-continent thus struggled for achieving separate homeland Pakistan where Muslims can freely practice their religious duties which is not possible in a country where non-Muslims are in majority thus Urdu which is derived from Arabic, Persian, and Turkish declared the national language of Pakistan as official language is still English thus steps are required to be taken at Government level to make Urdu as official language of Pakistan. There are various local languages of Pakistan mainly: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, Balti and it is fundamental right of all citizens of Pakistan under article 28 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 to protect, preserve, and promote their local languages and local culture but the national language of Pakistan is Urdu according to article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. -
Sanskrit Alphabet
Sounds Sanskrit Alphabet with sounds with other letters: eg's: Vowels: a* aa kaa short and long ◌ к I ii ◌ ◌ к kii u uu ◌ ◌ к kuu r also shows as a small backwards hook ri* rri* on top when it preceeds a letter (rpa) and a ◌ ◌ down/left bar when comes after (kra) lri lree ◌ ◌ к klri e ai ◌ ◌ к ke o au* ◌ ◌ к kau am: ah ◌ं ◌ः कः kah Consonants: к ka х kha ga gha na Ê ca cha ja jha* na ta tha Ú da dha na* ta tha Ú da dha na pa pha º ba bha ma Semivowels: ya ra la* va Sibilants: sa ш sa sa ha ksa** (**Compound Consonant. See next page) *Modern/ Hindi Versions a Other ऋ r ॠ rr La, Laa (retro) औ au aum (stylized) ◌ silences the vowel, eg: к kam झ jha Numero: ण na (retro) १ ५ ॰ la 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 @ Davidya.ca Page 1 Sounds Numero: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 १॰ ॰ १ २ ३ ४ ६ ७ varient: ५ ८ (shoonya eka- dva- tri- catúr- pancha- sás- saptán- astá- návan- dásan- = empty) works like our Arabic numbers @ Davidya.ca Compound Consanants: When 2 or more consonants are together, they blend into a compound letter. The 12 most common: jna/ tra ttagya dya ddhya ksa kta kra hma hna hva examples: for a whole chart, see: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari_conjuncts.php that page includes a download link but note the site uses the modern form Page 2 Alphabet Devanagari Alphabet : к х Ê Ú Ú º ш @ Davidya.ca Page 3 Pronounce Vowels T pronounce Consonants pronounce Semivowels pronounce 1 a g Another 17 к ka v Kit 42 ya p Yoga 2 aa g fAther 18 х kha v blocKHead -
Word Formation Models and Semantic Features of Derived Words in Orhon Inscriptions (Derivations of Nouns and Adjectives)
TRAMES, 2015, 19(69/64), 2, 171–188 WORD FORMATION MODELS AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF DERIVED WORDS IN ORHON INSCRIPTIONS (DERIVATIONS OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES). A. K. Kupayeva L. N. Gumilyev Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Abstract. In modern Turkological studies, the scientific interest in word formation arises not only from the need to study the ways of forming new words and enriching the vocabulary stock. The interest also comes from the fact that the word-formation process is often closely connected with grammatical structures and linguistic phenomena, which leads to new word formation. This work is devoted to studying the problems connected with word formation set in the language of Orhon Old Turkic inscriptions that recorded the language. These inscriptions are valuable written data about all aspects of studies of Turkology such as linguistics, history, culture etc. Furthermore, this paper considers suf- fixation and compounding as the main productive ways of word formation of language of Orhon inscriptions and gives semantic interpretation of noun and adjective derivatives. The author offers word-formation, morphemic and etymological analysis of structure of words, grouped according to word formation models. At the same time, data is given about modern Turkic languages, revealing unique features of word formation in the language of Orhon inscriptions. This data describes the phonological and semantic changes in word forming morphemes. Key words: Orhon Inscriptions, word formation models, semantic analysis, suffixation, compounding, word formation meaning DOI: 10.3176/tr.2015.2.05 1. Introduction Recently, the language of one of the oldest Turkic written records, dating back to the 7th–9th centuries, the Orhon Old Turkic, has been studied from different aspects. -
The Pakistani English Novel: the Burden of Representation and the Horizon of Expectations
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies Vol. 6 (2018) The Pakistani English Novel: The Burden of Representation and the Horizon of Expectations By Dr. Masood Ashraf Raja Abstract Using a theoretical understanding of the role of the narratee and the horizon of expectations, this essay suggests a nuanced mode of reading the Pakistani Writing in English. The hope is that both Pakistani readers and authors will become aware of the possible ramifications of authorial intention and reader reception of the texts of the global periphery. Keywords: Pakistani writing in English, postcolonialism, Pakistan, Reception theory It would not be an exaggeration to suggest that the Pakistani novel in English has finally come of age and has garnered its space within and without Pakistan. In most of the cases, Pakistan as a subject of narration figures quite prominently in these works. In fact, in one of her interviews, Kamila Shamsie, one of the most celebrated contemporary Pakistani novelists, attempts to see a connection between the works of several contemporary Pakistani writers: l don't know how you'd draw a line connecting me, Mohsin Hamid, Mohammad Hanif, Nadeem Aslam, Moni Mohsin in terms style or form—except we're writing about Pakistan. A lot of Pakistan's English-language novelists are looking at history or politics in their work, to a greater extent perhaps than Indian novelists. (Das) Thus, no matter what these writers write about, their acts of artistic representation, it seems, are caught within the politics of the nation and national representation. -
Syllable Patterns of Pakistani English (Pakistani Resyllabified English)
Syllable Patterns of Pakistani English (Pakistani Resyllabified English) *Salman ul Waheed *Focal Person OCAS, Higher Education Dept. Govt. of Punjab PhD Scholar English Linguistics (FUUAST Lhr) M.Phil Applied Linguistics (GCU Fsd) Controller Exams & Lecturer English Govt. College CS Shaheed (M.Garh) Abstract This research paper is an attempt to describe the syllable patterns of Pakistani English. Second language speakers of a language overwrite the syllabification rules of that specific language. In this process of resyllabification the native accent of that language is far to be achieved. In Pakistan, English is spoken and used at a massive level among masses. This article identifies the extent of change in real syllable patterns when used by Pakistani people. Voice Samples of British speakers and Pakistani speakers have been analyzed using PRAAT software. Data analysis proved the fact that Pakistani non-native speakers of English resyllabify English syllables under the influence of their national language Urdu and other regional languages. Keywords: Syllable, Syllable templates, Syllabification & Resyllabification, Template Matching, Epenthesis, Deletion. † Corresponding author. TEL.: +92 61 2242874, +92 345 7174740 E mail address: [email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to describe the phonological and phonetic features of the English language as spoken in Pakistan. It is somehow natural for a speaker that he imitates the patterns of his native language while uttering the words of foreign or some other language. And same is the factor that invokes him to resyllabify the words. Each language has its own phonology of syllabifying the words and hence different syllable templates. However when a native speaker of a particular language utters some words of any other or foreign language, he modifies the syllables of these words according to the phonology of his native language. -
Exploring Language Similarities with Dimensionality Reduction Techniques
EXPLORING LANGUAGE SIMILARITIES WITH DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION TECHNIQUES Sangarshanan Veeraraghavan Final Year Undergraduate VIT Vellore [email protected] Abstract In recent years several novel models were developed to process natural language, development of accurate language translation systems have helped us overcome geographical barriers and communicate ideas effectively. These models are developed mostly for a few languages that are widely used while other languages are ignored. Most of the languages that are spoken share lexical, syntactic and sematic similarity with several other languages and knowing this can help us leverage the existing model to build more specific and accurate models that can be used for other languages, so here I have explored the idea of representing several known popular languages in a lower dimension such that their similarities can be visualized using simple 2 dimensional plots. This can even help us understand newly discovered languages that may not share its vocabulary with any of the existing languages. 1. Introduction Language is a method of communication and ironically has long remained a communication barrier. Written representations of all languages look quite different but inherently share similarity between them. For example if we show a person with no knowledge of English alphabets a text in English and then in Spanish they might be oblivious to the similarity between them as they look like gibberish to them. There might also be several languages which may seem completely different to even experienced linguists but might share a subtle hidden similarity as they is a possibility that languages with no shared vocabulary might still have some similarity. -
An Augmented Translation Technique for Low Resource Language Pair: Sanskrit to Hindi Translation
An Augmented Translation Technique for low Resource Language pair: Sanskrit to Hindi translation RASHI KUMAR, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India PIYUSH JHA, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India VINEET SAHULA, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, India Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is an ongoing technique for Machine Translation (MT) using enormous artificial neural network. It has exhibited promising outcomes and has shown incredible potential in solving challenging machine translation exercises. One such exercise is the best approach to furnish great MT to language sets with a little preparing information. In this work, Zero Shot Translation (ZST) is inspected for a low resource language pair. By working on high resource language pairs for which benchmarks are available, namely Spanish to Portuguese, and training on data sets (Spanish-English and English-Portuguese) we prepare a state of proof for ZST system that gives appropriate results on the available data. Subsequently the same architecture is tested for Sanskrit to Hindi translation for which data is sparse, by training the model on English-Hindi and Sanskrit-English language pairs. In order to prepare and decipher with ZST system, we broaden the preparation and interpretation pipelines of NMT seq2seq model in tensorflow, incorporating ZST features. Dimensionality reduction ofword embedding is performed to reduce the memory usage for data storage and to achieve a faster training and translation cycles. In this work existing helpful technology has been utilized in an imaginative manner to execute our Natural Language Processing (NLP) issue of Sanskrit to Hindi translation. A Sanskrit-Hindi parallel corpus of 300 is constructed for testing. -
American Dialects
AMERICAN DIALECTS Leonard R. N. Ashley President of the American Society of Geolinguistics Introduction Good for an oral presentation, local, area language, dialect often appears in phonetic spelling because English is notoriously unphonetic in a lot of its spelling and some find humor in misspelling, whether it be, for example, “posh” British (“Jolly Well Spoken”), Cockney (from London), Geordie (from Newcastle), Scouse (from Liverpool), Scottish English, Irish English, and in the style of comedian Ali G (something like US rap). However, my subject here, as the title shows, is not British dialect. British dialects constitute a huge corpus which has been fraffly (frightfully) well mapped and extensively studied for what idiom calls donkey’s years. There is too much of that for me. As Potter says: It would be no exaggeration to say that greater differences in pronunciation are discernible in the north of England between Trent and Tweed [two rivers about 100 miles apart] than in the whole of North America. There are, in fact, a great number of regional and social dialects in North America, too. The cinema and the broadcast media have made us all familiar with many American dialects (which involve both pronunciation, “accent,” and word choice, grammar, etc). You know the historic “Brooklyn accent” (toidy-toid, erl boiner, Greenpernt) or the egregious Bronx (cubba kwawfee uh tzee) and the current awesome, bitchen, grody, rad, but (like, y’know) totally beige (which is to say “boring”) airhead Valley Girl way of speaking. That comes from the San Fernando Valley of Southern California. I’m sooo sure you will be interested in and informed by something perhaps less familiar, even tubular, wonelly. -
How Post 9/11 Pakistani English Literature Speaks to the World
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 11-17-2017 2:00 PM Terrorism, Islamization, and Human Rights: How Post 9/11 Pakistani English Literature Speaks to the World Shazia Sadaf The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Nandi Bhatia The University of Western Ontario Joint Supervisor Julia Emberley The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in English A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Shazia Sadaf 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Literature in English, Anglophone outside British Isles and North America Commons Recommended Citation Sadaf, Shazia, "Terrorism, Islamization, and Human Rights: How Post 9/11 Pakistani English Literature Speaks to the World" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5055. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5055 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Terrorism, Islamization, and Human Rights: How Post 9/11 Pakistani English Literature Speaks to the World Abstract The start of the twenty-first century has witnessed a simultaneous rise of three areas of scholarly interest: 9/11 literature, human rights discourse, and War on Terror studies. The resulting intersections between literature and human rights, foregrounded by an overarching narrative of terror, have led to a new area of interdisciplinary enquiry broadly classed under human rights literature, at the point of the convergence of which lies the idea of human empathy. -
History of English Language (Eng1c03)
School of Distance Education HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE (ENG1C03) STUDY MATERIAL I SEMESTER CORE COURSE MA ENGLISH (2019 Admission ONWARDS) UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Calicut University P.O, Malappuram Kerala, India 673 635. 190003 History of English Language Page 1 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION STUDY MATERIAL FIRST SEMESTER MA ENGLISH (2019 ADMISSION) CORE COURSE : ENG1C03 : HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE Prepared by : 1. Smt.Smitha N, Assistant Professor on Contract (English) School of Distance Education, University of Calicut. 2. Prof. P P John (Retd.), St.Joseph’s College, Devagiri. Scrutinized by : Dr.Aparna Ashok, Assistant Professor on Contract, Dept. of English, University of Calicut. History of English Language Page 2 School of Distance Education CONTENTS 1 Section : A 6 2 Section : B 45 3 Section : C 58 History of English Language Page 3 School of Distance Education Introduction As English Literature learners, we must know the evolution of this language over the past fifteen hundred years or more. This course offers an overview of the History of English Language from its origin to the present. This SLM will have three sections: Section A briefly considers the early development of English Language and major historical events that had been made changes in its course. Section B takes up the changes that have taken place in English through Foreign invasions in 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, besides it discusses the contribution of major writers to enrich this language. In the Section C, we trace out the evolution of standard English and the significance of English in this globalized world where technology reigns.