DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparative Grammar of the Modern

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com ई ANSAR 236973 KASHAN ONAMINAKRA VERY ASARAN ARSHA ANORANA MANTRA 900MAN A RSA ROO MANTRA S SRANORA TRA Coll 3000 000 11 SEXEMOC003 K000000588804 20 6000 KI SHARON P . DOMAMINANUSITIO 380VACANAS MOON SARDAR REAK CARRARTHA MARATI J.LO MRA NAR M HRA 1362802 HAR S ARTHA .00 MAYA A MINS COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA . COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA : TO WIT , HINDI , PANJABI , SINDHI , GUJARATI , MARATHI , ORIYA AND BANGALI . BY JOHN BEAMES , BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE , FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA , MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY , THE GERMAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY , ETC . , ETC . VOL . III . THE VERB . LONDON : TRÜBNER & CO . , 57 AND 59 , LUDGATE HILL . 1879 . ( au Rights reserved . ) HERTFORD : STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS , PRINTERS . TABLE OF CONTENTS . BOOK III . - THE VERB . CHAPTER 1 . — STRUCTURE OF VERBAL STEMS . § 1 . Structure of the Sanskrit Verb . § 2 . Beginnings of the Analytical System in Sanskrit . § 3 . Conjugations of the Pali Verb . § 4 . Tenses of the Pali Verb SS 5 . 6 . The Verb in Jaina Prakrit § 7 . Scenic Prakrit Verb . § 8 . Apabhrança Verbal Forms § 9 . The Modern Verbal Stem § 10 . Phases of the Verb . § 11 . Single and Double Stems . $ 12 . Single Neuter Stems from Sanskrit BHỨ Roots . $ 13 . The same from other Classes of Sanskrit Roots § 14 . Modern Neuter Stems from Sanskrit Past Participles . $ 15 . Single Active Stems . § 16 . Treatment of Sanskrit Roots ending in a Vowel . § 17 . The Stem DEKH . $ 18 . Double Verbs . $ 19 . Sindhi Double Stems Differing in the Final Consonant $ 20 . Double Stems Differing in Vowel and Final Consonant . $ 21 . Double Stems Differing only in the Vowel . § 22 . Examples and Illustrations . $ 23 . Laws of the Formation of Modern Stems . § 24 . The Passive Intransitive . § 25 . The Passive . § 26 . The Causal . 75 $ 27 . The Passive Causal . 82 TABLE OF CONTENTS . PAGE § 28 . The Causal in a Neuter Sense . 84 § 29 . Secondary Stems . 87 § 30 . Reduplicated and Imitative mitative StemsStems § 31 . Gipsy Verbal Stems . : . : . : CHAPTER II . — THE SIMPLE TENSES . § 32 . Classification of Tenses . 99 § 33 . The Simple Present or Aorist · 101 § 34 . The Imperative . 108 § 35 . The Future in Old - Hindi and Gujarati 112 § 36 . Type of the Active Verb in Sindhi and Marathi . 115 § 37 . Synopsis of the Simple Tenses in all Seven Languages 118 § 38 . Simple Tenses in the Gipsy Verb 119 CHAPTER III . — THE PARTICIPIAL TENSES . § 39 . Definition of the Participial Tenses . 121 § 40 . The Present Participle Active . 123 § 41 . Tenses formed thereby — the Sindhi Future . 126 § 42 . Marathi Indicative and Conditional Present 127 § 43 . Bangali and Oriya Conditional . 129 § 44 . Hindi , Panjabi , and Gujarati Present . 131 § 45 . The Past Participle Passive . 132 § 46 . Early Tadbhava Participles in Sindhi and Panjabi 136 § 47 . The same in Gujarati and Marathi . 141 § 48 . The same in Old and New Hindi . 144 § 49 . Tenses formed from the Past Participle . 147 $ 50 . The Prayogas 151 $ 51 . The Future Participle Passive . 152 § 52 . Tenses formed from it in Sindhi , Gujarati , and Marathi , 155 $ 53 . The Future in Oriya , Bengali , and Eastern Hindi . 158 $ 54 . The Hindi and Panjabi Future . 160 § 55 . Marathi Future compared with that in certain Hindi Dialects . 161 $ 56 . Synopsis of the Participial Tenses in all Seven Languages 164 $ 57 . Participial Tenses in the Gipsy Verb . 168 TABLE OF CONTENTS . vii CHAPTER IV . - THE COMPOUND TENSES . § 58 . Definition of the Compound Tenses and Auxiliary Verbs PAGE 170 $ 59 . The Root AS - Present Tense . 171 $ 60 . Imperfect in Panjabi and Gipsy . 175 § 61 . AS , with a Negative . 178 $ 62 . Compound Tenses formed with AS . 179 $ 63 . The Root ACHH — Discussion as to its Origin . 180 $ 64 . Tenses derived therefrom • · 184 $ 65 . Compound Tenses formed therewith . 187 $ 66 . BHỦ — the Simple Tenses . · 194 § 67 . id . — the Participial Tenses es . 201 $ 68 . Compound Tenses formed therewith . 203 § 69 . STHÂ . 208 $ 70 . YÂ . 213 $ 71 . Ancillary Verbs Defined . 215 $ 72 . Examples of Ancillaries . 216 CHAPTER V . — OTHER VERBAL FORMS . $ 73 . The Conjunctive Participle . 229 § 74 . The Infinitive . 234 § 75 . The Agent . 238 § 76 . Sindhi Verbs with Pronominal Suffixes . 241 § 77 . Conjugation of Stems ending in Vowels in Hindi , Panjabi , and Sindhi . 246 $ 78 . The same in Marathi . 251 $ 79 . The same in Bangali and Oriya . 254 CHAPTER VI . — THE PARTICLE . $ 80 . Adverbs , Nominal and Pronominal . 256 $ 81 . Pronominal Adverbs of Time , Place , and u manner Manner . 257 $ 82 . Adverbs Derived from Nouns and Verbs . 264 $ 83 . Conjunctions . 270 $ 84 . Interjections . 272 $ 85 . Postpositions . 275 $ 86 . Conclusion . 278 GENERAL INDEX TO THE THREE VOLUMES . 279 ERRATA . PAGE LINE 1 PAGE LINE 3 , 19 , for this much read such . 124 , 1 , dele comma after hearing . 10 , 9 , for मञ्जीत read मजति . 134 , 6 , for छोडेलो read छोडेली . 14 , 28 , for different read dificult . 135 , 29 , after dielala insert f . ; for 19 , 21 , for gufa read qrafa . dielať , etc . , read délať , etc . 21 , 26 , for निषोतितव्यं read निषी - 140 , 31 , for सिडणा read सिउणा . fecaj . 141 , 19 , for भति read भीत . 34 , 3from below , for Pali read Prakrit 149 , 24 , for asmah read asmah . 36 , 8 , for bhála read bhala . 154 , 29 , for जाक्या read जावया . 39 , 26 , for ufuga read of7187 . 162 , 7 , for at read HTPROT . 44 , 2 , for detu read dehi . 163 , 2 , the words “ aorist ozi ' should 47 , 26 , dele that . be put between brackets . 50 , 16 , for मज्ज read भज्ज . 175 , 29 , for Ludhiana read Lodiana . 50 , 18 , after word a full stop instead 176 , 5 from below , for Pr . read P . of a comma . 178 , 18 , for Nuanti read Nuhanti . 52 , 13 , for discharged read discharge . 179 , 24 , for at read a . 56 , 5 , for 90 read 38 ( ed . Stenzler ) . 196 , 10 , for ‘ Daughter ' read Laughter . ' 56 , 7 , for °विशम . read विषम . | 196 , 17 , for स्वनि read रचिनि , 57 , 28 , for read on . 202 , 2 from below , for 59 read 60 . 58 , 5 , after Pali a full stop instead 214 , 4 , for Imperfect read Imperative . of a comma . 225 , 29 , for दहती read रहती . 61 , 25 , for hladid read hlatu . 250 , 17 , for Imperfect read Imperative . 63 , 4 , for masj read majj . 254 , 5 , for Oriya read Aryan . 65 , 9 , for to read 706 . | 257 , 3 , for नाजा read राजा . 70 , 12 , for phrase read phase . 262 , 22 , for कथ्थ read कथा . 73 , 16 , for नारी read मारी . 262 , 23 , for प्रमानं read प्रमाणं . 83 , 24 , for HTETES read HTETET . 262 , 23 , for लोयं read लोग . 105 , 6 , for बलें read चलें . 262 , 23 , for its read as . 112 , last but one , for Htet read a tet 263 , 6 , for H . - D . read K . - D . 114 , 21 , for QA read TH . | 267 , 9 , for सहित read सहित . COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA . CHAPTER I . STRUCTURE OF VERBAL STEMS . CONTENTS . — $ 1 . STRUCTURE OF THE SANSKRIT VERB . — $ 2 . BEGINNINGS OF THE ANALYTICAL SYSTEM IN SANSKRIT . - S 3 . CONJUGATIONS OF THE PALI VERB . - $ 4 . TENSES OF THE PALI VERB . — $ $ 6 , 6 . THE VERB IN JAINA PRAKRIT . - 7 . SCENIC PRAKRIT VERB . - $ 8 . APABHRANÇA VERBAL FORMS . - 9 . THE MODERN VERBAL STEM . — * 10 . PHASES OF THE VERB . - 11 . SINGLE AND DOUBLE STEMS . - $ 12 . SINGLE NEUTER STEMS FROM SANSKRIT BHŰ Roots . - 13 . THE SAME FROM OTHER CLASSES OF SANSKRIT Roots . — $ 14 . MODERN NEUTER STEMS FROM SANSKRIT PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLES . - $ 15 . SINGLE ACTIVE STEMS . - 16 . TREATMENT OF SANSKRIT Roots ENDING IN A VOWEL . — $ 17 . THE STEM DEKH . - $ 18 . DOUBLE VERBS . $ 19 . SINDHI DOUBLE STEMS DIFFERING IN THE FINAL CONSONANT . - $ 20 . DOUBLE STEMS DIFFERING IN VOWEL AND FINAL CONSONANT . - $ 21 . DOUBLE STEMS DIFFERING ONLY IN THE VOWEL . - $ 22 . EXAMPLES AND ILLUSTRA TIONS . - $ 23 . LAWS OF THE FORMATION OF MODERN STEMS . - 24 . THE PASSIVE INTRANSITIVE . — $ 25 . THE PASSIVE . — § 26 . THE CAUSAL . — $ 27 . The PASSIVE CAUSAL . — § 28 . THE CAUSAL IN A NEUTER Sense . — $ 29 . SECONDARY STEMS . — $ 30 . REDUPLICATED AND IMITATIVE STEMS . $ 31 . GIPSY VERBAL STEMS . § 1 . The Sanskrit verb , with its long array of tenses , intricate phonetic changes , and elaborate rules of formation , seems to have been subjected at a very early period to processes of VOL . III . STRUCTURE OF VERBAL STEMS . simplification . Indeed , we may be permitted to hold that some , at least , of the forms laid down in the works of Sanskrit grammarians , were never actually in use in the spoken lan guage , and with all due deference to the opinions of scholars , it may be urged that much of this elaborate development arose in an age when the speech of the people had wandered very far away from the classical type . Even if it were not so , even if there ever were a time when the Aryan peasant used poly syllabic desideratives , and was familiar with multiform aorists , it is clear that he began to satisfy himself with a simpler system at a very distant epoch , for the range of forms in Pali and the other Prakrits is far narrower than in classical Sanskrit . Simplification is in fact the rule in all branches of the Indo European family of languages , and in those we are now dis cussing , the verb follows this general law . To make this clear , it may be well to give here , as a preliminary matter , a slight sketch of the structure of the verb as it stands in the Sanskrit and Prakrit stages of development . In that stage of the Sanskrit language which is usually ac cepted as the classical one , the verb is synthetical throughout , except in one or two tenses where , as will be hereafter shown , the analytical method has already begun to show itself .
Recommended publications
  • ZEYLANICA a Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka

    ZEYLANICA a Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka

    ZEYLANICA A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka Asiff Hussein Second Edition: September 2014 ZEYLANICA. A Study of the Peoples and Languages of Sri Lanka ISBN 978-955-0028-04-7 © Asiff Hussein Printed by: Printel (Pvt) Ltd 21/11, 4 th Lane, Araliya Uyana Depanama, Pannipitiya Published by: Neptune Publications CONTENTS Chapter 1 Legendary peoples of Lanka Chapter 2 The Veddas, the aboriginal inhabitants of Lanka and their speech Chapter 3 The Origins of the Sinhalese nation and the Sinhala language Chapter 4 The Origins of the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Tamil language Chapter 5 The Sri Lankan Moors and their language Chapter 6 The Malays of Sri Lanka and the local Malay language Chapter 7 The Memons, a people of North Indian origin and their language Chapter 8 Peoples of European origin. The Portuguese and Dutch Burghers Chapter 9 The Kaffirs. A people of African origin Chapter 10 The Ahikuntaka. The Gypsies of Sri Lanka INTRODUCTORY NOTE The system of transliteration employed in the text, save for citations, is the standard method. Thus dots below letters represent retroflex sounds which are pronounced with the tip of the tongue striking the roof of the mouth further back than for dental sounds which are articulated by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth. Among the other sounds transliterated here c represents the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (as sounded in the English church ) and ś the palatal sibilant (as sounded in English sh ow ). The lingual which will be found occurring in Sanskrit words is similar in pronunciation to the palatal .
  • ED132833.Pdf

    ED132833.Pdf

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 132 833 FL 008 225 AUTHOR Johnson, Dora E.; And Others TITLE Languages of South Asia. A Survey of Materials for the Study of the Uncommonly Taught Languages. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Arlington, Va. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 76 CONTRACT 300-75-0201 NOTE 52p. AVAILABLE FROMCenter for Applied Linguistics, 1611 North Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 ($3.95 each fascicle: complete set of 8, $26.50) BDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$3.50 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; Afro Asiatic Languages; *Annotated Bibliographies; Bengali; Dialect Studies; Dictionaries; *Dravidian Languages; Gujarati; Hindi; Ind° European Languages; Instructional Materials; Kannada; Kashmiri; Language Instruction; Language Variation; Malayalam; Marathi; Nepali; Panjabi; Reading Materials; Singhalese; Sino Tibetan Languages; Tamil; Telugu; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Urdu IDENTIFIERS Angami Naga; Ao Naga; Apatani; Assamese; Bangru; Bhili; Bhojpuri; Boro; Brahui; Chakesang Naga; Chepang; Chhatisgarhi; Dafla; Galiong; Garo; Gondi; Gorum; Gurung; Hindustani; *Indo Aryan Languages; Jirel; Juang; Kabui Naga; Kanauri; Khaling; Kham; Kharia; Kolami; Konda; Korku; Kui; Kumauni; Kurukh; Ruwi; Lahnda; Maithili; Mundari Ho; Oraon; Oriya; Parenga; Parji; Pashai; Pengo; Remo; Santali; Shina; Sindhi; Sora; *Tibet° Burman Languages; Tulu ABSTRACT This is an annotated bibliography of basic tools of access for the study_of the uncommonly taught languages of South Asia. It is one of eight fascicles which constitute a revision of "A Provisional Survey of Materials for the Study of the Neglected Languages" (CAI 1969). The emphasis is on materials for the adult learner whose native language is English. Languages are grouped according to the following classifications: Indo-Aryan; Dravidian; Munda; Tibeto-Burman; Mon-Khmer; Burushaski.
  • Inflection Rules for English to Marathi Translation

    Inflection Rules for English to Marathi Translation

    Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ISSN 2320–088X IJCSMC, Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April 2013, pg.7 – 18 RESEARCH ARTICLE Inflection Rules for English to Marathi Translation Charugatra Tidke 1, Shital Binayakya 2, Shivani Patil 3, Rekha Sugandhi 4 1,2,3,4 Computer Engineering Department, University Of Pune, MIT College of Engineering, Pune-38, India [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract— Machine Translation is one of the central areas of focus of Natural Language Processing where translation is done from Source Language to Target Language preserving the meaning of the sentence. Large amount of research is being done in this field. However, research in Machine Translation remains highly localized to the particular source and target languages due to the large variations in the syntactical construction of languages. Inflection is an important part to get the correct translation. Inflection is basically the adding of appropriate suffix to the word according to the sentence structure to obtain the meaningful form of the word. This paper presents the implementation of the Inflection for English to Marathi Translation. The inflection of Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives are done on the basis of the other words and their attributes in the sentence. This paper gives the rules for inflecting the above Parts-of-Speech. Key Terms: - Natural Language Processing; Machine Translation; Parsing; Marathi; Parts-Of-Speech; Inflection; Vibhakti; Prataya; Adpositions; Preposition; Postposition; Penn Tags I. INTRODUCTION Machine translation, an integral part of Natural Language Processing, is important for breaking the language barrier and facilitating the inter-lingual communication.
  • Languages of New York State Is Designed As a Resource for All Education Professionals, but with Particular Consideration to Those Who Work with Bilingual1 Students

    Languages of New York State Is Designed As a Resource for All Education Professionals, but with Particular Consideration to Those Who Work with Bilingual1 Students

    TTHE LLANGUAGES OF NNEW YYORK SSTATE:: A CUNY-NYSIEB GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS LUISANGELYN MOLINA, GRADE 9 ALEXANDER FFUNK This guide was developed by CUNY-NYSIEB, a collaborative project of the Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS) and the Ph.D. Program in Urban Education at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, and funded by the New York State Education Department. The guide was written under the direction of CUNY-NYSIEB's Project Director, Nelson Flores, and the Principal Investigators of the project: Ricardo Otheguy, Ofelia García and Kate Menken. For more information about CUNY-NYSIEB, visit www.cuny-nysieb.org. Published in 2012 by CUNY-NYSIEB, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, NY, NY 10016. [email protected]. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alexander Funk has a Bachelor of Arts in music and English from Yale University, and is a doctoral student in linguistics at the CUNY Graduate Center, where his theoretical research focuses on the semantics and syntax of a phenomenon known as ‘non-intersective modification.’ He has taught for several years in the Department of English at Hunter College and the Department of Linguistics and Communications Disorders at Queens College, and has served on the research staff for the Long-Term English Language Learner Project headed by Kate Menken, as well as on the development team for CUNY’s nascent Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context. Prior to his graduate studies, Mr. Funk worked for nearly a decade in education: as an ESL instructor and teacher trainer in New York City, and as a gym, math and English teacher in Barcelona.
  • Sage's Mission

    Sage's Mission

    SAGE’S MISSION SAGE’S MISSION English Version of TWENTY ‘GULAB VATIKA’ BOOKLETS Life Mission of Saint Gulabrao Maharaj Translated By Vasant Joshi Published by Vasant Joshi SAGE’S MISSION SAGE’S MISSION English Version of TWENTY ‘GULAB VATIKA’ BOOKLETS Life Mission of Saint Gulabrao Maharaj * Self Published by: Vasant Joshi English Translator: © Vasant Joshi B-8, Sarasnagar, Siddhivinayak Society, Shukrawar Peth, Pune 411021. Mobile.: +91-9422024655 | Email : [email protected] * All rights reserved with English Translator No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the English Translator. * Typesetting and Formatting Books and Beyond Mrs Ujwala Marne New Ahire Gaon, Warje, Pune. Mobile. : +91-8805412827 / 7058084127 | Email: [email protected] * Cover Design by : Aadity Ingawale * First Edition : 21st March 2021 * Price : ₹ 500/- SAGE’S MISSION DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF MY WIFE LATE VRINDA JOSHI yG y SAGE’S MISSION INDEX Subject Page No. � Part I I to XVIII Prologue of English Translator by Vasant Joshi II Babaji Maharaj Pandit III Life Graph IV Life Mission VIII Literature Treasure Trove XII � Part II 1 to 1. Acquaintance (By K. M. Ghatate) 3 2. Merit Honour (By Renowned Persons) 43 3. Babajimaharaj Pandit (By V. N. Pandit) 73 4. Friendship Devotion (By Vasudeorao Mule) 95 5. Mankarnika Mother (By Milind Tripurwar) 110 6. Swami Bechirananda (By Milind Tripurwar) 126 7. Autobiography (By Self) 134 8. Saint’s Departure (By Self) 144 9.
  • Maharashtra Census 2011 Pdf in Marathi

    Maharashtra Census 2011 Pdf in Marathi

    Maharashtra census 2011 pdf in marathi Continue The state of Maharashtra is located in the western part of India. Maha means large and rastra means state in Hindi and covers an area of 307,713 square kilometers (118,809 sq mi). Maharashtra's population in 2020 is estimated at 123 million people (12.3 crores), according to the unique identity of Aadhar India, updated on May 31, 2020, by mid-2020 the population is expected to be 123,144,223, India's second most democratic state after Uttar Pradesh, 9% of the Indian population lives in Maharatrash. Mumbai is the financial capital and financial capital of India and the most popular city with 20 million people in 2019. It has a long coastline stretching nearly 720 km along the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa and Karnataka to the south, Chhattisgarh and Telangana to the east. Maharashtra is the most economically developed country in India with a GDP value of USD 390 million in 2018-2019, sharing about 15%. Its per head is $2500. According to the 2016 Niti Aayog report, the total birth rate is 1.8. Photo Source: Maharashtrians In traditional dress welcoming Gudi Padwa, the bike rally in Mumbai Maharashtra is the third urbanized state among other states since before independence. According to the 1901 population survey, 19 million people were recorded in the state. The average population growth was 24.81 in the fifty years following the Indian population survey from 1951 to 2001. Population growth slowed to 15.99% in 2011 while that was 22.73% compared to 2001.
  • Medieval Indian Legacy

    Medieval Indian Legacy

    Medieval Indian Legacy Linguistic and Literary Monograph prepared for delivering the Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji Memorial Lecture on 6th May 2011 at IGNCA Medieval Indian Legacy Linguistic and Literary Indra Nath Choudhuri Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts New Delhi MEDIEVAL INDIAN LEGACY Linguistic and Literary ISBN: 978-93-80935-60-7 © Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, utilised in any form or by any means, electronic and mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission of the author and the publisher. First published in 2012 by INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL CENTRE FOR ARTS Janpath, New Delhi- 110001 (India) Designed and Printed in India by Aryan Books International, New Delhi Preface Let me first express my gratitude to IGNCA for the invitation which they gave me to deliver the most prestigious Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji Memorial Lecture, and now for publishing the lecture. What I came to know from the letter of Dr. V.S. Shukla of the Kalako‹a Division that over the years these lectures were delivered mostly by well-known linguists like Professor S.K.Verma, Professor D.P. Pattanayak, Professor S.R. Banerjee, Professor Vidya Niwas Mishra and Professor Uday Narayan Singh. I am not a linguist but a comparatist and that might have prompted the authorities to invite me particularly when Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji himself wrote a very seminal book on ‘Languages and Literatures of India’. The topic of my presentation was one of my choice, ‘The Medieval Indian Legacy: Linguistic and Literary’.
  • INDO-ABYAN VERNACULARS (Continued.) by Sir GEORGE GRIERSON, K.C.I.E

    INDO-ABYAN VERNACULARS (Continued.) by Sir GEORGE GRIERSON, K.C.I.E

    INDO-ABYAN VERNACULARS (Continued.) By Sir GEORGE GRIERSON, K.C.I.E. CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL 47. We have completed our geographical survey of the Indo- Aryan Vernacular and their dialects. It has been seen that they have been divided into three families, a Midland, an Intermediate, and an Outer. We shall now consider the mutual relationship of these families, and it will be more convenient to consider their growth downwards from the source than to folloAv their course upstream. The treatment must necessarily be historical, but the portion dealing with those stages which preceded that of the Indo-Aryan Vernacular lies outside the frame of the present work, and my account of them will be as brief as is consistent with gaining a clear idea of the whole subject.1 48. The. earliest documents illustrating the language of the Indo-Aryans that we possess are the hj'mns of the Rg Veda. These hymns were composed at widely different times and in widely different localities, some in Arachosia and some in the country near the Jamna, but, owing to their having undergone a process of editing by those that compiled them into their present arrangement, they now show few easily recognizable traces of dialectic differences.2 On the other hand, it is certain that even at that early period " there must have existed a popular language which already differed widely in its phonetic aspect from the literary dialect ",s and that this folk-language varied so 1 It is necessary to explain that this chapter was originally drafted in the year 1898.
  • Marathi Style Guide

    Marathi Style Guide

    Marathi Style Guide Published: December, 2017 Microsoft Marathi Style Guide Table of Contents 1 About this style guide ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Recommended style references .............................................................................................. 4 2 Microsoft voice ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Choices that reflect Microsoft voice ...................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Word choice ........................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Words and phrases to avoid ............................................................................................ 7 2.1.3 Transliteration ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Sample Microsoft voice text ..................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Address the user to take action ...................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Promote a feature .............................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3 Provide how-to guidelines .............................................................................................
  • Demo of Sanskrit-Hindi SMT System

    Demo of Sanskrit-Hindi SMT System

    Demo of Sanskrit-Hindi SMT System Rajneesh Pandey, Atul Kr. Ojha, Girish Nath Jha Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India {rajneeshp1988, shashwatup9k, girishjha}@gmail.com Abstract The demo proposal presents a Phrase based Sanskrit-Hindi (SaHiT) Statistical Machine Translation system. The system has been developed on Moses. 43k sentences of Sanskrit-Hindi parallel corpus and 56k sentences of a monolingual corpus in the target language (Hindi) have been used. This system gives 57 BLEU score. Keywords: Machine translation, SMT, corpus, evaluation, Sanskrit and Hindi, SaHiT 1. Introduction 2. Description of Moses based SaHiT Sanskrit and Hindi belong to an Indo-Aryan language MT System family. Hindi is considered to be a direct descendant of an early form of Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit and The first step was the creation of parallel (Sanskrit- 1 speaker in India. Today Hindi is widely spoken across Hindi) corpus and monolingual corpus of the target the country as well as in some parts of countries like language (Hindi). We prepared 43k sentences. Out of Mauritius etc. According to the Census of 20011, India 43k, 25k sentences were collected from the Dept. of 4 has more than 378,000,000 Hindi speakers. Public Relation , Madhya Pradesh (MP) government The knowledge or information source can be accessed and rests of the data were manually translated. The next by users through translation of the texts from Sanskrit to step was the collection of a monolingual corpus and 56k other languages. Development of a Machine Translation sentences were crawled. The detailed statistics are (MT) system like Sanskrit-Hindi (SaHiT) MT can presented below (Table 1): provide faster and easy solution for this task.
  • The Languages of South Asia

    The Languages of South Asia

    THE LANGUAGES OF SOUTH ASIA a catalogue of rare books: dictionaries, grammars, manuals, & literature. with several important works on Tibetan Catalogue 31 John Randall (Books of Asia) John Randall (Books of Asia) [email protected] +44 (0)20 7636 2216 www.booksofasia.com VAT Number : GB 245 9117 54 Cover illustration taken from no. 4 (Colebrooke) in this catalogue; inside cover illustrations taken from no. 206 (Williams). © John Randall (Books of Asia) 2017 THE LANGUAGES OF SOUTH ASIA Catalogue 31 John Randall (Books of Asia) INTRODUCTION The conversion of the East India Company from trading concern to regional power South Asia, home to six distinct linguistic gave further impetus to the study of South families, remains one of the most Asian languages. Employees of the linguistically complex regions on earth. Company were charged with producing According to the 2001 Census of India, linguistic guides for official purposes. 1,721 languages and dialects were spoken as Military officers needed language skills to mother tongues. Of these, 29 had one issue commands to locally recruited troops. million or more speakers, and a further 31 And as the Company sought to perpetuate more than 100,000. the Mughal system of rule, knowledge of Persian as well as regional languages was The political implications of such dizzying essential for revenue collectors and diversity have been no less complex. Since administrators of justice. 1953, there have been many attempts to re- divide the country along linguistic lines. As All the while, some independent European recently as 2014, the new state of Telangana scholars demonstrated a genuine interest in was created as a homeland for Telugu and empathy for South Asian languages and speakers.
  • TFM Itziarmtzdeantonana.Pdf (665.2Kb)

    TFM Itziarmtzdeantonana.Pdf (665.2Kb)

    " A typological and areal approach to Konkani grammar " A project work submitted to the Faculty of Arts of the University of the Basque Country in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics by Itziar Mtz. de Antoñana Vitoria-Gasteiz June 24th, 2015 1/85 Index I. Introduction.................................................................................................... 5 I.1. About the Konkani language.............................................................. 5 I.1.1. Scope of this study.............................................................. 5 I.1.2. Dialects of Konkani............................................................. 9 I.1.3. Literary Konkani.................................................................. 12 I.2. General typological description.......................................................... 13 I.2.1. Phonology............................................................................ 14 a) Vowels and consonants................................................. 14 i. Vowel and consonantal system........................... 14 ii. Consonant/vowel ratio....................................... 15 iii. Nasality............................................................. 15 b) Suprasegmental features and prosody........................... 15 i. Quantity and syllable structure........................... 15 ii. Accentual type & intonation............................. 16 iii. Vowels in contact............................................. 16 I.2.2. Morphology.........................................................................