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A Comparative Grammar of the Modern This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com ई ANSAR 236973 KASHAN ONAMINAKRA VERY ASARAN ARSHA ANORANA MANTRA 900MAN A RSA ROO MANTRA S SRANORA TRA Coll 3000 000 11 SEXEMOC003 K000000588804 20 6000 KI SHARON P . DOMAMINANUSITIO 380VACANAS MOON SARDAR REAK CARRARTHA MARATI J.LO MRA NAR M HRA 1362802 HAR S ARTHA .00 MAYA A MINS COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA . COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA : TO WIT , HINDI , PANJABI , SINDHI , GUJARATI , MARATHI , ORIYA AND BANGALI . BY JOHN BEAMES , BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE , FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA , MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY , THE GERMAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY , ETC . , ETC . VOL . III . THE VERB . LONDON : TRÜBNER & CO . , 57 AND 59 , LUDGATE HILL . 1879 . ( au Rights reserved . ) HERTFORD : STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS , PRINTERS . TABLE OF CONTENTS . BOOK III . - THE VERB . CHAPTER 1 . — STRUCTURE OF VERBAL STEMS . § 1 . Structure of the Sanskrit Verb . § 2 . Beginnings of the Analytical System in Sanskrit . § 3 . Conjugations of the Pali Verb . § 4 . Tenses of the Pali Verb SS 5 . 6 . The Verb in Jaina Prakrit § 7 . Scenic Prakrit Verb . § 8 . Apabhrança Verbal Forms § 9 . The Modern Verbal Stem § 10 . Phases of the Verb . § 11 . Single and Double Stems . $ 12 . Single Neuter Stems from Sanskrit BHỨ Roots . $ 13 . The same from other Classes of Sanskrit Roots § 14 . Modern Neuter Stems from Sanskrit Past Participles . $ 15 . Single Active Stems . § 16 . Treatment of Sanskrit Roots ending in a Vowel . § 17 . The Stem DEKH . $ 18 . Double Verbs . $ 19 . Sindhi Double Stems Differing in the Final Consonant $ 20 . Double Stems Differing in Vowel and Final Consonant . $ 21 . Double Stems Differing only in the Vowel . § 22 . Examples and Illustrations . $ 23 . Laws of the Formation of Modern Stems . § 24 . The Passive Intransitive . § 25 . The Passive . § 26 . The Causal . 75 $ 27 . The Passive Causal . 82 TABLE OF CONTENTS . PAGE § 28 . The Causal in a Neuter Sense . 84 § 29 . Secondary Stems . 87 § 30 . Reduplicated and Imitative mitative StemsStems § 31 . Gipsy Verbal Stems . : . : . : CHAPTER II . — THE SIMPLE TENSES . § 32 . Classification of Tenses . 99 § 33 . The Simple Present or Aorist · 101 § 34 . The Imperative . 108 § 35 . The Future in Old - Hindi and Gujarati 112 § 36 . Type of the Active Verb in Sindhi and Marathi . 115 § 37 . Synopsis of the Simple Tenses in all Seven Languages 118 § 38 . Simple Tenses in the Gipsy Verb 119 CHAPTER III . — THE PARTICIPIAL TENSES . § 39 . Definition of the Participial Tenses . 121 § 40 . The Present Participle Active . 123 § 41 . Tenses formed thereby — the Sindhi Future . 126 § 42 . Marathi Indicative and Conditional Present 127 § 43 . Bangali and Oriya Conditional . 129 § 44 . Hindi , Panjabi , and Gujarati Present . 131 § 45 . The Past Participle Passive . 132 § 46 . Early Tadbhava Participles in Sindhi and Panjabi 136 § 47 . The same in Gujarati and Marathi . 141 § 48 . The same in Old and New Hindi . 144 § 49 . Tenses formed from the Past Participle . 147 $ 50 . The Prayogas 151 $ 51 . The Future Participle Passive . 152 § 52 . Tenses formed from it in Sindhi , Gujarati , and Marathi , 155 $ 53 . The Future in Oriya , Bengali , and Eastern Hindi . 158 $ 54 . The Hindi and Panjabi Future . 160 § 55 . Marathi Future compared with that in certain Hindi Dialects . 161 $ 56 . Synopsis of the Participial Tenses in all Seven Languages 164 $ 57 . Participial Tenses in the Gipsy Verb . 168 TABLE OF CONTENTS . vii CHAPTER IV . - THE COMPOUND TENSES . § 58 . Definition of the Compound Tenses and Auxiliary Verbs PAGE 170 $ 59 . The Root AS - Present Tense . 171 $ 60 . Imperfect in Panjabi and Gipsy . 175 § 61 . AS , with a Negative . 178 $ 62 . Compound Tenses formed with AS . 179 $ 63 . The Root ACHH — Discussion as to its Origin . 180 $ 64 . Tenses derived therefrom • · 184 $ 65 . Compound Tenses formed therewith . 187 $ 66 . BHỦ — the Simple Tenses . · 194 § 67 . id . — the Participial Tenses es . 201 $ 68 . Compound Tenses formed therewith . 203 § 69 . STHÂ . 208 $ 70 . YÂ . 213 $ 71 . Ancillary Verbs Defined . 215 $ 72 . Examples of Ancillaries . 216 CHAPTER V . — OTHER VERBAL FORMS . $ 73 . The Conjunctive Participle . 229 § 74 . The Infinitive . 234 § 75 . The Agent . 238 § 76 . Sindhi Verbs with Pronominal Suffixes . 241 § 77 . Conjugation of Stems ending in Vowels in Hindi , Panjabi , and Sindhi . 246 $ 78 . The same in Marathi . 251 $ 79 . The same in Bangali and Oriya . 254 CHAPTER VI . — THE PARTICLE . $ 80 . Adverbs , Nominal and Pronominal . 256 $ 81 . Pronominal Adverbs of Time , Place , and u manner Manner . 257 $ 82 . Adverbs Derived from Nouns and Verbs . 264 $ 83 . Conjunctions . 270 $ 84 . Interjections . 272 $ 85 . Postpositions . 275 $ 86 . Conclusion . 278 GENERAL INDEX TO THE THREE VOLUMES . 279 ERRATA . PAGE LINE 1 PAGE LINE 3 , 19 , for this much read such . 124 , 1 , dele comma after hearing . 10 , 9 , for मञ्जीत read मजति . 134 , 6 , for छोडेलो read छोडेली . 14 , 28 , for different read dificult . 135 , 29 , after dielala insert f . ; for 19 , 21 , for gufa read qrafa . dielať , etc . , read délať , etc . 21 , 26 , for निषोतितव्यं read निषी - 140 , 31 , for सिडणा read सिउणा . fecaj . 141 , 19 , for भति read भीत . 34 , 3from below , for Pali read Prakrit 149 , 24 , for asmah read asmah . 36 , 8 , for bhála read bhala . 154 , 29 , for जाक्या read जावया . 39 , 26 , for ufuga read of7187 . 162 , 7 , for at read HTPROT . 44 , 2 , for detu read dehi . 163 , 2 , the words “ aorist ozi ' should 47 , 26 , dele that . be put between brackets . 50 , 16 , for मज्ज read भज्ज . 175 , 29 , for Ludhiana read Lodiana . 50 , 18 , after word a full stop instead 176 , 5 from below , for Pr . read P . of a comma . 178 , 18 , for Nuanti read Nuhanti . 52 , 13 , for discharged read discharge . 179 , 24 , for at read a . 56 , 5 , for 90 read 38 ( ed . Stenzler ) . 196 , 10 , for ‘ Daughter ' read Laughter . ' 56 , 7 , for °विशम . read विषम . | 196 , 17 , for स्वनि read रचिनि , 57 , 28 , for read on . 202 , 2 from below , for 59 read 60 . 58 , 5 , after Pali a full stop instead 214 , 4 , for Imperfect read Imperative . of a comma . 225 , 29 , for दहती read रहती . 61 , 25 , for hladid read hlatu . 250 , 17 , for Imperfect read Imperative . 63 , 4 , for masj read majj . 254 , 5 , for Oriya read Aryan . 65 , 9 , for to read 706 . | 257 , 3 , for नाजा read राजा . 70 , 12 , for phrase read phase . 262 , 22 , for कथ्थ read कथा . 73 , 16 , for नारी read मारी . 262 , 23 , for प्रमानं read प्रमाणं . 83 , 24 , for HTETES read HTETET . 262 , 23 , for लोयं read लोग . 105 , 6 , for बलें read चलें . 262 , 23 , for its read as . 112 , last but one , for Htet read a tet 263 , 6 , for H . - D . read K . - D . 114 , 21 , for QA read TH . | 267 , 9 , for सहित read सहित . COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA . CHAPTER I . STRUCTURE OF VERBAL STEMS . CONTENTS . — $ 1 . STRUCTURE OF THE SANSKRIT VERB . — $ 2 . BEGINNINGS OF THE ANALYTICAL SYSTEM IN SANSKRIT . - S 3 . CONJUGATIONS OF THE PALI VERB . - $ 4 . TENSES OF THE PALI VERB . — $ $ 6 , 6 . THE VERB IN JAINA PRAKRIT . - 7 . SCENIC PRAKRIT VERB . - $ 8 . APABHRANÇA VERBAL FORMS . - 9 . THE MODERN VERBAL STEM . — * 10 . PHASES OF THE VERB . - 11 . SINGLE AND DOUBLE STEMS . - $ 12 . SINGLE NEUTER STEMS FROM SANSKRIT BHŰ Roots . - 13 . THE SAME FROM OTHER CLASSES OF SANSKRIT Roots . — $ 14 . MODERN NEUTER STEMS FROM SANSKRIT PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLES . - $ 15 . SINGLE ACTIVE STEMS . - 16 . TREATMENT OF SANSKRIT Roots ENDING IN A VOWEL . — $ 17 . THE STEM DEKH . - $ 18 . DOUBLE VERBS . $ 19 . SINDHI DOUBLE STEMS DIFFERING IN THE FINAL CONSONANT . - $ 20 . DOUBLE STEMS DIFFERING IN VOWEL AND FINAL CONSONANT . - $ 21 . DOUBLE STEMS DIFFERING ONLY IN THE VOWEL . - $ 22 . EXAMPLES AND ILLUSTRA TIONS . - $ 23 . LAWS OF THE FORMATION OF MODERN STEMS . - 24 . THE PASSIVE INTRANSITIVE . — $ 25 . THE PASSIVE . — § 26 . THE CAUSAL . — $ 27 . The PASSIVE CAUSAL . — § 28 . THE CAUSAL IN A NEUTER Sense . — $ 29 . SECONDARY STEMS . — $ 30 . REDUPLICATED AND IMITATIVE STEMS . $ 31 . GIPSY VERBAL STEMS . § 1 . The Sanskrit verb , with its long array of tenses , intricate phonetic changes , and elaborate rules of formation , seems to have been subjected at a very early period to processes of VOL . III . STRUCTURE OF VERBAL STEMS . simplification . Indeed , we may be permitted to hold that some , at least , of the forms laid down in the works of Sanskrit grammarians , were never actually in use in the spoken lan guage , and with all due deference to the opinions of scholars , it may be urged that much of this elaborate development arose in an age when the speech of the people had wandered very far away from the classical type . Even if it were not so , even if there ever were a time when the Aryan peasant used poly syllabic desideratives , and was familiar with multiform aorists , it is clear that he began to satisfy himself with a simpler system at a very distant epoch , for the range of forms in Pali and the other Prakrits is far narrower than in classical Sanskrit . Simplification is in fact the rule in all branches of the Indo European family of languages , and in those we are now dis cussing , the verb follows this general law . To make this clear , it may be well to give here , as a preliminary matter , a slight sketch of the structure of the verb as it stands in the Sanskrit and Prakrit stages of development . In that stage of the Sanskrit language which is usually ac cepted as the classical one , the verb is synthetical throughout , except in one or two tenses where , as will be hereafter shown , the analytical method has already begun to show itself .
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