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The state of Maharashtra is located in the western part of . Maha means large and rastra means state in Hindi and covers an area of 307,713 square kilometers (118,809 sq mi). Maharashtra's population in 2020 is estimated at 123 million people (12.3 crores), according to the unique identity of Aadhar India, updated on May 31, 2020, by mid-2020 the population is expected to be 123,144,223, India's second most democratic state after Uttar Pradesh, 9% of the Indian population lives in Maharatrash. is the financial capital and financial capital of India and the most popular with 20 million people in 2019. It has a long coastline stretching nearly 720 km along the Arabian Sea to the west, and Karnataka to the south, Chhattisgarh and Telangana to the east. Maharashtra is the most economically developed country in India with a GDP value of USD 390 million in 2018-2019, sharing about 15%. Its per head is $2500. According to the 2016 Niti Aayog report, the total birth rate is 1.8. Photo Source: Maharashtrians In traditional dress welcoming Gudi Padwa, the bike rally in Mumbai Maharashtra is the third urbanized state among other states since before independence. According to the 1901 population survey, 19 million people were recorded in the state. The average population growth was 24.81 in the fifty years following the Indian population survey from 1951 to 2001. Population growth slowed to 15.99% in 2011 while that was 22.73% compared to 2001. Census yearPersonsAbsolutePercentageMalesFemales190119,391,643-- 9,802,1299,589,514191121,474,5232,082,88010.7410,922,67110,551,852192120,849,666-624,857- 2.9110,692,86510,156,801193123,959,3003,109,63414.9112,305,95811,653,342194126,832,7582,873,45811.9913,769,46013,063,298195132,002,5645,169,80619.2716,490,03915,512,525196139,553,7187,551,15423.620,428,88219,124,836197150,412,23510,858,51727.4526,116,35124,295,884198162,782,81812,370,58324.5432,414,43230,368,386199178,937,18716,154,36925.7340,825,61838,111,569200196,878,62717,941,44022.7350,400,59646,478,0312011112,374,33315,495,70615.9958,243,05654,131,277 Source: A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901Population Pyramid Source: 2011 Census: Population In Five Year Age-Group Maharashtra Population by ReligionHindu is the largest religion in Maharashtra tôn giáo with 79.83% of the population of 89 million, followed by Muslims with 11.54% of 12.9 million people, 5.81% with Buddhism being 6.5 million and 2.82% other shared by other religions such as Christianity (0.96%), Sikhism (0.2%) and (1.25%). The total Muslim population is 12.9 million the second largest after 89.7 million, followed by Jains Buddhism is 1.4 million, Christians of 1 million, Sikhs with 223,247 and 6.5 million. ReligionsMalesFemales Hindu89,703,05779,8346,535,86243,167,195 Muslim12,971,15211,546,789,1276,182,025 Christian1,1080,0730,96531,916548,157 Sikh223,2470,20118,058105,189 Buddhists6,531,2005,813,314,9063,216,294 Others178,9650.1689,82389,142 Not Stated286,2900.25150,207136,083 Source: Details of Religion In Main Table C-1- 2011 (India & States/UTs)Ethnic groups TribesPopulation as per Census 2011All Scheduled Tribes10,510,213Andh474,110Baiga333Barda1,247Bavacha, Bamcha345Bhaina270Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Pando1,348Bhattra66Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave2,588,659Bhunjia2,136Binjhwar8,567Birhul, Birhor145Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi35,104Dhanwar4,094Dhodia17,520Dubla, Talavia, Halpati18,697Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi67,796Gond, Rajgond, Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koilabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana , Mannewar , Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Naikpod, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria1,618,090Halba, Halbi261,011Kamar1,391Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Kathkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari285,334Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri26,354Khairwar1,843Kharia745Kokna, Kokni, Kukna687,431Kol6,874Kolam, Mannervarlu194,671Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha220,074Koli Mahadev, Dongar Koli1,459,565Koli Malhar282,868Kondh, Khond, Kandh515Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya264,492Koya, Bhine Koya, Rajkoya388Nagesia, Nagasia133Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka22,307Oraon, Dhangad43,060Pardhan, Pathari, Saroti145,131Pardhi, Advichincher, Phans Pardhi, Phanse Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia223,527Parja315Patelia2,574Pomla44Rathawa488Sawar, Sawara348Thakur, Thakar, Ka Thakur, Ka Thakar, Ma Thakur, Ma Thakar567,968Varli796,245Vitolia, Kotwalia, Barodia448Generic Tribes etc.175,542LiteracyAs per the census 2011 , the literacy rate in Maharashtra state is 82.3% compared to 74% at the national level. That's 88.4% and 75.9% for men and women respectively. At the national level, this figure is 82.14% for men and 65.46% for women. The language spoken in MaharashtraMarathi is the largest language in the state of Maharashtra with 68.9%, a total of 77 million speakers followed by Hindi with 14 million (12.8%) and Urdu with 7.5 million (6.7%). another 11.6% shared with many other Indian languages due to migration to other states and neighboring countries. Gujarati and Bhili are more than 2 million each, Khandeshi, Telugu and Kannnada are more than 1 million each speaking their native languages. Source: 2011 Population Survey: Language and Native LanguageDisabilityBelow table illustrates the disabled population statistics of Maharashtra. Type of disabilityTotal PersonsCultivatorsAgriculture laborHHIOther workersTotal disabled population1,248,337288,569341,79937,672580,297In Seeing241,87355,58169,3816,742110,169In Hearing210,86345,74453,4766,757104,886In Speech248,72062,61354,1566,558125,393In Movement240,07158,52672,6198,055100,871Mental Retardation31,3277,50910,47388212,463Mental Illness14,3423,7785,6483454,571Any Other226,35846,34864,3617,100108,549Multiple disability34,7838,47011,6851,23313,395 Source: 2011 Census: Distribution of Disabled(India & States/UTs)Income DistributionThe rural population of the State living in 40,959 villages was 55 percent with agriculture as the key income area, major crops are Jowar, Wheat, Cereals, Cotton and Sugarcane. Maharashtra districts have many industrial corridors, the service sector is the largest market share with 51.1%, followed by the manufacturing industry with 31% and agriculture with 17.9% as the income area for the state. The district population in MaharashtraMaharashtra has 36 districts, divided into six income units for administrative purposes including , , Aurangabad, Nashik, Amravati and . District has the highest population of 12 million, followed by Mumbai Suburban and Pune with 10 million people each. Here is the wise population of Maharashtra district according to the 2011 and 2020 population forecasts. By 2011, 55% of the rural population lived in towns and villages and 45% were urban populations living in , there were 355 tehsils and 534 towns in the state. A total of 40,959 are live-housing villages and 2706 are unsi people in the total population. Dân số các quận(ước tính năm 2020) Population(2011)PercentageNandurbar1,879,0561,648,2951.47Dhule2,337,9832,050,8621.83Jalgaon4,822,1054,229,9173.76Buldana2,948,3342,586,2582.30Akola2,067,8531,813,9061.61Washim1,364,7621,197,1601.07Amravati3,292,8272,888,4452.57Wardha1,482,8821,300,7741.16Nagpur5,305,0704,653,5704.14Bhandara1,368,3811,200,3341.07Gondiya1,507,6581,322,5071.18Gadchiroli1,223,1541,072,9420.95Chandrapur2,512,9102,204,3071.96Yavatmal3,160,4772,772,3482.47Nanded3,831,8733,361,2922.99Hingoli1,342,1731,177,3451.05Parbhani2,093,1381,836,0861.63Jalna2,233,3121,959,0461.74Aurangabad4,219,4613,701,2823.29Nashik6,962,1936,107,1875.43Thane12,608,56911,060,1489.84Mumbai Suburban10,666,9379,356,9628.33Mumbai3,517,3693,085,4112.75Raigarh3,002,9882,634,2002.34Pune10,749,5259,429,4088.39Ahmadnagar5,179,2014,543,1594.04Bid2,946,9562,585,0492.30Latur2,797,7832,454,1962.18Osmanabad1,889,6371,657,5761.48Solapur4,922,2424,317,7563.84Satara3,424,2653,003,7412.67Ratnagiri1,841,1791,615,0691.44Sindhudurg968,602849,6510.76Kolhapur4,418,6413,876,0013.45Sangli3,217,2432,822,1432.51 Source: 2011 Census: Population Data on District/Sub-Dist Level in the Indian state of West IndiaMaharashtraState From top, left to right: Pratapgad Fort (near Mahabaleshwar) located in the Western Ghats, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Painting of Padmapani at Ajanta Caves, Kailasa Temple at Ellora Caves, , Trimurti sculpture of Elephanta Cave, Shaniwar Wada Fort and Hazur Sahib NandedMotto Symbol(s): Pratipaccandralēkhēva vardhiṭurviśva vanditā mahārāṭrasya rājyaya mudrā bhadrāya rājatē (Maharashtra's glory will develop as the moon It will be worshipped by the world and will shine only for the well-being of its people.) [1] Location of Maharashtra in IndiaCoordinates (Mumbai): 18°58′12N 72°49′12 E/18.97°N 72,820°E/18.97; 72.820Coordinates: 18°58′12N 72°49′12 E/18.97°N 72,820°E/18.97; 72.820Country IndiaFormation1 May 1960^ (Maharashtra Day)CapitalsMumbaiNagpur (Winter)[2]Districts36Government • BodyGovernment of Maharashtra • GovernorBhagat Singh Koshyari • Chief MinisterUddhav Thackeray (SS) • Deputy Chief MinisterAjit Pawar (NCP) • FranceBicameral Council (288 seats) Council (78 seats) • Parliamentary constituency (19 seats) (48 seats) Area • Total 307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi)Population ranking area 3rd (2011)[2011)[2011) 3] • Total 112,374,333 • 2nd place • Density 370/km2 (950/sq mi)Demonym(s) MaharashtrianGSDP (2019–20)[4] • Total₹28.78 lakh crore (US$400 billion) • Per capita₹207,727 (US$2,900)TIME ZONEUTC+05:30 (IST)ISO 3166 codeIN-MHVehicle registrationMHOfficial languagesMarathi[5][6]HDI (2017) 0.695[7] (medium) · 15thLiteracy (2011)82.34%[8] Sex ratio (2011)929 ♀/1000 ♂[8] WebsiteMaharashtra.gov.inSymbols of MaharashtraEmblem Emblem of MaharashtraSongJai Jai Maharashtra Mazahe [9] MarathiMammal Indian giant squirrelBird Yellow-footed green pigeonInsect Blue MormonFlower JarulTree Mango Tree †The State of Bombay was split into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by Bombay Re-Organization Act 1960[10]†† The Supreme Court of General Maharashtra (/mːːhəˈrəəətrə/; Marathi: [məharaːʂʈrə] (listen), abbr. MH) is a state in the western peninsula of India that occupies a significant part of the . Home to the Marathi, Maharashtra is the second most democraticed state in India as well as the second most nationally owned sub-district. Maharashtra was founded on 1 May 1960 by dividing the bilingual state of Bombay, which has existed since 1956, into the majority of Marathi-speaking Maharashtra and Gujarat-speaking Gujarat. The state capital is Mumbai, India's most popular metropolitan area. Godavari and Krishna are two major rivers in the state. Marathi is the most widely spoken language and also the official language of the state. Spread through (118,809 sq mi), it is the third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra borders the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north, and indian alliance territories Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the northwest. [11] Nagpur held winter sessions of the state legislature. [12] The state has two international airports, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (Mumbai) and Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport (Nagpur). The state has three headquarters of the viz. Central Railway (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus), Konkan Railway (CBD Belapur) and Western Railway (). The Supreme Court of Bombay State Supreme Court is located in Mumbai. Prior to India's independence, Maharashtra was ruled in time by the Satavahana dynasty, the Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, the Deccan Muslim kingdoms, mughals and marathas, and the British. Ruins, monuments, tombs, forts, and places of worship left by the rulers are scattered around the state. The state is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Ajanta and Ellora caves. Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions. [13] Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country. Maharashtra is the most industrialized state in India while the state capital of Mumbai is India's largest financial and commercial capital. [15] The state has played an important role in the social and political life of the country and is considered a leader in agricultural and industrial production, trade and transportation, and education. [16] Maharashtra is one of the most developed and prosperous Indian countries and continues to be the largest contributor to the country's economy at 15% of the country's GDP. Maharashtra's economy is the largest in India, with a total domestic product (GSDP) of ₹28.78 lakh crore ($400 billion) and the country's 13th highest GSDP per person at ₹207,727 ($2,900). [4] Maharashtra ranks fifteenth highest among Indian countries in the human development index. [7] The word modern was developed from Maharashtri Prakrit,[18] and the word Marhatta (later used for the Maratha) is found in Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi, and Maratha may originate from the same root. However, their exact raw word is uncertain. [19] The most widely accepted theory among linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra eventually originated from a combination of Maha (Marathi: ) and rashtrika (Marathi:),[19] the names of a tribe or the reign of small leaders in the Deccan region. [20] Another theory is that the term originated from Maha (great) and ratha/rathi (chariot/chariot), referring to an ingenious fighting force in the north that migrated south into the area. [21] Another theory is that the term is derived from the words Maha (great) and Rashtra (country/dominate). [22] However, this theory is somewhat controversial among modern scholars, who believe it was the explanation of later writers. [19] Major articles on history: The and the Maratha Empire See also: Chrysantmism of the status of chalcolithic maharashtra sites of the Jorwe culture (circa 1300-700 BC) has been discovered throughout the state. [24] Maharashtra was ruled by the Mauryan Empire in the fourth and third centuries BC. Around 230 BC, Maharashtra was under Satavahana rule for 400 years. [25] The greatest king of the Satavahana dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni. In 90 AD, Vedishri,[26] the son of Satavahana Satakarni, lord of dakshinapatha, who held the wheel of uncontrolled sovereignty, turned Junnar, 30 miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was also ruled by Western Satraps, the Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, the Chalukya Empire, the Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before the last, Yadava rule. The Buddhist Ajanta Cave in Aurangabad today is influenced by the Satavahana and Vakataka styles. The caves may have been excavated during this period. [27] Kailasanatha Shrine, significantly carved from a single rock built by Rashtrakuta King (r. 756–773 CE)[28] Ramayana table at Ellora Cave, a UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized by the ruled from the 6th to 8th centuries AD, and two famous kings were Pulakeshin II, who defeated the Northern Indian Emperor Harsha, and Vikramaditya II, who defeated the Arab invaders in the eighth century. The Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the eighth century to the tenth century. [29] Arab tourist Sulaiman al Mahri described the king of the Rashtrakuta Amoghavarsha dynasty as one of the four great kings of the world. [30] The dynasty began as vassals of the Rashtrakuta dynasty that ruled the Deccan Plateau from the eighth to tenth centuries. From the early 11th to 12th centuries, the Deccan Plateau, which included an important part of Maharashtra, was dominated by the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty. [31] Several battles took place between the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty in the Deccan Plateau during the reigns of Raja Raja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I, Jayasimha II, Someshvara I, and Vikramaditya VI. [32] In the early 14th century, the Yadava dynasty, which ruled most of present-day Maharashtra, was overthrown by the ruler of the Delhi Sultanal Kingdom Khalji. Khalji. Muhammad bin Tughluq conquered part of the deccan, and temporarily moved his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in Maharashtra. After the fall of Tughluqs in 1347, Gulbarga's local Bahmani Sultan kingdom took over, ruling the region for the next 150 years. [33] After the breakup of the Bahamani Sultanate in 1518, Maharashtra divided into five Deccan Sultanate: Ahmednagar's Nizamshah, Bijapur's Adilshah, Golkonda's Qutubshah, Bidarshah's Bidarshah and Elichpur's Imadshah. These kingdoms often fought each other. United, they decided to defeat the Vijayanagara Empire in the south in 1565. [34] The present part of Mumbai was ruled by the Sultanate of Gujarat before being captured by Portugal in 1535 and the Faruqi dynasty ruled the Khandesh region from 1382 to 1601 before finally being annexed by the Mughal Empire. Malik Ambar, regent of Ahmednagar's Nizamshahi dynasty from 1607 to 1626,[35] strengthened the power and power of Murtaza Nizam Shah II and nurtured a large army. Malik Ambar is believed to be a supporter of guerrilla warfare in the Deccan region. Malik Ambar supported mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Delhi against his stepmongest, Nur Jahan, who had ambitions to sit for his son-in-law on the throne. [36] By the early 17th century, Shahaji Bhosale, an ambitious local general who had served the Sultanate of Ahmadnagar, Mughals and Adil Shah of Bijapur at various periods of his career, had tried to establish his independent rule. [37] His son Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj succeeded in establishing the Maratha Empire which was further expanded in the 18th century by the Bhat Peshwas family based in Pune, Bhonsle of Nagpur, Gaekwad of Baroda, Holkar of , Scindia of . [38] At its peak, the empire covered most of the subconcond continent, including a territory of more than 2.8 million km2. The Maratha people were noted to a large extent to end Mughal rule in India. [40] The Marathas defeated the Mughals and conquered large territories in the northern and central parts of the Indian subconconconst. After their defeat to the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, Maratha suffered a defeat. However, the Maratha quickly regained lost influence and ruled central and northern India including until the late 17th century. The Third Anh-Maratha War (1817–1818) led to the end of the Maratha Empire and the Company ruled the country in 1819. [43] The Maratha also developed a strong Navy around the 1660s, which at its peak dominated the territorial waters of the west Indian coast from Mumbai to Savantwadi. [44] She would take part in attacks on British, Portuguese, Dutch and Siddi naval vessels and test their naval ambitions. The Maratha Navy dominated until about in 1730, was in decline in the 1770s, and no longer exists because India has no more than two powers, Britain and Maratha, and each other acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we withdraw will be occupied by them.- Charles Metcalfe, one of the ablest of British officials in India and then Acting Acting President, wrote in 1806 the British East India Company controlled Mumbai starting in the 17th century, and used it as one of their main business posts. The company gradually expanded the areas under its rule in the 18th century. Their conquest of Maharashtra was completed in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II in the Third British-Maratha War. [46] The British ruled western Maharashtra as part of President Bombay, stretching an area from Karachi in Pakistan to northern Deccan. Some Maratha countries continue to be princes, maintaining autonomy in exchange for recognition of British property rights. The largest princes in the territory were Nagpur, Satara and ; Satara was annexed to President Bombay in 1848, and Nagpur was annexed in 1853 to become Nagpur Province, later part of the central provinces. Berar, which was part of the Nizam of the Kingdom of , was occupied by the British in 1853 and annexed to the central provinces in 1903. [47] However, a large part known as Marathwada remained part of the Hyderabad state of Nizam throughout the British period. The British ruled for more than a century and brought major changes in every aspect of life to the people of The Maharashtra region. However, in the early 20th century, the struggle for independence was formed, led by radical nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak based in Pune and moderates such as Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji.Jyotirao Phule who pioneered social reform in the Maharashtra region in the second half of the 19th century. His work for social justice was continued by Shahu, Raja of Kolhapur, at the beginning of the century and then by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. After the Indian government granted some autonomy to countries under the Government of India's 1935 Act, B. G. Kher became the first Prime Minister of the three-language Bombay-led Government of the National Assembly Party. [48] An erm for the British during the Quit India Movement was issued in Mumbai, culminating in the transfer of power and independence in 1947. After India's independence, the prince states and Jagirs of the Deccan National Agency, were annexed to the state of Bombay, created from former President Bombay in 1950. [49] In 1956, the U.S. Re-Organizing Act re organized Indian states along the language lines, and the Bombay Presidential State was expanded by the addition of predominantly Marathi- speaking areas of Marathwada (Aurangabad Division) from Hyderabad and the Vidarbha region from the central provinces and Berar. Southern polar part The state of Bombay was ceded Mysore.In the 1950s, with Marathi strongly protesting the bilingual Bombay state under the banner of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti. Samiti's notable leaders include Keshavrao Jedhe, S.M. Joshi, Shripad Amrit Dange, Pralhad Keshav Atre and Gopalrao Khedkar.Samiti's main demands for a Marathi-speaking state with Mumbai as its capital. [52] In the Gujarati-speaking areas of the state, a similar Mahagujarat movement required a separate Gujarat state for the majority Gujarati regions. After years of protests, which also saw 106 people killed among the protesters, and the electoral success of samiti in the 1957 elections, the Nehru government pressured the public to create on May 1, 1960, a separate Marathi-speaking state by dividing the previous state of Bombay into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. [53] The state continued to have disputes with Karnataka over the Belgaum and Karwar regions. [56] Geography and climate Detail: Geography of Maharashtra Bramhagiri Hill in the Sahyadri Mountains (Western Ghats)Dry Godavari in Puntamba, Ahmadnagar District after a poor MonsoonWainganga River near Bhandara District. Maharashtra occupies the western and central parts of the country and has a coastline stretching 720 kilometres[57] along the Arabian Sea. [59] Ghats are a series of steep hills, periodically divided by narrow roads. Most of the state's famous hill stations are located in the Ghats. The Western Ghats (or Sahyadri Mountains) provide a physical backbone to the state to the west, while the Satpura Hills along the north and the Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri mountains to the east serve as its natural border. [60] The state is surrounded by Gujarat to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the southeast, Karnataka to the south and Goa to the southwest. Maharashtra is the third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra has 36 districts, 355 talukas, 535 cities, 63,663 villages, 6 administrative units. [62] The Western Ghats, also known as Sahyadri, are a hilly range that runs parallel to the coast, at an average altitude of 1,200 metres (4,000 ft). Kalsubai, a peak in Sahyadris, near nashik city is the highest point in Maharashtra. [63] To the west of these hills is the Konkan coastal plain, 50–80 km wide. To the east of the Ghats is the flat Deccan Plateau. Forests make up 17% of the state's total area. [58] Most of the forests are in the eastern and Sahyadri regions of the state. The main rivers of the state are Krishna, Bhima, Godavari, Tapi-Purna and Wardha-Wainganga. [64] For the central parts of the state precipitation is low, most rivers in the area have many dams. Maharashtra has about 1821 notable large dams. Konkan is the west coast, between the Western Ghats and the sea. Kandesh is a northwestern region located in the Tapti River valley. Nashik, Jalgaon, Dhule and Bhusawal are the major cities of the region. [67] Desh is located in the center of the state. [68] Marathwada, part of the state of Hyderabad until 1956, was located in the southeastern part of the state. [69] Aurangabad and Nanded are the main cities of the region. [70] Vidarbha is the eastern eastern region of the state, formerly part of the central provinces and Berar. Nagpur, which hosts winter sessions of the state council, Akola, Amravati and Chandrapur are the main cities in the region. [58] The Sahyadri range, at an altitude of 1,000 meters, is known for its crowned plateau. Located between the Arabian Sea and the Sahyadri Strip, Konkan is a narrow coastal lowland, only 50 km wide and with an altitude of less than 200 meters. The third most important area is the Satpura Hill along the northern border, and the Bhamragad-Chiroli-Gaikhuri Mountains on the eastern border, which form physical barriers that prevent easy movement. [58] These range also serve as natural limits for the state. [58] Maharashtra's climate has a tropical climate, with three distinct seasons: Summer (March-May), Monsoon (June-September) and Winter (October-February). However, dew and hail also sometimes occur, depending on the seasonal weather. Winter from October to February is followed by summer between March and May and monsoon season from June to September. Summer (March, April and May) is extremely hot, with temperatures rising from 22 °C to 43 °C in summer. Precipitation begins normally in the first week of June. July is the wetnest month in Maharashtra, while August also has significant rainfall. The rainy season began its retreat with the arrival of September to the state. Precipitation in Maharashtra varies from region to region. Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts, receive heavy rainfall of an average of 200 cm per year. But the districts of Nashik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Satara, Sangli, Solapur and parts of Kolhapur are less than 50 cm. Precipitation is particularly high in areas adjacent to the Sahyadri Mountains such as the Konkan coast to the west and the footer of the mountains to the east. Central Maharashtra receives less rain. However, under the influence of the Bay of Bengal, eastern Vidarbha received good rainfall in July, August and September. [75] In winter, a cool dryness occurs, with clear skies, gentle winds, and pleasant weather prevailing from October to February. But the eastern part of sometimes get some precipitation. Temperatures have risen from 12 °C to 34 °C this season. Biodiversity State symbol of Maharashtra[76] Indian animal giant squirrel Bird Gold leg green pigeon tree Jarul Green Butterfly Mormon Flora of Maharashtra is heer in composition. In 2012, the area of thick forest recorded in the state was 61,939 km2 (23,915 sq mi) about 20.13% of the state's geographical area. They[77] There are three main public forestry organizations (PFIs) in Maharashtra state: the Maharashtra Forest Service (MFD), the Maharashtra Forest Development Corporation (FDCM) and the General Department of Social Forestry (SFD). [78] The Maharashtra State Biodiversity Council, established by the Government of Maharashtra in January 2012 under the Biodiversity Act, 2002, is a destructive body for preserving biodiversity in and out of forested areas in the state. [80] According to the Champion and Seth classifications, Maharashtra has five types of forests:[81] Southern tropical semi-permanent green forests:They are found in the western ghats at altitudes of 400-1000 meters. Some of the species of trees found in this forest are Anjani, Hirda, Kinjal, and Mango. Southern humid deciduous forests:Two main classifications are distributed in this group. i) Moist teak forests:These forests are found in Melghat,[82] other districts in Vidarbha and Thane districts.Commercially important Teak, Shishum and bamboo are found here. ii) Wet mixed deciduous forests: In addition to ever-green teak, some other species of trees found in this type of forest include Jambul, Ain and Shisam. Tropical dry deciduous forests to the south. Forests of this type make up a large part of the state. Two types occur in this group. i) Dried tea tea forest and ii) Wet mixed deciduous forests Southern tropical thorn forests: They are found in low rainfall areas of Marathwada, Vidarbha, Khandesh and West Maharashtra. Currently, these forests are severely degraded. Babul, Bor, and Palas are some of the plants found here. Coastal forests and swamps: They are mainly found in the S creeks districts of Sindhudurg and Thane of the Konkan coastal region. These forests are important for protecting the coastal environment In addition to the above forests, Maharashtra also has many mangrove forests, coastal and marine biodiversity, with an area of 304 km2 (117 sq mi) under mangrove forest cover according to the Indian Forest Report (ISFR) of the Indian Forest Survey. [83] Some forest areas have been converted into wildlife protected areas, thus preserving their biodiversity. The Western Ghats of Maharashtra are included in 34 global biodiversity hotspots due to its extremely rich biodiversity. Biodiversity includes more than five hundred species of birds. [85] Similar to a study in the area where 171 bird species were found. Both areas include residents as well as migrating species. [86] The state has three game reserve areas, as well as several national parks and bird protected areas. [87] Six tiger protected areas are located in the state with a total area of 9,133 km2 (3,526 sq mi). Wildlife sanctuations in the state include Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandoli National Park, Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary , Tadoba Andhari Tiger Sanctuary, part of Pench National Park, Navegaon National Park and Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary. The most common animals present in the state are tigers, leopards, gaurs, sloth bears, sambars, four-horned antelopes, blue cows, chitals, barking deer, mouse deer, small Indian ciders, wild dogs, striped hyenas and hares. [89] Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras and kraits. [87] Maharashtra National Park possesses a variety of plants including jamun, palash, shisam, neem, teak, dhawada, kalam, ain, bija, shirish, mango, glue, awala, kadamba, moha, hedu and ficus. [82] The regions, divisions and districts divide Maharashtra, along with their respective districts (With established in 2014 from the northern part of ) Detailed article: List of districts of MaharashtraSee also: Talukas of Maharashtra and List of cities in Maharashtra by maharashtra population including six administrative units :[100] Amati Aurangabad Konkan Nagpur Nashik Pune Six administrative divisions of the state are divided into 3, 109 divisions and 358 talukas. Maharashtra's top five counties by population, ranked by the 2011 population survey, are listed in the table below. Each county is administered by a county collector or district judge, assigned by the Indian Administrative Service or The Maharashtra Civil Service. [92] The districts were divided into sub-divisions (Taluka) administered by divided judges, and again into blocks. [93] One block consists of panchayats (village councils) and town towns. [94] Talukas is an intermediate panchayat between Zilla Parishad (district council) at the district level and gram panchayat (village council) at the lower level. [93] [96] Demographics Further information: Religion in Maharashtra, Languages of India, and Siddhivinayak Temple in Mumbai, Hinduism is the dominant religion in Maharashtra Population growth CensusPopulation %± 190119,392,000—191121,475,00010.7%192120,850,000−2.9%193123,959,00014.9%194126,833,00012.0%195132,003,00019.3%196139,554,00023.6%197150,412,00027.5%198162,784,00024.5%199178,937,00025.7%200196,752,00022.6%2011112,373,00016.1%Source:Census of India[97] Religion in Maharashtra (2011)[98] Hinduism (79.83%) Islamic (5.81%) Jainism (1.25%) Christianity (0.96%) Sikhism (0.2%) Other (0.41%) According to the interim results of the 2011 national population survey, Maharashtra is the richest state in India and the second most popular state in India with a population of 112,374,333 (9.28% of india's population) of which men and women are 58,243,056 and 54,131,277,, accordingly. Total population growth in 2011 was 15.99 percent while in the previous decade it was 22.57 percent. [100] Since independence, decadal's population growth rate has remained higher (except in 1971) than the national average. For the first time, in 2011, it was found to be below the national average. [100] The 2011 state population survey found that 55% of the population is rural with 45% being urban. [102] Bihari, Gujarati, Sindhis, Punjabis, Parsis, Marwari, , Telugu and Tamil minorities are scattered throughout the state. The 2011 population survey showed scheduled castes and scheduled tribes made up 11.8 and 8.9% of the population, according to the scheduled population. [103] The scheduled tribes include the same as Thakar, Warli, Konkana and Halba. According to the 2011 population survey, Hinduism is the main religion in the state with 79.8% of the total population, while Muslims make up 11.5% of the total population. Buddhism accounts for 5.8% of maharashtra's total population, with 6,531,200 followers, accounting for 77.36% of the total Buddhist population in India. Sikhs, Christians and Jains make up 0.2%, 1.0%, 1.2% of the population, respectively. [98] The state contributes 9.28% of India's population. [105] The sex ratio in Maharashtra is 929 females per 1000 men, lower than the national average of 943. [8] Maharashtra's density of 365 inhabitants per km2 is lower than the national average of 382 per km2. From 1921, the populations of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg decreased by -4.96% and −2.30%, while Thane's population grew by 35.9%, followed by Pune at 30.3%. The literacy rate increased to 83.2%. [106] Of these, the male literacy rate was 89.82% and the women's literacy rate was 75.48%. Language in Maharashtra (2011)[107][108] Marathi (71.50%) Hindi (9.70%) Urdu (6.71%) Gujarati (2.06%) Bhili (1.08%) Others (8.9%) The official language is Marathi[109][5] although different regions have their own language. [110] It is native to the state of Maharashtra, and is its primary language. More than 83.1 million people speak Marathi, making it the third most spoken language in India and the 10th most spoken native language in the world. English is also spoken in Maharashtra, mainly in urban areas. Marathi speaking varies by district, region or locality in its tone and a few words. Konkani, Kannada, Tulu and Gujarati are also spoken in some areas. Other key languages including Varhadi spoken in the Vidarbha region and Dangi are spoken Border. The sound of /l/ is abundantly used in many marathi phrases and nonies. It is replaced by the /j/ sound in the Varhadi proverb, making it quite different. According to maharashtra's economic survey (2008–09), the proportion of the state population calling Marathi as their native language has dropped to 68.8% from 76.5% in the last three decades, while the Hindi-speaking population has increased sharply (11% from 5%) in the same period. [113] Administration and administration The main article: Maharashtra Mantralaya state government or the administrative headquarters of the Maharashtra state government in Maharashtra has a parliamentary system of government with two democraticly elected parliaments, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Council. The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) consists of 288 members elected for a five-year term. The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Parishad) is a standing body of 78 members with one-third of its members being replaced every two years. The Maharashtra government is led by the Prime Minister, who is chosen by the party or coalition that holds a majority in the Legislative Council. Ministers, along with the council of ministers, advance the legislative agenda and implement most executive powers. [115] However, the head of state is constitutionally and officially the Governor, who is appointed by the President of India to a five-year term on the advice of the Coalition government. Politics See also: Maharashtra's politics and maharashtra minister's list of state politics since its inception in 1960 has been dominated by the party or branches such as the National Congress Party. In the early years after the founding of the state, Maharashtra was a bastion of the Congress party producing stalwarts such as Yashwantrao Chavan, Vasantdada Patil, Vasantrao Naik and Shankarrao Chavan. , who began his political career in the Congress party, has been a towering personality in state and national politics for more than forty years. During his career, he divided parliament twice with significant consequences for state politics. [117] The Congress party enjoyed an almost unthymed ally of the political landscape until 1995 when and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won an overwhelming majority in the state to form a coalition government. [119] After parting ways with the Second National Assembly party in 1999, Sharad Pawar formed the NCP but later formed an alliance with The National Assembly to remove the BJP-Shiv Sena from the Maharashtra state government for fifteen years until September 2014. Prithviraj Chavan of the National Assembly party was the last Prime Minister of Maharashtra under the National Assembly/NCP coalition. [122] In 2014 in the polls, the two coalitions between the NCP and The National Assembly and between the BJP and Shiv Sena were in turn broken down over the seat allocation. In the election, the largest number of seats went to the Bharatiya Janata Party, with 122 seats. The BJP originally formed a minority government under Devendra Fadnavis.The Shiv sena joined the Government after two months, and provided a comfortable majority for the coalition in Maharashtra Vidhansabha during the council's time. In the 2019 Sabha elections, the BJP-Shiv Sena coalition won 41 seats out of 48 from the state. In late 2019, the BJP and Shiv Sena coalitions participated in council elections together but the coalition collapsed after the elections as ministers. of Shiv Sena later formed a ruling coalition under his leadership with his opponents from NCP, INC., and several independent members of the legislative assembly. [125] On 28 November 2019, Thackeray was sworn in as the 19th Prime Minister of Maharashtra after being elected president of the newly formed coalition named Maha Vikas Aghadi. [128] State representatives in the Indian Parliament the People of Maharashtra also elected 48 members to lok sabha, the lower house of the National Assembly of India. In the 2014 general election, the National Democratic Union (NDA), consisting of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Shiv Sena and Swabhimani Paksha, won 23, 18 and 1 seats, of course. The NDA maintained its rye in the state by winning 41 of the 48 seats in the 2019 Lok Sabha election. [129] Members of the State Legislative Council elected 19 members to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. Local government A Gram panchayat office in a village Abdul Lat, Kolhapur State district has a long tradition of very strong planning agencies at the district and local level. Local self-governing organizations in rural areas include 34 zilla parishes (district councils), 355 Taluka Panchayat samitis (district sub-council) and 27,993 Gram panchayats (village council). The metropolitan areas in the state are governed by 27 City Corporations, 222 City Councils, four Nagar Panchayats and seven Guangdong Councils. [100] Although Maharashtra has gram panchayat with members elected since 1961, the 73rd Amendment of the Indian constitution of 1993 made a legal requirement that 33% of seats on panchayats be reserved for women. In addition, 33% of sarpanch positions (chief panchayat) are also reserved for women. [133] Although the amendment increased the number of female leaders at the village level, there have been cases of harassment by male members of panchayat against female members of organizations. [129] The government in each county is led by a District Collector, who belongs to the services and is supported by a number of officers of Maharashtra state services. [126] The Police Director, an officer of the Indian Police Department and assisted by officers of the Maharashtra Police Department, maintains law and order in addition to other related matters in each district. The ranger, an officer of the Indian Forest Service, manages the district's forests, environment and wildlife, assisted by officers of the Maharashtra Forest Service and maharashtra Forest Subordinate Service. [127] Industry development in districts is cared for by the district heads of each development department, such as Public Works, Health, Education, Agriculture and Livestock. [138] The Justice of the Supreme Court of Bombay, one of the most prominent supreme courts in India Justice in the state includes the Maharashtra Supreme Court (Bombay Supreme Court), district courts and sessions in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluka level. The Supreme Court has regional branches in Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji is the capital of Goa. The state cabinet on 13 May 2015 passed a resolution in favour of the establishment of an additional bench of the Bombay supreme court in Kolhapur, covering the area. The President of India appointed the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Justice Maharashtra on the advice of the chief justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Maharashtra. [143] Other judges are appointed by the chief justice of the supreme court of justice on the advice of the Chief Justice. [129] The edied Justice Service is another important part of the Maharashtra judiciary. [129] Lower judicial courts or district courts are divided into two divisions: the Maharashtra civil justice service and the higher judicial service. [146] While the Maharashtra civil justice services include the Civil Judges (Base Room) / Judges of Justice and Civil Judges (Senior Death) / Chief Justice, higher judicial services include civil judges and sessions. [147] Judicial services under the judiciary are controlled by the District Judge. [148] Economic Details: Maharashtra's Economy Further Information: List of Corporations in Maharashtra Net State Domestic Products at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base)[149] figures in crores of five Indian rupees Net Products domestic 2004-20 05 ₹3.683 trillion ($52 billion) 2005-2006 ₹4.335 trillion ($61 billion) 2006-2007 ₹5.241 trillion ($5.241 trillion) 73 billion USD) 2007-2008 ₹6,140 trillion (US$86 billion) 2008-2009 ₹6.996 trillion (US$98 billion) 2009-2010 ₹8.178 thousand billion (US$110 billion) 2013-2014 ₹15.101 trillion (US$210 billion) 2014-2015 ₹16.866 trillion (US$240 billion) Maharashtra's economy by manufacturing, international trade, Mass Media (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording), aerospace, technology, oil and gas, fashion, apparel, and travel. Maharashtra is the most industrialized country and maintains a leading position in the industrial sector in India. [129] The state pioneered small-scale industries. Mumbai, the capital of India's state and financial capital, is home to most major financial institutions and businesses. India's main stock exchanges and capital markets and stock exchanges are located in Mumbai. The State continues to attract industrial investment from domestic and foreign organizations. Maharashtra has the largest share of taxpayers in India and its share market trades nearly 70 percent of the country's shares. Mumbai contributes greatly to maharashtra's economy The service sector dominates Maharashtra's economy, accounting for 61.4% of the additional value and 69.3% of the value of output in the state. [129] The state's per person income is 40% higher than the Indian average. The total domestic product (GSDP) at current prices in 2011-12 was estimated at US$11,995.48 billion and contributed about 14.4% of GDP. [156] Allied agriculture and activities contributed 12.9% to the state's income. [158] The State's net income (State Income), according to first amendment estimates, was VND 10,827.51 billion and the state's per person income was VND 95,339 in 2011-12. The fiscal deficit for GSDP is 1.7% and the debt-to-GSDP ratio is 18.4% in 2012-13, which is within the Integrated Financial Reform Line set by the 13th Finance Committee. In 2012, Maharashtra reported a revenue surplus of ₹1524.9 million ($24 million), total revenue of ₹1,367,117 million ($22 billion) and expenditures of ₹1,365,592.1 million ($22 billion). Maharashtra ranks first in FDI and the percentage of total FDI inflows is 32.27%. Total FDI into Maharashtra is US$53.48 billion. [154] The leading countries investing FDI in Maharashtra (from January 2000 to December 2011) were Mauritius (39%), Singapore (10%), United Kingdom (10%), United States (7%) and the Netherlands (5%).[ 154] Newly grown sugarcane, agriculture is the second leading occupation in Maharashtra Maharashtra contributing 25% of the country's industrial output[159] and is the most indebted country in the country. [160] Industrial activity in the state is concentrated in four districts: Mumbai City, Suburban Mumbai, Thane and Pune. Mumbai has the largest market share in gsdp (21.5 percent), both Thane and Pune districts make similar contributions in the industrial sector, Pune County contributes more in agriculture and allied activities, while Thane District contributes more in Service sector. [162] Nashik District has the highest proportion in allied agriculture and activities, but lags far behind in the Industrial and Service sectors compared to Thane and Pune districts. Industries in Maharashtra include chemical and chemical products (17.6%), food and food (16.1%), refined petroleum products (12.9%), machinery and equipment (8%), textiles (6.9%), base metals (5.8%), motor vehicles (4.7%) and furniture (4.3%).[ 163] Maharashtra is the manufacturing center for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Tata Petrodyne and Oil India Ltd.[163] Maharashtra has an above-average knowledge industry in India with the Pune metropolitan area as the leading IT center in the state. About 25% of the top 500 IT companies are located in Maharashtra. [129] The state accounts for 28% of India's software exports. [166] The state has important financial institutions such as the , the , the National Stock Exchange of India, SEBI and the corporate headquarters of many Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India's leading nuclear and scientific institutes such as BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI and the Ministry of Atomic Energy. [162] The banking sector consists of scheduled and scheduled banks. [129] Scheduled banks have two types, commercial and cooperative. Scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) in India are classified into five categories: the State Bank of India and its allies, nationalized banks, private sector banks, regional rural banks and other banks (foreign banks). In 2012, there were 9,053 bank offices in the state, of which about 26 percent were in rural areas and 54 percent in urban areas. Maharashtra has a micro-financial system, referring to small-scale financial services extended to the poor in both rural and urban areas. It includes a wide range of financial instruments, such as lending, savings, life insurance, and crop insurance. [166] The three largest urban cooperative banks in India are all based in Maharashtra. [167] With more than half of the population being rural, allied agriculture and industries play an important role in the economies of the states. The allied agricultural and allied sectors contribute 12.9% to state income. Food such as rice and soy is the main monsoon crop. Important cash crops include sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, tobacco, fruits, vegetables and spices such as turmeric. [60] Livestock is an important agricultural related activity. The proportion of the State in the livestock and poultry population in India is about 7% and 10% respectively. Maharashtra was a pioneer in the development of agricultural cooperative associations after independence. In fact, it is an integral part of vision congress then on 'rural' with local initiatives'. A 'special' status was appropriate for sugar cooperatives and the government to take on the role of a mentor by acting as a stakeholders, bail spokesman and regulatory body,[168][169][170] Off the road, cooperatives played an important role in the dairy industry,[171] cotton and fertilizer. Transportation Details: Transportation in Maharashtra See also: List of airports in Maharashtra Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Mumbai)Mumbai-Pune Intercity Express trainA container ship at Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust State has a large, multi-mode transport system with the largest road network in India. In 2011, the total road surface length in Maharashtra was 267,452 km; [177] The national highway consists of 4,176 km[177] and a national highway of 3,700 km.[173] Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) provides economical and reliable road passenger transport services in the public sector. [175] These buses, commonly known as ST (State Transport), were the preferred means of transport for many people. The forms of transportation hired include taxis with gauges and automatic trailers, usually specific routes in cities. District roads and other village roads provide villages to meet their social needs as well as vehicles to transport agricultural products from villages to neighboring markets. The main roads of the district have the function of connecting the main road and rural roads. Nearly 98% of the villages are connected through modern highways and roads in Maharashtra. The average speed on state highways ranges from 50 to 60 km/h (31–37 mi/h) due to the heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, the lowest speed is 25–30 km/h (15–18 mi/h). [176] The first passenger train in India ran from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853. [177] Rail transport is operated by the Central Rail, Western Rail, South Central Rail and South-East Middle East Rail areas of the Indian Railway with the first two regions based in Mumbai, at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) and Churchgate and Konkan Railway based in . [178] Mumbai Rajdhani Express, the fastest rajdhani train, connects the Indian capital New Delhi with Mumbai. Thane and CSMT were the busiest stations in India,[181] which later served as a station for both long-distance and suburban trains. The two main seaports, Mumbai Port and Jawaharlal Nehru Port, are also located in the Mumbai region, which is under the control and supervision of the Indian government. There are about 48 small ports in Maharashtra. [183] Most of these vehicles handle passenger traffic and have limited capacity. No major river in Maharashtra is navigateable and therefore river traffic does not exist in the state. Almost all major cities Maharashtra has CSIA (formerly Bombay International Airport) and Airport are two airports in Mumbai. The other two international airports are Pune International Airport and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur. While Aurangabad Airport is a domestic airport operated by the Indian Airport Administration. Flights are run by both private and government aviation companies. Most of the State's airports are operated by the Airports Administration of India (AAI) while Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL), which currently operates five non-metro airports in Latur, Nanded, Baramati, Osmanabad and Yavatmal under a 95-year lease. Maharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC) was established in 2002 to develop airports in the state not part of AAI or Maharashtra Industrial Development Group (MIDC). MADC is playing a leading role in the planning and implementation of the Multi-Method International Freight Center and Airport in Nagpur (MIHAN) project. Smaller airports include Akola, Amravati, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gondia, Jalgaon, , Kolhapur, Nashik Road, Ratnagiri, and Solapur. [186] Education and Social Development See also: The list of higher education institutions in the 2011 Maharashtra Population Survey showed that the state literacy rate for men and women was 78% and 67% respectively. Scottish missionary John Wilson, Indian nationalists Vasudev Balwant Phadke and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, social reformists such as Jyotirao Phule, Dhondo Keshav Karve and Bhaurao Patil all played a leading role in the establishment of modern schools and colleges during the British colonial era. [189] The fore fore of the Deccan College Research and Post-University Institute was founded in 1821. Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey University, the oldest women's liberal arts college in South Asia, began its journey in 1916. Pune Technical College, founded in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia. [193] Elementary and high school students at a state-administered elementary school in Raigad County. Maharashtra schools are run by the state government or by private organizations, including religious organizations. The guide is mainly in Marathi, English or Hindi, although Urdu is also spoken. High schools are ed out with the Indian School Certificate Inspection Board (CISCE), the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open Schools (NIOS) or the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Secondary Education. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing high school, students typically enroll for two years at a college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with higher high school facilities associated with the State middle and high school education or any central council. Students choose from one of three lines, namely liberal arts, commerce or science. After completing the necessary courses, students can enroll in general or professional degree programs. The High School Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, is one of the organizations founded after the Maharashtra Indian Independence Movement which has 24 universities with a graduate population of 160,000 graduates per year. [195] Maharashtra played a pioneering role in the development of modern education systems in India. The , is the world's largest university in terms of number of graduates and has 141 edi-linked colleges. According to the outstanding national rankings, 5 to 7 Maharashtra colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in India. [198] Maharashtra is also home to notable self-ruled libraries such as the Bombay Indian Institute of Technology, Babasaheb Ambedkar University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Walchand Technical College, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT) and Veermata Jijabai Institute of Technology (VJTI), Sardar Patel Technical College (SPCE). [200] Most of these institutes are ranked highest in India and require very competitive input. The University of Pune (now Savitribai Phule Pune University), the National Institute of Defense, the Indian Film and Television Institute, the College of Armed Forces Health and the National Chemical Laboratory were established in Pune shortly after India's independence in 1947. Mumbai has IIT, has the National Institute of Industrial Engineering and Nagpur has IIM and AIIMS. Some notable institutes in the state are: Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur (MNLUN), Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai (MNLUM), Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad (MNLUA), Government Law College, Mumbai (GLC), ILS College of Law and School of Co-living Law (SLS). Maharashtra has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special institutions. Most private colleges were established in the last thirty years after vasantdada Patil's state government liberalized the education sector in 1982. [201] Politicians and leaders involved in the large cooperation movement in Maharashtra were instruments in the establishment of private institutes[202][203] There were also local community colleges with more open admissions policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition fees. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University) in Akola State also has four agricultural universities: Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth and Dr Balasaheb Sawant Krishi Vidyapeeth,[204] besides, there are other regional universities such as Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, North Maharashtra University, Shivaji University, Solapur University, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University and Rashtrasant University Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur, all well established and well-known nationwide , to cover education needs at the state district level. In addition, there are several universities considered to be in Maharashtra, including the International University of Community, the Tata Institute of Social Sciences and the University of Tilak Maharashtra. [205] State vocational training has many post-secondary industrial training institutions (ITIs) run by the government and private trusts that provide vocational training in a variety of industries such as construction, plumbing, welding, automotive mechanics, etc. Successful applicants receive a National Certificate of Commerce. [206] Infrastructure healthcare In 2011, the health care system in Maharashtra consists of 363 rural government hospitals,[207] 23 district hospitals (with 7,561 beds), 4 general hospitals (with 714 beds) mainly under the Maharashtra Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and 380 private medical facilities; these facilities provide the state with more than 30,000 beds. It is the first state in India to have nine women's hospitals serving 1,365 beds. [208] The state also has a significant number of medical candidates with Ayurveda Bachelor's degrees, Medicine and Surgery. These athletes mainly use the traditional Indian the theyurveda but can use modern Western medicine as well. [199] In Maharashtra as well as the rest of India, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is part of a government-funded public health system and the most fundamental unit of the health care system. They are basically a doctor's clinic usually with facilities for minor surgery, too. The Government of India in 2018 launched the Ayushman Bharat Yojana plan. Maharashtra refused to participate because the state had its own state health care program. [211] The program called Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana performed well. The state then joined Ayushman Bharat Yojana with special exceptions to make it part of existing infrastructure. The initiative is made up of two components: the National Health Protection Program and the Health and Wellness Center (HWCs). Under the scheme, PHC was converted to HWC and now has 248 in the state. Maharashtra had an average life expectancy of 67.2 years in 2011, ranking third out of 29 Indian states. [213] The state's total birth rate is 1.9. The infant mortality rate is 28 and the med mortality rate is 104 (2012-2013), lower than the national average. [216] Public health managed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), through various departments. The department is divided into two divisions: the Department of Public Health, which includes family welfare and medical relief, and the Department of Health and Drug Education. [218] In Maharashtra, health insurance includes any program that helps pay for medical expenses, whether through privately purchased insurance, social insurance, or a government-funded social welfare program. [219] In a more technical sense, the term is used to describe any form of insurance that provides protection against the cost of medical services. [220] This includes private and social insurance programs such as the National Health Service, which brings together resources and spreads financial risks associated with large health costs throughout the population to protect all, as well as social welfare programs such as the National Rural Health Task Force (NRHM) and the National Rural Health Health, providing support to people who cannot afford health insurance. [221] Chandrapur Thermal Power Plant,[221] the state's electricity production sources Although its population makes Maharashtra one of the country's largest energy users,[222][223] its conservation mission, mild weather in the largest population centers, and strong environmental movements have kept its per person energy use is one of the smallest conservation missions of any Indian state. The state's high electricity demand accounts for 13% of the total installed power generator capacity in India, mainly from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. Mahavitaran is responsible for distributing electricity statewide by purchasing electricity from Mahanirmiti, imprisoned power plants, other state power councils and private sector power companies. As of 2012, Maharashtra is the largest electricity generator state in India, with an installed power generator capacity of 26,838 MW. [199] The state formed a major component of the western Indian grid, now part of India's North, East, West and Northeast (NEWNE) grid. Maharashtra Power Company (MAHAGENCO) operates thermal power plants. [222] In addition to state-owned power plants, there are privately owned power plants that transmit electricity through the Maharashtra State Power Transmission Company, which is responsible for power transmission in the state. [227] The Ban on Maharashtra Plastic and Thermocol Products takes effect under the law on June 23, 2018, forcing plastic users to pay fines and potentially imprisonment for rec offenders. [229] Major cultural articles: Maharashtra Culture and State-Protected Monuments List in Maharashtra More information: Cultural activities of Maharashtra Cuisine Details: Cuisine A typical simple maharashtrian meal with bhaaji, bhakari, raw onions and misal Paav melons, a popular dish from Maharashtra Maharashtra cuisine that includes a variety of snacks to very spicy. Wheat, rice, jowar, bajri, vegetables, lentils and fruit form the main food of the Maharashtrian diet. Some popular traditional dishes include puran poli, ukdiche modak, Thalipeeth[230] and batata wada. Misal Pav, Pav Bhaji and are dishes that have become very popular over the past fifty years. [231] Meals (mostly lunches and dinners) are served on plates called thali. Each food items served on thali have a specific place. In some households, meals start with a thanksgiving of food (Naivedya) for the household gods. Maharashtrian cuisine is available in a variety of regions including Malvani (Konkani), Kolhapuri and Varhadhi. [232] Although quite different, they both use a lot of seafood and coconut. [233] The main konkani foods are rice and Bhaajis fish are vegetable dishes made from a specific or combined vegetable. They require the use of goda (sweet) masala, which basically consists of some combination of coconut, onion, garlic, ginger, red pepper powder, green pepper and mustard. [231] Depending on a family's specific caste or religious tradition, onions and garlic may not be used in cooking. A specific variant of bhaaji is rassa or curry. [224] Vegetarians prepare rassa or potato curry and cauliflower with tomatoes or fresh coconut and plenty of water to create a soup-like preparation rather than bhaaji. Varan is nothing but bronze dal, a popular Indian lentil stew. Aamti is a variant of curry, usually consisting of a lentil stock (tur), flavored with goda masala, tamarind or amshul, and jaggery (gul). [229] Among seafood, the most common fish is bombil or Bombay duck. [233] All non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes are eaten with boiled rice, chapatis or with bhakris, made with jowar, bajra or rice flour. Special puris rice, called vada and amboli, is a pancake made with fermented rice, urad dal, and semolina, which is also eaten as part of the main meal. Traditionally, Marathi women often wear sari, which is often clearly designed according to local cultural customs. Most middle-aged and young women in urban Maharashtra wear Western clothing such as skirts and trousers or kameez shalwar with traditional nauvari or nine-yard lugade,[236] disappearing from the market due to lack of demand. [237] Older women wore 5-yard saris. In urban areas, five-yard sari, especially Paithani, is worn by young women for special occasions such as marriage and religious ceremonies. [238] Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as dhoti, and pheta[239] on cultural occasions. Gandhi hats are popular hats older men in the Maharashtra countryside. [240] Kurta (tunic) is worn by men on special occasions. [to quote] Women wear traditional jewelry derived from the Maratha and Peshwa dynies. Kolhapuri saaj, a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women. [229] In urban areas, many women and men wear Western dress. Lavani performing arts performing Maharashtrian artists have made great contributions to Indian classical music. Its vibrant folk forms include Powada, Bharuds and Gondhals. [229] Cities such as Kolhapur and Pune have played an important role in the preservation of music such as Bhavageet and Natya Sangeet, inherited from Indian classical music. Songs from Hindi and Marathi films are popular in urban areas. Girls and women dressed in traditional Maharashtrian Nauvari (nine sari courtyards) Marathi dance forms drawn from folk traditions. Lavani is the popular form of dance in the state. Bhajan, Kirtan and Abhangas of the Varkari sition (Vaishanav Devotees) have a long history and are part of their daily rituals. [244] The Koli Dance (known as 'Koligeete') is one of Maharashtra's most popular dances. As the name suggests, it is related to the folk fisherman of Maharashtra, who is called Kolis. Popular for their unique and vivid identity, their dances represent their profession. This type of dance is represented by both men and women. While dancing, they are divided into groups of two. These fishermen display the movement of waves and cast nets in their koli dance performances.,[245][246] Literature P L Deshpande (center), one of the most famous authors in regional literature of Marathi Maharashtra is about the life and circumstances of the Marathi people in specific regions of the state. The Marathi language, which boasts a rich literary heritage, is written in . [227] The earliest cases of were of Sant with his Bhawarthadeepika (commonly known as ). The works, written in the 13th century, have a mental inclination. Other works are by Bhakti saints such as Tukaram, Eknath, Namdev, Ramdas and Gora Kumbhar. [228] Their works are mostly in poetic form, known as Abhang. Maharashtra has a long tradition in spiritual literature, as evidenced by Amrutanubhav, Bhavarth Deepika, Bhagavata Purana, Eknathi Bhagwat and Bhavarth Ramayan. [229] 19th-century Marathi literature includes works by authors such as Balshastri Jambhekar, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Jyotirao Phule, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar, Ram Ganesh Gadkari, Tryambak Bapuji Thombre, Hari Narayan Apte, Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Famous 20th-century writers include Mahadevshastri Joshi, Kusumagraj, Pu La Deshpande, Va Pu Kale, Vyankatesh Digambar Digambar Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, Prahlad Keshav Atre, B. S. Mardhekar, Sane Guruji, Vinoba Bhave, Chintamani Tryambak Khanolkar, Bahinabai Chaudhari and Laxmanshastri Joshi. Vishwas Patil, Ranjit Desai, Shivaji Sawant, Narayan Surve, Vinda Karandikar, Shanta Shelke, Durga Bhagwat, Suresh Bhat, Ratnakar Matkari, Varjesh Solanki, Manya Joshi, Hemant Divate, Mangesh Narayanrao Kale, Avinash Dharmadhikari, Bhalchandra Nemade, Narendra Jadhav and Saleel Wagh Regional languages used in Maharashtra are Kokani, Koli, Malvani Movie Details: Bollywood Cinema and Marathi Maharashtra is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with many films, TV series, books and other media located there. [199] Arabic films are very popular in Maharashtra, especially in urban areas. Mumbai is the largest film and television production center and a third of all Indian films are produced in the state. The million-dollar Bollywood works, with the most expensive cost up to ₹1.5 billion ($21 million), were filmed there. [199] The Marathi film industry, formerly located in Kolhapur, has spread throughout Mumbai. Famous for its art films, the Marathi film industry originally included famous directors such as Dadasaheb Phalke and V. Shantaram. Dada Kondke is the most prominent name in the film Marathi. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest film award, awarded annually by the Indian government for lifetime contributions to Indian cinema. [252] The Main Theatre writes: Playwright Vijay Tendulkar The modern theatre in Maharashtra may have originated in british colonial times in the mid-19th century. It is mainly modeled after Western traditions but also includes forms such as Sangeet Natak (musical drama). In recent decades, Marathi Tamasha has also been combined in several experimental plays. [253] Today, the theatre continues to have a pronounced presence in Mumbai and Pune with an intellectually loyal audience base, as most theatres in other parts of India have had a difficult time facing the ons from film and television. Its repertoire ranged from humorous social plays, jokes, historical plays, music, to experimental plays and serious plays. Marathi playwrights such as Vijay Tendulkar, P. L. Deshpande, Mahesh Elkunchwar and Satish Alekar influenced theater throughout India. [254] Besides the Marathi Theatre, Maharashtra and especially Mumbai, there has been a long theatrical tradition in other languages such as Gujarati, Hindi and English. Media Times of India building in Mumbai More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have offices in the state and the book publishing industry uses about 250,000 people. Published by Sakal from Pune and other major cities of Maharashtrian, with the largest circulation Marathi newspaper in Maharashtra in December 2016. [199] Marathi's other major newspapers are the Maharashtra Times, Loksatta, Nava Kal, Pudhari and Lokmat. Tarun Bharat and Kesari, two newspapers that were quite influential during the colonial and post-independence era, stopped printing and are now only digitally available. Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakal, Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha and Chitralekha. Major English-language newspapers published and sold in large numbers are The Daily News & Analysis, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Indian Express, Mumbai Mirror, Asian Age, MiD-DAY and The Free Press Journal. Several well-known financial newspapers such as The Economic Times, Mint, Business Standard and The Financial Express are widely circulated. [258] Local-language newspapers such as those in Hindi, Kannada, Gujarati, Tamil and Urdu are also read by a reader. The television industry grew in Maharashtra and was an important owner in the state's economy. [199] Many Indian and international TV channels can be viewed in Maharashtra through one of the local pay-TV companies or cable providers. India's four major broadcast networks are all based in Maharashtra: The Times, STAR India, CNN-IBN and ZEEL. Doordarshan is a state broadcaster and offers two free channels on the ground. The multi-system operators offer a combination of Marathi, Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. A variety of cable channels are available including sports channels such as ESPN, Star Sports, national entertainment channels such as Colors, Sony, Zee TV and Star Plus, business news channels such as CNBC Awaaz, Zee Business, ET Now and Bloomberg UTV. Marathi's 24-hour TV news channels include ABP Majha, News18 Lokmat, Zee 24 Taas, Saam, TV9 Marathi and Jai Maharashtra. In addition, Marathi Entertainment Channels includes Zee Marathi, Zee Yuva, Colors Marathi, Star Pravah, Sony Marathi and Fakt Marathi. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are available in all major cities. Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Tata DoCoMo are available mobile operators. Maharashtra has the highest market share of the internet market at 18.8% of the total number of households using the internet in India. Broadband Internet is available in all towns, villages and cities, provided by state-run MTNL and BSNL and other private companies. [261] Dial-up access is provided statewide by BSNL and other providers. Sports Post Details: Sports in MaharashtraThe most popular sports in Maharashtra are Kabaddi and . Children play cricket in Mumbai A cricket match at the Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium in Nagpur A mallakhamba team of Bombay of the Indian Army performing Extreme. As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Maharashtra and is played on bases and on the streets across the state. Maharashtra has various domestic level tournaments for hockey, chess, tennis and badminton. The state is home to leading national football clubs such as Mumbai Tigers F.C., Kenkre F.C., Bengal Mumbai FC and Air India FC. [262] Extreme sports such as paragliding, water sports, mountaineering, backpacking, mountaineering and scuba diving are also popular in the state. [263] Other notable sports played in the state include warehousing, fighting, archery, and shooting. Maharashtra has an franchise called and also and the now-inexisting ; The Maharashtra Cricket Association (MCA) regulates cricket in the state. Maharashtra has three domestic cricket teams: the , the Maharashtra cricket team and the Vidarbha cricket team. has a capacity of about 33,000 people to host the final match of the 2011 ICC . [269] It is home to the Mumbai Indians and Mumbai cricket teams[265] while the MCA Stadium in Pune is home to the Maharashtra cricket team. The Maharashtra football team represents the state that plays for the Santosh Trophy. Pune FC and Mumbai FC are football clubs from the state that play in the I-League. Maharashtra has two teams in the Indian Super League (ISL), FC Pune City and Mumbai City FC representing the two respective cities. The state has two franchise clubs playing in India's Elite Football League. Mumbai Gladiators and Pune Marathas[267] are teams based in Mumbai and Pune. Mumbai and Pune hold derby races at Mahalaxmi Racecours and Pune Racecours, in turn. [270] The Hind Kesari and Maharashtra Kesari wrestling championships are widespread in rural areas and are allying with the All India Amateur Wrestling Federation (AIAWF). The Maharashtra Chess Association is the pinnacle body for chess games in Maharashtra. [199] The Maharashtra Tennis League was India's first format tennis tournament. [273] Notable athletes from Maharashtra include India's first individual Olympic Medalist Khashaba Jadhav, Retired cricket legend and former captain of the Indian national cricket team, and , ;,[275][276][277] Indian national cricketer , Ajinkya Rahane, Kedar Jadhav, Commonwealth Games gold medal - shooter Anjali Bhagwat, Rahi Sarnobat and Tejaswini Sawant, Asian Games silver medal medale Hiranna M. Nimal, chess player Rohini Khadilkar, tennis player Gaurav Natekar, former hockey player Dhanraj Pillay, Viren Rasquinha and badminton player Nikhil Kanetkar and Popat. [278] Indigenous sports Some Indian sports are derived from or formalized here. These include badminton (formerly known as Poona games), Kabaddi, Warehouse,[279] and Mallakhamba. [199] In the Maharashtra countryside, Kusti (Indian mud wrestling) and bull drive competitions are regular matches during the annual jatra (festival). The Maharashtra government has in the past supported Kusti by building two permanent akhara (Indian training centers) in the Kolhapur region. [281] Tourism See also: Tourism in Maharashtra According to a survey, most tourists visiting sites in Maharashtra come from the state. Two other states, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh send the largest number of domestic visitors to Maharashtra. Foreign visitors to Maharashtra account for only 2% of tourists. Travelers from the US, UK, Germany and the UAE each form a significant proportion of foreign tourists. Mumbai, the largest and most international city in India attracts tourists from all over the world as many attractions include colonial architecture, beaches, the film industry, shopping and vibrant nightlife. Pune, known as the cultural capital of Maharashtra, also attracts many visitors during the annual Ganeshotsav festival. The area around Aurangabad is home to many ancient and ancient sites including UNESCO World Heritage sites of the Ajanta and Ellora caves, Fort Daulatabad, and Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad. The mountainous districts of western Maharashtra are dotted with ruins of hundreds of mountain forts from the Islamic Kingdom of Deccan and the Maratha Empire period respectively. These fores and surrounding hills are popular with those interested in forest walking, hiking and heritage tourism related to Shivaji. [283] The British built many hill stations during the colonial period so that government officials escaped the heat of the Indian summer. These places have been magnets for travel for a long time. Important hill stations in West Maharashtra are Mahabaleshwar, and Matheran. In the Vidarbha region, Chikhaldara is a hill station popular with tourists. Places of worship that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Sikh Gurudwara of Hazur Sahib in Nanded, Khandoba Temple in Jejuri in Pune District, where worshippers bathe each other with Bhandar[284] and saibaba temple in Shirdi. Warkari-related places such as Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi attract pilgrims from all over Maharashtra throughout the year but especially in religious observations in these places. The Vidarbha region of Maharashtra has many nature parks. These include, Melghat Tiger Sanctuary in Amravati District, Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Sanctuary in Chandrapur District,[286] Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary in Nagpur District, Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary and Navegaon National Park (bird sanctuary) of Gondia District. The state government has established Maharashtra Maharashtra calendar Corporation (MTDC) for systematic development and promotion of tourism in the state. MTDC, since its inception, has been involved in the development and maintenance of various tourist sites of Maharashtra. MTDC owns and maintains resorts in all key tourist centers and has many resorts as part of the plan. [287] Downtown Mumbai's night skyline at the Ganeshotsav festival in Pune Khandoba in Jejuri. Lake Venna at Mahabaleshwar Tiger India at Tadoba Tiger Sanctuary See also Deccan List of Maratha dynascies and marathi state List of people from Maharashtra List of mosques in Maharashtra Make in Maharashtra Religion in Maharashtra References ^ Chavan, Vijay (17 July 2018). State govt's spin on Chhatrapati Shivaji's rajmudra draws public ire. Pune Mirror. Retrieved April 3, 2020. ^ Monsoon sessions begin in Maha's winter capital Of Nagpur from July 4. Archived from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018. ^ Indian population survey. Indian Population Survey, 2011. The Government of India. March 31, 2011. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. 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