Taylor & Francis Style Sheet (single column) Journal title and acronym Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research (cSJE) Trim size B5 NB: This journal uses APA editorial style as well as APA references. If in doubt please consult the latest edition of the APA Publication Manual or see http://apastyle.apa.org/ All page references in this document refer to the 5th edition of the Manual. Typeface Times New Roman Print Catchline Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 2013 Vol. X, No. X, 1-99, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2012.706200 Print Footline © 2013 Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research Online Catchline Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2012.706200 Online Footline © 2013 Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research

Running heads VERSO: SURNAME AND SURNAME SURNAME, SURNAME, SURNAME, AND SURNAME (if more than six) SURNAME ET AL. RECTO: ABBREVIATED ARTICLE TITLE (MAX. 50 CHARACTERS) Logo Routledge position top right Article type (when needed) EDITORIAL Title Upper and Lowercase Centred Authors First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name and First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name, First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name, and First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name Do not include titles or degrees. Author Note An author note gives each author’s departmental affiliation, provides acknowledgements, states disclaimers or conflicts of interest and provides a point of contact for the reader. Arrange this note as follows below a rule (indent each paragraph): First paragraph: Give departmental affiliation at the time of the study for all authors. Format is: Author Name, Department, University; Second Author, Department, University. If there is no institution give city and country. No degrees should be given. Second paragraph: Identify any changes to author affiliation subsequent to the time of the study, e.g. Author Name is now at Affiliation. Third paragraph: Identify grants or other financial support. Acknowledge colleagues who assisted you. Explain any special agreements concerning authorship, e.g. if you and your colleagues contributed equally. Explain any special circumstances, e.g. if your paper is based on an earlier study or doctoral dissertation. Fourth paragraph: Provide a complete mailing address for correspondence and an email address, e.g. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to John Doe, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Affiliation Centred Below Author Names If the affiliation is not a college or university, include the city and state or country. If two or more authors who follow each other in the order are at the same institution, put them on the same line. Format: Two or more at the same institution: Juanita Fuentes, Paul Dykes, and Susan Watanabe University of Colorado at Boulder Two authors from different institutions: David Wolf University of California, Berkeley

Amanda Blue Brandon University Brandon, Manitoba, Canada Three authors from two different institutions: Mariah Meade and Sylvia Earleywine Georgetown University

Jeffrey Coffee Dartmouth College Three authors, two affiliations, affiliation shared by first and third authors: David A. Rosenbaum University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Jonathan Vaughan Hamilton College

Heather J. Barnes University of Massachusetts, Amherst Three authors, three affiliations: David Wolf University of California, Berkeley

Amanda Blue Brandon University Brandon, Manitoba, Canada

Dieter Zilbergeld Max Planck Institute Berlin, Germany Abstract Should not exceed 120 words. Use the third person. See pp. 12–15 for guidance on what to include. Indented both sides, smaller than main text, no heading Keywords Keywords: word, another word, lower case except names Correspondence details See Author Note Headings See p. 111 for an explanation of how to organize your article into sections. APA has five heading levels. The introduction does not have a heading. Do not label headings with letters or numbers. Level 1. Centered Bold Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 2. Flush Left, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 3. Flush Left, bold, lowercase paragraph heading ending with full stop. Level 4. Indented, bold, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a full stop. Level 5. Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a full stop.

Paragraphs Indented Tables See pp. 147–175 of the Manual for information on how and when to use tables in your article. Number tables with Arabic numerals. For reproduced tables obtain permission and give credit to the author and copyright holder in a note (see p. 175 for wording). Every table must be referred to in the text, e.g. as shown in Table 8, the responses were … children with pretraining (see Table 5) … Table titles are in italic, upper case for major words, on a line below the table number, e.g. Table 1 Error Rates of Older and Younger Groups Table headings: Capitalize the first letter of the first word of all headings and word entries, and any proper nouns. Notes (follow this order): Note. This is a general note below a table. an = 25. bThis participant did not complete the trials. *p < .05. **p < .01. Figures See pp. 176–201 for full details. Do not include the title in the figure artwork. For guidance on supplying artwork please see http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/authors_journals_submit_artw ork~db=all Refer to all figures in the text, e.g. as shown in Figure 2 … data are related (see Figure 5) … Figure legends: The legend explains the symbols used and is included as part of the figure. Capitalize major words. Figure captions: Placed below the figure. Figure 1. This is the figure caption. For reproduced figures obtain permission and give credit to the author and copyright holder at the end of the caption (see p. 175 for wording).

Quotations Use double quotation marks. For short quotations (less than 40 words), incorporate the quotation into the text. For block quotations of over 40 words, omit the quotation marks, and start the quotation on a new line, with a paragraph indent. The quotation should be normal text size. Use double quotation marks within the block if there is quoted material. Always provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text. Direct quotations must be accurate. Follow the spelling and interior punctuation of the original source. See also the Punctuation section below. The first letter of the first word in a quotation may be changed to an uppercase or lowercase letter. Use an ellipsis … to indicate omitted material and add a full stop if the omission is between two sentences. Do not use an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a quotation unless you need to emphasize that the quotation begins or ends in midsentence. Use square brackets to enclose material inserted in a quotation by someone other than the original author. If you want to emphasize a word in a quotation, put it in italics, and immediately after put [italics added]. For further information on citation of sources see p. 120 of the Manual. Lists (1) for numbered lists Bullets if wanted Acknowledgements See Author Note Notes APA uses footnotes for extra content and to show copyright permission. Content footnotes: These should be kept to a minimum. See p. 202. Copyright permission footnotes: These acknowledge the source of quotations. Content and copyright permission footnotes will be numbered consecutively throughout an article with superscript Arabic numerals. Subsequent references to a footnote are by parenthetical note, e.g. the same results (see Footnote 3) Notes on contributors See Author Note Appendix If you have one appendix, label it Appendix; if more than one, use capital letters, e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B, etc. Each appendix must have a title. refer to each appendix in the text, e.g. (see Appendixes A and B for complete proofs) If the appendix contains tables and figures, number these as Table A1 etc. Spelling preferences Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary is the standard spelling reference. The dictionary should also be used for hyphenation (and see pp. 91– 4 for general information on when to hyphenate) Punctuation Brackets: Use square brackets to enclose parenthetical material that is already within parentheses, e.g. (The results for the control group [n = 8] are shown in Figure 2.) Capitalization: Use a capital letter for the first word after a colon that begins a complete sentence, e.g. The author made one main point: No explanation that has been suggested so far answers all questions. Capitalize major words in titles and headings. This means all words of four letters or more, all verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns. When a capitalized word is a hyphenated compound, capitalize both words. Capitalize the first word after a colon or dash in a title. NB: Separate rules apply to reference lists. For full details on capitalization, see pp. 94–100 of the Manual. Commas: Use the Oxford (serial) comma, e.g. “height, width, and depth” Italics: Use italics for the introduction of a new, technical, or key term or label, e.g. The term backward masking. Use italics for a letter, word, or phrase cited as a linguistic example, e.g. words such as big and little. Use italics for letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables, e.g. t test. Do not use italics for foreign phrases or abbreviations that are common in English, e.g. per se, a priori, et al. Quotation marks: Use double quotation marks to introduce a word or phrase, e.g. considered “normal” behaviour Use double quotation marks to enclose quotations in text, with single quotation marks within double to set off material that had double in the original, e.g. She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’ … disappeared” (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify. Place full stops and commas within single or double quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material. Abbreviations Use abbreviations sparingly, and always give the full form the first time, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Full stops (periods): Do not use with state names, acronyms, measurements (except in. for inch) Latin abbreviations: Use these only in parenthetical material: cf., e.g., etc., i.e., viz., vs. Plurals: Add s, not italic, and no apostrophe, e.g. IQs, vols. Scientific abbreviations: Use abbreviations and symbols for units of measurement that are accompanied by numeric values, e.g. 4 cm, 12 min, 18 hr. See p. 106 for further examples.

Dashes Use unspaced em rules for parenthetical dashes Use en rule between spans of numbers (e.g. 20–40), including page numbers in references Numbers and units 1,000, 10,000 10s and 20s Units: All references to physical measurements should be expressed in metric units. See p. 131 for full details.

Numbers: See pp. 122–130 for full details, but here are the general rules: Figures: Use figures to express all numbers 10 and above, and all numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above in the same paragraph, e.g. 3 of 21 analyses Use figures to express numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement, numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractions, percentages, ratios, percentiles. Use figures to express numbers that represent time, dates, ages, specific numbers of subjects or participants in an experiment. Use figures to express numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series Use figures to express all numbers in the abstract of a paper. Words: Use words to express numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements and that are grouped for comparison with numbers below 10. Use words to express the numbers zero and one when the words would be easier to comprehend than the figures. Use words to express any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading. Use words to express common fractions, e.g. one fifth of the class or a two-thirds majority Statistics and mathematics: Please see pp. 136–146 of the Manual. Dates 1950s Contents page JOURNAL TITLE Volume 100 Number 1 December 2007 logo SPECIAL ISSUE TITLE GUEST EDITOR

CONTENTS Articles Title of Article Author, Author, and Author All ranged left, page numbers ranged right Editorial Editorial (as Title) If editorial has a title, use EDITORIAL (section heading) Title of Editorial Editor Name Affiliation if wanted

Other article types Follow style for main article

Book reviews BOOK REVIEWS (as section heading) Book title: All bold, by Author and Author /edited by Author, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2003, xliii + 584 pp., US$28.95 (paperback), ISBN 0-95-445440-6 Reviewer’s Name Affiliation Email © year, Author Name References go before reviewer details Next review follows after a space No copyright line on first page of reviews Volume contents and index Author Index (as Title) Author index set double-column Erratum Erratum (as Title) Include catchline and article title of original text.

Obituary OBITUARY (section heading) Name and Dates if Given (as Title) Author Name Affiliation Email Reference Style Please follow the most recent version of the APA manual for clarification on any points not covered in the style guide below. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/authors/style/reference/tf_APA.pdf

1. How to cite references in your 11. Internet text 12. Interview 2. How to organize references 13. Journal article 3. Abstract 14. Newspaper or magazine article 4. Audiovisual material 15. Personal communication 5. Book 16. Reference work 6. Conference proceedings, paper, poster session 17. Report

7. Database 18. Review

8. Dissertation or thesis 19. Software

9. Email or electronic newsgroup 20. TV or radio

10. Film 21. Unpublished work

1. How to cite references in your text.

References are cited in the text in alphabetical order (the same way they appear in the reference list), separated by a semi-colon.

(Green, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

If you have two authors with the same last name, use first initials with the last names.

(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

A work by two authors Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word ‘and’ between the authors’ names within the text and use ‘&’ in the parentheses.

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) showed...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A work by three to five authors List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source.

(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author’s last name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

Six or more authors Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

Harris et al. (2001) argued...

(Harris et al., 2001)

Several works by same author

If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.

Research by Green (1981a) illustrated that...

Citing indirect sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Work discussed in a secondary source

List the source the work was discussed in. Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589–608.

Give the secondary source in the references list. In the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland’s work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation:

In Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ...

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text. Always give page numbers for quotations. Note that the words ‘page’ and ‘chapter’ are abbreviated in such text citations:

(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332) (Shimam ura, 1989, chap. 3)

For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material.

(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

2. How to organize references. References are listed in alphabetical order.

3. Abstract.

As original source

Woolf, N. J., Young, S. L., & Butcher, L. L. (1991). MAP-2 expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells [Abstract]. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 480.

From secondary source

Nakazato, K. (1992). Cognitive functions of centenarians. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 9–16. Abstract obtained from PsycSCAN: Neuropsychology, 1993, 2, Abstract No. 604.

Dissertation abstract

Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 7741A.

4. Audiovisual material.

Audio recording

Costa, P. T. (Speaker). (1988). Personality, continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette Recording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Music recording

Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date)

Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited. 5. Book.

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

No author

Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). 1993. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks.

To include parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the source’s title instead of an author’s name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate.

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (‘Using APA’, 2001).

In the rare case that ‘Anonymous’ is used for the author, treat it as the author’s name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

One author

Mandelbaum, M. (2002). The ideas that conquered the world: Peace, democracy, and free markets in the twenty-first century. New York: Public Affairs.

Organization as author

American Psychological Association. (2003).

If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. First citation:

(Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation:

(MADD, 2000)

When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

Chapter in edited book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.

O’Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107–123). New York: Springer. Give initials and surnames for all editors. With two names use ‘&’ between names and no comma to separate. With three or more, separate names by commas. For a book with no editor, simply include the word ‘In’ before the book title.

Edited book

Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.

Multiple editions

Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Revised edition

Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. D. (1997). The battered child (Rev. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Multivolume work

Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1–4). New York: Scribner’s.

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Multivolume work published over more than one year

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959–1963). Psychology: a study of science (Vols. 1–6). New York: McGraw- Hill.

Non-English book

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l’idée de hasard chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

If the original version is used as the source, cite the original version. Give the original title, and, in brackets, the translation.

Translated book

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)

If the English translation is used as the source, cite the English translation. In the text, cite the original publication date and the date of translation (Laplace, 1814/1951).

Republished work

When you cite a republished work in your text, it should appear with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951).

Place of publication For Location, you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state. The following locations can be listed without a state or country:

Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Amsterdam, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Tokyo, Vienna If the publisher is a university and the name of the state or province is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the state or province in the publisher location.

Publisher name Give the name in as brief a form as possible. Omit terms such as ‘Publishers’, ‘Co.’, ‘Inc.’, but retain the words ‘Books’ and ‘Press’. If two or more publishers are given, give the location listed first or the location of the publisher’s home office. When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

6. Conference proceedings, paper, poster session.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237–288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals.

Paper presented at meeting

Lanktree, C. (1991, February). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.

Poster session

Ruby, J., & Fulton, C. (1993, June). Beyond redlining: Editing software that works. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, Washington, DC.

7. Database.

When you are referencing material obtained from an online database, provide the appropriate print citation information (formatted as a normal print citation would be). Then give the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database, so that people can retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database. (For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see page 278 of the Publication Manual.)

Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from the PsycARTICLES database.

8. Dissertation or thesis.

Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International and obtained from UMI

Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947)

Doctoral dissertation abstracted in DAI and obtained from university

Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 417.

Unpublished

Wilfley, D. E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.

Almeida, D. M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work: Consequences for fathers’ stress. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 9. Email or electronic newsgroup.

No personal communication (email, interview, letter, etc.) should be included in the reference list. In the text, cite the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).

Online forum or discussion board posting

Include the title of the message and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board.

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

If the author provides a real name, use their real name, but if only the screen name is available, then use that. Provide the exact date of the posting. Follow the date with the subject line, the thread of the message (not in italics). Provide any identifiers in brackets after the title.

10. Film.

Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.

Smith, J. D. (Producer), & Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address).

Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)

11. Internet. Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited. Whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages. Provide addresses that work. At a minimum, a reference of an Internet source should provide a document title or description, a date and an address (URL). When ever possible, identify the author as well. the URL is critical. If it doesn’t work, readers will not be able to find your cited material, and your credibility will suffer. Test the URLs in your references regularly. If the document you are citing has moved, update the URL so that it points to the correct location.

Web page

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address

When an Internet document is more than one page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. If there is no date available for the document, use (n.d.). Chapter or section of Web document

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved month day, year from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation (Apache modules.) Retrieved March 10, 2006, from http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html

Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section.

No author

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/

If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document.

Document on university or department website

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

If a document is contained within a large and complex website (e.g. for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant programme or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.

12. Interview.

No personal communication (email, interview, letter, etc.) should be included in the reference list. In the text, cite the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).

13. Journal article.

Authors are named by last name followed by initials (closed up); publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a full stop (period). Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title has main words capitalized, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.

Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page 1 in issue 1, and continue numbering issue 2 where issue 1 ended, etc.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893–896. Journals paginated by issue begin with page 1 every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5–13.

One author

Green, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7–10.

Multiple authors

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034–1048.

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There’s more to self- esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190–1204.

If there are more than six authors, list the first six and then et al.

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213–245.

Two or more works by the same author

Use the author’s name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest first).

Green, T. J. (1981).

Green, T. J. (1999).

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.

Green, T. J. (1999). Friends’ influence on students’ adjustment to school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15–28.

Green, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends’ influence on adolescents’ adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312–1329.

References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.

Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629–654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 25–43.

Two or more works by the same author in the same year

If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your text as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: ‘Green (1981a) makes similar claims...’ Green, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408–416.

Green, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636–643.

Special issue

Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).

Supplement

Regier, A. A. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(Suppl. 2), 3–14.

Translated title

Ising, M. (2000). Intensitätsabhängigkeit evozierter Potenzial in EEG: Sind impulsive Personen Augmenter oder Reducer? [Intensity dependence in event-related EEG potentials: Are impulsive individuals augmenters or reducers?]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 21, 208–217.

If the original version is used as the source, cite the original version. Use diacritical marks and capital letters for the original language if needed. If the English translation is used as the source, cite the English translation.

Online article

Online articles follow the same guidelines as printed articles. Include all information available, including issue number.

At present, the majority of the articles retrieved from online publications in psychology and the behavioral sciences are exact duplicates of those in their print versions and are unlikely to have additional analyses and data attached. This is likely to change in the future. In the meantime, the same basic primary journal reference can be used, but if you have viewed the article only in its electronic form, you should add in brackets after the article title [Electronic version]:

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117–123.

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

If you are referencing an online article that you have reason to believe has been changed (e.g., the format differs from the print version or page numbers are not indicated) or that includes additional data or commentaries, you will need to add the date you retrieved the document and the URL.

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117–123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html

If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use ‘Electronic version’ in brackets after the article’s title. Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535–555.

Internet-only In an Internet periodical, volume and issue numbers often are not relevant. If they are not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference. Whenever possible, the URL should link directly to the article. Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a full stop (period). Do not insert (or allow your word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at the break.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of online periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well- being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from database

Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443–449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from the PsycARTICLES database.

When referencing material obtained by searching an aggregated database, follow the format appropriate to the work retrieved and add a retrieval statement that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database.

14. Newspaper or magazine article.

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

Give the month for monthly publications and the day for weeklies. Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference.

No author

New drug appears to cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

In text, use a short title:

(‘New drug’, 1993)

Letter to the Editor

Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12.

15. Personal communication.

No personal communication (email, interview, letter, etc.) should be included in the reference list. In the text, cite the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). 16. Reference work.

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1– 20). London: Macmillan.

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501– 508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

17. Report.

Technical report

Mazzeo, J. (1991) Comparability of computer and paper-and-pencil scores (College Board Rep. No. 91). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Report from a private organization

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Government report

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illnesses (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

University report

Shuker, R., Openshaw, R., & Soler, J. (Eds.). (1990). Youth, media, and moral panic (Delta Research Monograph No, 11). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University, Department of Education.

18. Review.

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self- knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466–467.

Kraus, S. J. (1992). Visions of psychology: A videotext of classic studies [Review of the motion picture Discovering Psychology]. Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1146–1147.

19. Software.

Miller, M. E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. Westminster, CA: Psytek Services.

20. TV or radio.

Broadcast

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

Series

Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York: WNET.

21. Unpublished work.

Book

Auerbach, J. S. (in press). The origins of narcissism. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories: Vol. 4. Psychoanalytic perspectives on psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. In text, use (Auerbach, in press).

Journal article A paper that has been submitted to a journal and accepted for publication is considered in press. Do not give a year, vol or page numbers until the article is published.

Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence imply dominance? Journal of Personality.

In text, use

(Zuckerman & Kieffer, in press)

In the reference list, place the in-press entry after other entries by the same author or group of authors. If there is more than one in-press entry, list them alphabetically by the first word after the date, and assign lower-case letters to the date element (e.g. in press-a). For a paper in progress or submitted but not yet accepted, do not give the journal name or publisher.

Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (2006). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence imply dominance? Manuscript submitted for publication.

Manuscript

Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript. or

Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

Unpublished raw data

Bordi, F. (1992). [Auditory response latencies in rat auditory cortex]. Unpublished raw data.