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1490.qxd 11/13/08 9:54 AM Page i Creating Classroom Communities of Learning 1490.qxd 11/13/08 9:54 AM Page ii NEW PERSPECTIVES ON LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION Series Editor: Professor Viv Edwards, University of Reading, Reading, Great Britain and Series Advisor: Professor Allan Luke, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Two decades of research and development in language and literacy education have yielded a broad, multidisciplinary focus. Yet education systems face constant economic and technological change, with attendant issues of identity and power, community and culture. This series will feature critical and interpretive, disciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives on teaching and learning, language and literacy in new times. Full details of all the books in this series and of all our other publications can be found on http://www.multilingual-matters.com, or by writing to Multilingual Matters, St Nicholas House, 31–34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. 1490.qxd 11/13/08 9:54 AM Page iii NEW PERSPECTIVES ON LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION Series Editor: Professor Viv Edwards Creating Classroom Communities of Learning International Case Studies and Perspectives Edited by Roger Barnard and María E.Torres-Guzmán MULTILINGUAL MATTERS Bristol • Buffalo • Toronto 1490.qxd 11/13/08 9:54 AM Page iv Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Creating Classroom Communities of Learning: International Case Studies and Perspectives Edited by Roger Barnard and María E. Torres-Guzmán. New Perspectives on Language and Education Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Interaction analysis in education--Cross-cultural studies. 2. Classroom environment--Cross-cultural studies. 3. Communication and education--Cross-cultural studies. 4. Language and education--Cross-cultural studies. 5. English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers--Cross- cultural studies. I. Barnard, Roger, 1946- II. Torres-Guzmán, María E. LB1034.C74 2008 372.1102’2--dc22 2008026648 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-84769-113-2 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978-1-84769-112-5 (pbk) Multilingual Matters UK: St Nicholas House, 31–34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Copyright © 2009 Roger Barnard and María E. Torres-Guzmán and the authors of individual chapters. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. The policy of Multilingual Matters/Channel View Publications is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products, made from wood grown in sustainable forests. In the manufacturing process of our books, and to further support our policy, preference is given to printers that have FSC and PEFC Chain of Custody certification. The FSC and/or PEFC logos will appear on those books where full certification has been granted to the printer concerned. Typeset by Techset Composition Ltd., Salisbury, UK Printed and bound in Great Britain by the Cromwell Press Ltd 1490.qxd 11/13/08 9:54 AM Page v Contents Contributors......................................................................................................vii Transcript Conventions ....................................................................................xi Foreword Viv Edwards ......................................................................................................xiii Introduction Roger Barnard, María E. Torres-Guzmán and John F. Fanselow ........................1 1 Under the Interactional Umbrella: Presentation and Collaboration in Japanese Classroom Discourse Take 1: Fred E. Anderson; Take 2: Sylvia Wolfe............................................15 2 Teaching Content, Learning Language: Socialising ESL Students into Classroom Practices in Australia Take 1: Rhonda Oliver; Take 2: James McLellan ..........................................36 3 Socialisation and ‘Safetalk’ in an Upper Primary English Language Classroom in Brunei Darussalam Take 1: James McLellan and Pearl Chua-Wong Swee Hui; Take 2: María E. Torres-Guzmán ................................................................53 4 Negotiating Appropriateness in the Second Language Within a Dual Language Education Classroom Setting Take 1: María E. Torres-Guzmán; Take 2: Vijay Kumar and Wong Bee Eng ....................................................70 5 Interaction in a Taiwanese Primary School English Classroom Take 1: Ching-Yi Tien and Roger Barnard; Take 2: Fred E. Anderson ..............................................................................88 6 Learning Through Dialogue in a Primary School Classroom in England Take 1: Sylvia Wolfe; Take 2: Ching-Yi Tien and María E. Torres-Guzmán ................................108 v 1490.qxd 11/13/08 9:54 AM Page vi vi Creating Classroom Communities of Learning 7 Constructing Meaning in a Bilingual Learning Environment: Two Primary Classrooms in Malaysia Take 1: Wong Bee Eng and Vijay Kumar; Take 2: Roger Barnard ..............................................................................127 8 Creating a Community of Learning in New Zealand: A Case Study of Students in a New School Take 1: Roger Barnard; Take 2: James McLellan ......................................146 9 Language Socialization in a Canadian Secondary School Course: Talking About Current Events Take 1: Patricia A. Duff; Take 2: Rhonda Oliver ......................................165 Afterword John F. Fanselow................................................................................................186 Index ................................................................................................................199 1490.qxd 11/13/08 9:54 AM Page vii Contributors Fred E. Anderson is a Professor (kyooju) of English Linguistics at Kansai University, Osaka, Japan. He frequently teaches courses in Sociolinguistics and Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) at Temple University Japan, and has also taught at universities in the United States and Sweden. His published work includes a chapter on Japanese classroom interaction in A Handbook for Teaching English at Japanese Colleges and Univer- sities and a co-authored paper on Ainu language revitalization in Studies in Japanese Bilingualism. His major work on Japanese language socialization, represented by his 1995 doctoral dissertation in linguistics (University of Hawaii), is the topic of the present book chapter as well. Roger Barnard, a Senior Lecturer at the University of Waikato, has been teaching on a range of graduate and undergraduate programmes in applied linguistics since 1995. Before taking up his present post, he worked in Britain, Europe and the Middle East as a teacher, teacher developer and English Language Adviser to Ministries of Education. Recently, he has accepted Visiting Professorships/Fellowships in Japan, New York and Hanoi. He is currently researching aspects of language teacher cognition and beliefs. Among his recent publications are R. Barnard and T. Glynn (eds) (2003) Bilingual Children’s Language and Literacy Development. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Ching-Yi Tien is currently an Assistant Professor at I-Shou University. Her research interests include codeswitching, language and culture, classroom observation, ESP (English for specific purposes) and teaching methodology. She has presented several papers at various international conferences on the topic of codeswitching in classroom practice and the use of English in Taiwan. She is enthusiastic about second and foreign language teaching and is an applied linguist, educator, and the author of the General English Placement Test book for English language learners. She has also been devel- oping online language teaching and learning material with her colleagues and a computer software company. Pearl Chua-Wong Swee Hui is currently Senior Education Officer in the Curriculum Development Department of the Ministry of Education, Negara Brunei Darussalam (Brunei), having previously served in senior positions in secondary schools. Her major research interests are in the field vii 1490.qxd 11/13/08 9:54 AM Page viii viii Creating Classroom Communities of Learning of interaction in the language classroom, and she has presented papers on this topic at a number of regional and international conferences. In 2007 she completed a ‘Leaders in Education’ programme in Singapore, during which she was able to replicate her earlier Brunei research, which highlighted the distinction between procedural and content talk in language lessons. Patricia A. Duff is Professor of Language and Literacy Education at the University of British Columbia. Her research mostly involves ethnogra- phies of classroom communication with second language learners in English-medium and other (e.g. Chinese) language environments, lan- guage socialization and task-based research. She has published widely on these topics in the major journals in the field and in over 20 edited volumes, has co-edited two books and written another, and has also given invited lectures internationally. Patsy has taught English as a second/foreign language and applied linguistics in several countries in Asia as well as in North America. John F. Fanselow’s interest has been analysis of interactions. His publica- tions reflect