VI Index of Languages, Families, Dialects and Scripts

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VI Index of languages, families, dialects and scripts

The฀index฀includes฀only฀those฀names฀cited฀in฀this฀book,฀excluding฀the฀Appendices.฀Major฀references฀are฀given฀in฀bold฀type.

Abaza 315, 341 Arabic 3, 4, 7, 15, 23, 36–7, Bantu 33, 95, 295, 324 Cape Dutch 349 Ciokwe 352 Abkhaz 315, 341, 368 43, 49, 54, 63, 114–16, Bari 325 Cape Verde Creole 348 Circassian 315, 341 Abkhazo-Adyghian 315, 341 124, 136, 163–5, 193, Barikanci 348 Cappadocian 336 Clamcoets 337 Achinese 352 196, 198, 203, 205, 212, Barracoon 349 Carian 336 Cocoliche 348 Acholi 325, 352 247, 297, 303, 315, 317, Basa 352 Carib 21, 88, 102, 119, 295, Comanche 330 Adamawa-Ubangi 324 324, 326, 328, 340, Bashkir 316, 352 332–3, 380 Comorian 368 Adangme 368 348–9, 352, 356, 367–8, Basque 33–4, 37, 42, 86, Caribbean฀Creole฀English฀ Congo Pidgin 348 Adyghe 315, 341 377, 417, 430 187, 336, 368 348 Cootenais 337 African-American Vernacular Classical 7, 43, 115, 298, Bats 315 Catalan 25, 37, 302, 308, Coptic 209, 213, 325, 326 English฀35 326, 404 Batsbiy 341 311, 352, 368, 378 Coroado 295 Afrikaans 247, 308, 311, Aragonese 37 Bazaar-Hindustani 349 Cataonian 336 Cornish 308, 312–13, 372, 324, 349, 352, 368 Aram 314 Beach-la-Mar฀349 Carolinian 368 387 Pidgin 349 Aramaic 212, 326, 404 Belize Creole 348 Caucasian 132, 174–5, 297, Corsican 37 Afro-Asiatic 173, 175, 297, Aranda 175, 334 Bella Coola 183, 331 304, 315, 336, 341 Cree 96, 330 304, 326 Arapaho 330 Belorussian 308, 310, 352, Caviteño 349 Creek 8 Ainu 337 Araucanian 119, 295, 330, 368 Cebuano see Sebuano Crioulo 348 Akan 324, 352, 368 332 Bemba 352 Celtiberian 308, 312 Croatian 37, 49, 294, 308, Akkadian 311, 326, 336 Araucano see Araucanian Town 349 Celtic 34, 116, 118, 306, 310, 368 Akoli see Acholi Arawakan 332–3, 380 Bembe 10 308, 312–13, 336, 372 Crow 330 Aku 348 Arc-a-plat 337 Bengali 54, 294, 297, 308, Chavacano 349 Cumbrian/Cumbric 308, Albanian 33, 37, 49, 306, Arc฀฀ ฀ i 341 311, 352, 368, 380 Chadic 297, 326 312 308, 310, 352, 368 Aricapu 336 Benue-Congo 324 Chamorro 175, 327, 329, Cuna 52, 61, 332 Aleut 330 Armenian 213, 308, 310, Beothuk 337 368 Cushitic 326 Algonkin see Algonquian 352, 368, 373 Berber 86, 245, 326, 352 Chari-Nile 325 Cypriot(e) 211 Algonquian 96, 304, 330–1, Arrernte see Aranda Berbice Dutch 348 Chechehet 337 Cyrillic 198, 212, 235, 310, 348 Asmara฀Pidgin฀English฀348 Betawi 349 Chechen 315, 341 315–16, 377 Aliutor 316 Assamese 294, 297, 308, Bhojpuri 297, 352 Cheremis 314 Czech 25, 37, 180, 308, 310, Alsatian 37 311, 347, 352 Bihari 308, 311 Cherokee 211, 330 340, 352, 358, 359, 368 Altai 316 Assyrian 208 Bikol 352 Chewa see Nyanja Dagaari 368 Altaic 297, 304, 315, 316– Asturian 37 Bilin 94 Cheyenne 330 Dagbani 368 17, 318, 332, 336, 337 Athabaskan 330, 348 Binga 183 Chibcha 86 Dagestanian 315 Aluku 348 Atlantic 324 Bini 180 Chibchan฀(Macro-)฀173,฀ Dagur 316 Alur 325 Aukan 348 Bislama 344, 349, 368 305, 332–3 Dakota 183, 330 Alyawarra 103 Australian 8–9, 15, 174–5, Bithynian 336, 382 Chichimeca 295 Dalmatian 311 American Sign Language 295, 297, 302–3, 304, Black Carib 332 Chin 297, 321 Daman 349 334–5 230–5, 373, 422 Black฀English฀Vernacular฀35 China Coast Pidgin 349 Damin 133 Amerind 332 Pidgin 349 Blackfoot 330 Chinese 7, 8, 36, 62, 103, Danish 7, 25, 33, 37, 121, Amer-Ind 234 Austro-Asiatic 297, 304, Bosnian 37, 368 115–16, 168, 178, 188, 294, 308, 311, 330, 352, 319 Amerindian 62, 116, 118, , 337 Brahui 319 198, 204–5, 210–11, 357, 359, 368 132, 173–4, 234, 297, Austronesian 175, 297, 304, Brazilian Creole 221, 247, 295, 297, 303, Sign Language 230, 234 327 303, 330–3, 337, 347, 319–20, Portuguese 348 316, 319–20, 322–3, Dardic 308, 311 431–2 Avar 315, 341 Breton 37, 296, 308, 327, 340, 344, 348–9, Dargi 341 312–13 Pidgin฀English฀348 Avaro-Ando-Dido 341 , 380 352, 355–6, 360, 367, Dargwa 315 Amharic 95, 102, 116, 132, Avestan 311 British 312 372–3, 377, 386, 389, Dari see Persian 211, 326, 352, 368 Awadhi 297 British Sign Language 230, 404, 416–17, 430 Dayak 297, 327 Amorite 326 Aymará 332, 352, 368 234–5 Cantonese 172, 180, 322 Land 295 Amuesha 175 Azerbaijani 316, 352, 368 Brythonic 312 Classical 76, 114, 119, Delmondo 363 Anatolian 306, 308, 310 Aztec 15, 119, 330 Buginese (Rappang) 213, 196 Devanagari 213, 377, 429 Andamanese 103, 327, 328, Aztec-Tanoan 305, 330–1, 352 Hakka/Gan 322 Dhimotiki 43 336 332 Bulgarian 25, 33, 37, 49, Mandarin฀180,฀297,฀ Dhangu 295 Andean-Equatorial฀175,฀304,฀ Bacairi 102 308, 310, 352, 359, 368 322–3, 368, 380 Dhay’yi 295 332–3 Baenna 336 Burmese 8, 86, 183, 213, Min฀322 Dhiyakuy 295 Andi 341 Bagot฀Creole฀English฀349 297, 321, 352, 368 Pidgin 347, 349 Dhuwal 295 Anglo-Frisian 311 Bahasa Indonesia 328, 352, Burushaski 337 Sign Language 230 Dhuwala 295 Anglo-Romani 348 378 Buryat 316, 352 Wu฀322 Didinga 183 Anglo-Saxon 5, 62, 65, 114, Báihuà 322 Buyi 320 Xiang 322 Dido 341 118–19, 195, 213, 216, Balinese 213, 352 Cakchiquel 330 Chinook 183, 347 Dinka 325, 352 224, 308, 310, 338, 340, Baltic 306, 308, 310 Callahuaya 336 ฀ Jargon฀344,฀347,฀348 Diola 368 406–7 Balto-Slavic 308, 310 Calusa 337 Chipayan 330, 332 Diu 349 Annamese 304 Baluchi 308, 311, 352 Cambodian see Khmer Chippewa 2 Djangu 295 see also Vietnamese Bambara 173, 175, 324; see Cameroon Pidgin Choctaw 348 Djinang 295 Antido 363 also฀Mandekan English฀348 Chontal 295 Djining 295 Antilles Creole 348 Bamboo฀English฀349 Campa 332 Chukchi 21, 316 Dong 320 Apache 121, 330 Bamboo Spanish 349 Candoshi 295 Chuvash 316, 352 Dongolawi 325 Apalai 102 Bamileke 352 Cantonese see Chinese Cilician 336, 382 Dongxiang 316 Apurina 102 Bangla 369 Cape Breton Gaelic 313 Ciluba 368 Dravidian 33, 87, 297, 304,

INDEX OF LANGUAGES, FAMILIES, DIALECTS AND SCRIPTS 495

318–19, 336–7, 347, 349 330–1, 332 Gã 172, 352, 368 363–4, 394, 400, Huave 336 Dutch 25, 33, 36–7, 49, Esperanto฀362–3,฀369 Gaelic 33, 52, 62, 97, 119, 428–30 Hungarian 4, 33, 37, 49, 52, 97, 115, 118, 141, 247, Modern฀363 212, 312–13 Modern฀36,฀43,฀49,฀86,฀ 110, 116, 178, 314, 340, 297, 308, 311, 340, 348, Esperantuisho฀363 Cape Breton 312–13 183, 198–9, 212, 352, 356, 359, 368, 374 352–3, 356, 359, 368, Espido฀363 Irish 174, 213, 216, 302, 308, 311, 324, 352, Hurrian 310 312–13 378 Estonian฀314,฀352,฀359,฀ 308, , 348, 359, 368 Iban see฀Malay Creole/Pidgin 344, 368–9 352, 359, 368, 378 Mycenean฀193,฀206–7,฀ Iberian 336 347–9 Eteocretan฀336 Scottish 296, 308, 211–12, 306, 311 Icelandic Dyalnguy 42 Ethiopic฀(scripts)฀205,฀213 312–13, 340, 372 New Testament 308, Modern฀116,฀294,฀308,฀ Dyirbal 42 Etruscan฀193,฀212–13,฀336 Galatian 308, 312 311, 404 311, 352, 368 Dyula 324 Euroasiatic฀332 Galgaliya 348 Greenlandic 175, 183, 330 Old 11, 48–9, 306, 311, Dzongkha 368 Eurolengo฀363 Galician 33, 37, 311, 368 Guarani 42, 86, 183, 332, 340, 430 Europeo฀363 Ebonics฀35 Galla 326 348, 352, 368, 372 Idiom Neutral 363 Euskera฀34 Efik฀324,฀352 Gambian Krio 348 Guaymi 332 Ido 363, 365 Even฀316 Egyptian฀195,฀206,฀208–9,฀ Ganda 352 Gujarati 213, 297, 308, 311, Igbo 12, 174, 180, 324, 352, Evenki฀316 326 Gaulish 308, 312 324, 352 368 Ewe฀324,฀352,฀368 Ekselsioro฀363 Gbaya 324, 352 Gulf of Guinea Ijo 132, 324 Ewondo฀Populaire฀348 . . Elamite฀311,฀336 Ge’ez 405 Portuguese 348 Ijoid 324 Enets฀314 Faliscan 311 Georgian 183, 213, 315, Gullah 348 Ilocano 328, 352 341, 352, 368, 386 Gunwinygu 334, 384 English฀3–5,฀10,฀15,฀21,฀24,฀ Fanagaló 349  Ilongot 41 33, 36–7, 42, 46–9, 52, Fante 294 Gê,฀Macro฀332 Guóyu 323 Indian Portuguese 349 54–5, 58–9, 61, 63–4, Faroese 294, 308, 311, 368 Gê-Pano-Carib 304, 332–3 Gur 324 Indo-Aryan (Indic) 308, 311, 67, 69, 76, 86–112, Farsi see Persian Gergito-Salymean 336 Gurage 326 347 116–24, 132, 136, 140, Fazandeiro 348 German 4, 7, 10, 21, 23, 25, Guugu-Yimidhirr 42 Indo-European฀29,฀33,฀175,฀ 160, 162, 164–5, 168–72 Fijian 329, 352, 368 33, 36–7, 42, 45, 48–9, Guwal 42 182, 297, 305, 306–13, 175, 177, 180, 182–3, Filipino 328 52, 73, 76, 88, 90–1, 97, Guyana Dutch Pidgin 348 315, 332, 339, 365 188–93, 204–5, 209, Finnic 314 102, 103, 108–9, 114, Guianese Creole 346, 348 Indo-Iranian 306, 308–9, 212–3, 215–16, 221, Finnish 9, 33, 37, 49, 86, 88, 116–17, 127, 163, 165, Haida 173 311 224–5, 234–5, 244–5, 96, 177, 180, 212, 303, 174, 175, 204, 247, 254, Haitian Creole 348, 352, 373 Indonesian 295, 328 247, 250–1, 259, 273, 314, 352, 358, 359, 368 257, 295, 297, 299, 308, Hamito-Semitic 326 Indo-Pacific 87, 95, 173–4, 277, 279, 282, 284, 287, Finno-Ugric 314 310–11, 324, 338, 352– Han 322 297, 305, 327, 336 289, 294–5, 297, 303, Flatbow 337 5, 357–59, 361, 363–4, Hanunóo 110 Inglés฀de฀Escalerilla฀348 307–8, 311, 313, 324, Flemish 25, 37, 53, 308, 311 368, 369, 374–5, 377–8, Hànyu Pı- nyı- n 323 Ingrian 314 327, 329, 338–9, 343–4, Fon 352 389, 392, 396, 417 Hatsa 325 Ingush 315, 341 347–8, 352–79, 387, Fore 102 High vs Low 29, 37 Hattic 336 Interglossa 363 389, 395–7, 398–417, Formosan 304, 327 High vs Swiss 43 Hausa 102, 132, 165, 180, Interlingua 363, 365 429, 435 Fox 96, 330 Middle/Old฀High฀108,฀ 183, 297, 326, 348, 352, International Sign 230, 234 American 8, 23, 31, 35, Fragnol 348 310 368 Inuit 330 44, 55, 58, 116, 162, Franco-Amerindian 348 Pidgin 347 Hawaiian 172–4, 348, 368 Inuktitut 330, 368 342–3 Franco-Spanish Pidgin 348 spelling reform 225 Old 103 Inupiac 330 American vs British 7, Franglais 48, 375 Germanic 49, 62, 69, 110, Pidgin/Creole 348 Iranian 308, 311 47, 113, 161, 190, French 3–5, 7–8, 11, 21, 116, 297, 303, 306–11, Hebrew Irish see Gaelic 214–15, 367, 370 24–5, 33, 36–7, 42, 45, 338, 386 Classical 7–9, 61, 102, Iroquoian 305, 330, 336 Australian 112 48–50, 53–4, 57–8, 61, Gestuno 230, 234 187, 298, 326, 404, Isan 320 Basic 366 65, 67, 73, 76, 86–7, 95, Gheg 310 430 Isaurian 336 Black฀English฀Vernacular฀ 99, 102–3, 110, 114–15, Gilbertese 329 Modern฀4,฀23,฀86,฀102,฀ Italian 4, 7, 25, 33–4, 36–7, 23, 35, 40, 62, 343, 118, 124, 133, 136, Gilyak 245, 316–17, 337 109, 175, 183, 198, 45, 49, 67, 73, 97, 115, 402 161, 163, 165–6, 172, Globaqo 363 212, 214, 324, 344, 116, 178, 189, 224, 297, British 23, 30, 32, 39, 174, 177–8, 183, 187, Glosa 363 352, 364, 368, 374, 302–3, 308, 311, 322, 50, 53, 55, 116, 124, 188–9, 204, 224, 281, Goajiro 332 387 340–1, 348, 352–3, 141, 162, 168, 172, 297, 302–3, 308, 311, Goanese 349 Old 212 357–8, 359, 368, 373, 174, 179 313, 322, 324, 327, 340, Goidelic 312 Het 337 375, 389, 417, 430 Canadian 23 347–9, 352–8, 359, 360, Gondi 319 Hindi 60, 86, 168, 247, 294, Creole/Pidgin 347, 348 Cockney 55, 214, 297 362, 364, 367–8, 369, Gonja 368 297, 308, 311, 324, 329, Italic 193, 309, 311 Creole 346–9 370, 374–5, 377–9, 386, Gothic 340, 348, 349, 352, 368, Itelmen 316 Indian 163, 370 392, 395, 396, 417 language 302, 306, 308, 376, 380 Jabo฀424 Middle฀73,฀213,฀340,฀ Canadian฀vs฀European฀23 310, 338 Hiri฀Motu฀see฀Motu Jakarta฀Portuguese฀349 407 Creole 36, 347, 348–9, script 194, 200, 214, Hittite (Old) 193, 208, 307, Jamaican฀Creole฀348 New Zealand 52, 55 368 310–11 310 Jamamadi฀102 Nuclear 370 Norman 118, 338, Grabar 310 Hixkaryana 102, 336 Japanese฀21,฀36,฀40,฀48,฀ Old see Anglo-Saxon 406–7 Greek 302, 303, 311, 368, Hmong 321, 352 58, 86, 96, 99, 102–3, Pidgin 324, 344–9 Pidgin 344, 347–9 400 Hmong-Mien฀321 109–10, 115, 162, 175, South African 112, 324 Sign Language 230 Classical 3, 7, 9, 63, 72, Ho 352 177, 180, 182, 204–5, Erse฀312 French Guiana Creole 348 95, 97, 105, 109, Hochdeutsch see German 210–11, 221, 245, 247, Erza฀314 Frisian 37, 308, 311, 377 114–16, 118, 194–5, Hokan 305, 330–1, 332 297, 303, 305, 316–17, Eskimo฀15,฀62,฀94,฀103,฀303,฀ Fula 324 209, 211–12, 224, Hokan-Siouan 337 332, 336, 337, 340, 348, 304, 330, 341, 352, 404 Fulani 352, 368 298, 302, 306–7, Horn Idyomo 363 352, 356, 358, 368, 380, Pidgin 348 Fur 183, 325, 336 311, 336, 338, Hopi 15, 107, 330–1 389, 396, 404, 414, 417 Eskimo-Aleut฀175,฀304,฀ Futhork 213 Houailou 102 Pidgin 349

496 APPENDIX VI

Javanese฀40–1,฀61,฀103,฀175,฀ Kordofanian 324 Livonian 314 Marshallese฀368 Nama 325 213, 297, 328, 340, 352 Korean 36, 40, 102–3; 116, Lolo 321 Masai฀see฀Maasai Nambya 368 Juba฀Arabic฀348 182, 198, 297, 305, Lolo-Burmese 102 Mauritian฀French฀Creole฀349 Nanai 316 Juma฀336 316–17, 322, 332, 336, Losengo see Ngala Maxakali฀295 Natu 336 Jutish฀37 337, 352, 368, 372, 417 Louisiana Creole French 348 Maya฀183,฀247,฀352฀see also Nauruan 368 Kabardian 175, 315, 341 Korlai 349 Low Saxon 37 Yucatec Navajo 6, 102, 107, 110, Kabuverdianu 348 Koryak 316 Luba 324, 352 Mayan฀330 165, 330, 387 Kabyle 326 Kpelle 352 Lugbara 325 Maypuré฀385 Trader 348 Kachin 297 Krio 324, 344–5, 348, 352 Luo 183, 247, 325 Mazateco฀424 Ndebele 324, 368 Kadai 320 Kriol 348 Luorawetlan 316–17 Mechoacan฀337 Ndjuka 348 Kaffir 349 Kru 297, 352 Luri 295 Mediterranean฀Lingua฀Franca฀ Negerhollands 348 Kalanga 368 English฀348 Lushai 180 344, 346 Nenets 314 Kaldosh 349 Kui 319 Luwian 310 Mende฀10,฀324,฀352 Néo 363 Kalenjin 328 Kuki 321 Luxembourgeois 368 Menomini฀97 Neo-Melanesian฀see Tok Pisin Kalmyk 316 Kumauni 352 Lycaonian 336 Meso-American฀295,฀332 Nepali 297, 308, 352, 368 Kamba 352 Kuna see Cuna Lycian 310 Mexicano฀295 Nepo 363 Kamchadal 316 Kunama 175 Lydian 310 Mez-Voio฀363 Netherlandic 311 Kamsá 41 Kunimaipa 179 Maasai฀175,฀325 Miao฀65,฀321 Netherlandic-German 311 Kam-Sui 320 Kurdish 308, 311, 352, 368 Maban฀325 Miao-Yao฀297,฀320,฀321 Ne¯wa¯ri 352 Kana 211 Kuri 315 Mabuyag฀334 Micmac฀330 New Caledonia Pidgin 349 Kanakuru 175 Kurukhi 319 Macanese฀349 Mien฀321 New฀Jersey฀Amerindian฀348 Kanarese 319 Kutenai 337 Macauenho฀349 Min฀see Chinese Nez Percé 183 Kandoshi 295 Kwa 324 Macedonian฀25,฀33,฀308,฀ Minangkabau฀352 Ngabere 332 Kannada 86, 107, 213, 297, Kwakiutl 331 310, 352, 368 Mine฀Kaffir฀349 Ngala 348, 352 319, 352 Lahnda 308, 311, 352 Machacali฀295 Mingrelian฀315 Ngambai 325 Kanuri 325, 352 Lak 169, 315, 341 Macro-฀see individual Minoan฀336 Nganasan 314 Karankawa 337 Lamani 352 languages Miskito฀Coast฀Creole฀348 Ngbandi 344, 348 Karelian 314 Lamut 316 Macu฀295 Mixtec฀332,฀352 Nhangu 295 Karen 321 Lango 325 Madras฀Pidgin฀349 Moabite฀326 Nicobarese 319 Karok 183 Lanna 320 Madurese฀352 Mobilian฀348 Niger-Congo 173–5, 297, 324 Kartvelian 315 Lao(tian) 320, 352, 368 Magyar฀see Hungarian Mogol฀316 305, , 340, 347 Kasem 368 Lapp(ish) see Sami Maithili฀297,฀352 Mohawk฀303,฀330 Nigerian฀Pidgin฀English฀344,฀ Kashmiri 308, 352 Latin 3, 7, 41–2, 45, 49, Makista฀349 Mohenjo-Daro฀337 348 Kashubian 310 55, 66, 72, 76, 86, Makua฀324 Mohican฀330 Nikari Karu Pidgin 348 Katakana 211 92–4, 96–7, 99, 102, Makusi฀88,฀102 Moksha฀314 Nile Nubian 325 Katcha 175 110, 114–19, 177, 187, Malacca฀Portuguese฀349 Mon฀319 Nilo-Saharan 175, 297, 305, 325 Katharevousa 43 194–5, 200, 208, 211, Malagasy฀10,฀41,฀102,฀328, Mondlingvo฀363 , 336, 347 Kaurna 387 213, 224, 302–3, 306–8, 349, 352, 368 Mongol฀316 Nilotic 325 Kazakh 316, 322, 352, 368 310, 311, 336, 338–41, Malay฀86,฀110,฀175,฀297,฀ Mongolian฀316,฀322,฀352,฀ Niue 368 Kekchi 330 362–4, 367, 368, 372, 328, 349, 352, 368 368 Nivkh(i) 316, 337 Kerek 316 394, 400, 403–5, 406–7, Baba/Bazaar 327, 328, Mongo-Nkundu฀297 Njamal 110 Keres(an) 331, 337 428–30 349 Monguor฀316 Nootka 6, 174, 183, 331, Ket 316 Early฀212 Malayalam฀165,฀213,฀297,฀ Mon-Khmer฀319,฀321 348 Khalka 316 Medieval฀406 319, 352 Montenegrin฀368 Norfolkese 349 Khanty 314 Latin-Esperanto฀363 Malayo-Polynesian฀295,฀327 Mooré฀324 Norse, Old see Icelandic, Old Khjurkili 315 Latino Sine Flexione 363 Maldivian฀213,฀308,฀311,฀ Mordvin(ian)฀76,฀314,฀352 North African Pidgin French Khmer 212–13, 319, 368 Latvian 245, 247, 308, 310, 368 More฀352 348 Khoikhoin 132, 325 352, 359, 368 Malinke฀324,฀368 Morisyen฀349 Norwegian 25, 33, 49, 175, Khoisan 33, 103, 132, Laz 315 Maltese฀37,฀326,฀359,฀368 Mossi฀324 178, 247, 294, 308, 311, 173–4, 297, 305, 325, Lekhitic 308, 310 Malto฀319 Motu฀328 352, 368 385 Lendu 325 Mam฀330 Hiri/Police 328–9, 345, Novial 363, 365 Khutsuri 315 Lepontic 312 Manchu฀316,฀352 349, 368 Nubi Creole Arabic 347, 348 Kikongo 348, 368 Lettish 310 Manchu-Tungus฀316 Munda฀319,฀337 Nubian 325 Kikuyu 352 Letzebuergesch 37, 368 Manda฀319 Mundari฀319,฀352 Nuer 44, 297, 325 Kinyarwanda see Rwanda Lezghian 315, 341 Mandara฀297 Munukutuba฀348 Numidian 326 Kirghiz 316, 352, 368 Liberian฀Pidgin฀English฀348 Mande฀324 Mura฀173 Nung 320 Kiribati 329, 368 Liberian฀Settler฀English฀348 Mandekan฀352 Muskogean฀305 Nyanja 352, 368 Kirundi see Rundi Limburgian 37 Mangbetu฀325 Musquean฀387 Nymylan 316 Kisettla 348 Linear A 336 Manipuri฀352 Myriandynian฀336 Nyungar 335 Kitchen Kaffir 349 Linear B 211, 311, 336 Mansi฀314 Na-Dené 305, 330–1, 332 Nzema 368 Kituba 348, 368 Lingala 324, 348, 368 Manus฀65 Naga 321 Ob-Ugric 314 Klamath 175, 183 Lingoa Gêral 348 Manx฀308,฀312–3,฀387 Nagamese 347 Occidental 362–3, 365 Klingon 363 Lingua Internacional 363 Maori฀51,฀54–5,฀86,฀119,฀ Nahali 337 Occitan 37, 308, 311 Koasati 21 Lingvo Internacia see 329, 368 Nahua(tl) 62, 183, 330, 340, Oceanic 327 Komi 314 Esperanto Pidgin 349 352 Odul 316 Komuz 325 Lingwo Internaciona 363 Mapudungan฀330 -Spanish Creole 348 Og(h)am 213, 313 Kongo 324, 352 Lisu 102 Marathi฀245,฀297,฀308,฀311,฀ Naiki 319 Oirat 316 Konkani 308, 311 Lithuanian 306, 308, 310, 352 Nakh 315, 341 Oirot 316 Kootenay 337 352, 359, 368 Mari฀314 Nakho-Dagestanian 315, 341 Ojibwa 330

INDEX OF LANGUAGES, FAMILIES, DIALECTS AND SCRIPTS 497

Okanogan 331 340–1, 344, 346–7, San 132, 325 Soninke 368 172, 180, 183, 213, 247, Omotic 326 348–9, 352, 359, 368, Sandawe 325 Sorbian 37, 308, 310, 368 297, 320, 352, 368 Oraoni 319 380, 417 Sango 324, 344, 347, 348, Sotho 352, 368 Tibetan 40, 102–3, 213, Ördek-Burnu 336 Creole/Pidgin 344, 352, 368 Souriquoien 348 320–1, 322, 352 Oriya 297, 308, 311, 352 348–9 Sanskrit 7–8, 60, 73, 95, Spanglish 48, 375 Tibeto-Burman 321, 347 Oromo 326, 352 Potawatomi 96, 330 115, 302, 306, 308, Spanish 4, 7, 25, 33, Tifinagh 326 Oscan 311 Proto-Dravidian 318 311, 318, 324, 338, 404, 36–7, 41–2, 49, 61, 97, Tigrinya 97, 326, 352, 368 Osmanian 205 Proto-Indo-European฀302,฀ 429–30 115–16, 118–19, 136, Tiv 183, 324, 352 Osmanli 175 306–7, 319, 338, 340 Santa 316 162, 165, 175, 189, 204, Tiwi 303, 334 Ossetic 308, 311 Proto-Uralic 314 Santali 319, 352 212, 224, 231, 243, 247, Toba Batak 352 Ostyak (Samoyed) 314 Provençal 348 Saramaccan 348 295, 297, 302, 308, 311, Tocharian 308, 311 Oto-Manguean฀305,฀332 Prussian, Old 308, 310 Sardinian 37, 308, 311 322, 332, 338, 340, Tokelauan 368 Otomí 332 Puelche 295 Scandinavian 118, 294, 348, 352, 357, 358, 359, Tok Pisin (Neo- Melanesian)187,฀328,฀ Pachuco 348 Pukapuka 65 310–11, 356 367–8, 369, 372–3, 375, 344–5, 347, 349, 352, Pahari 308, 311 Punjabi see Panjabi Schweitzerdeutsch see 380, 387, 389, 392, 417, ฀ ฀ - 368 Paiute 6, 330 Putonghuà 322–3, 377 German 424, 430 Tonga 368 Palaeosiberian 297, 305, Sea฀Islands฀Creole฀English฀ Creole/Pidgin 344, Quechua 102, 165, 172, Tongan 8, 10, 102, 329, 368 316–17, 337 348 347–9 332, 340, 352, 368, 430 Torres Strait Pidgin/Creole Palaic 310 Sebuano 328, 349 Squamish 102, 331 Quechumaran 332–3 349 Palauan 327, 329, 368 Selkup 314 Sranan 348 Queres 337 Tosk 310 Palenquero 348 Semitic 194, 307, 315, 326, Sri฀Lankan฀Creole฀Malay฀349 Quiché 330 Trinidad and Tobago Creole Pali 308, 404 336 Sri Lankan Portuguese 349 Quoc-ngu 319 348 Pama-Nyungan 334 North 212 Sudanese Creole Arabic 348 Rajasthani 308, 311 Trumai 294 Panjabi 175, 297, 308, 311, Serbian 37, 294, 308, 310, Sudanic 325 Rapanui 329 Tshivenda 324 352 368 Sumerian 206, 208, 336 Rappang see Buginese Tsimshian 183 Panoan 332–3 Serbo-Croat(ian) 37, 55, 97, Sundanese 40, 297, 328, 352 Réunionnais 349 Tsonga 352, 368 Paphlagonian 336 180, 352 Svan 315, 341 Rhaetian 308, 311 Tsou 172 Papiamentu/o 348, 352, 368 Serer 368 Swahili 86, 94, 95, 165, 303, Rhaeto-Romance 368 Tswana 367 Papuan 327, 349 Seselwa 349 324, 349, 352, 368, 369, Riff 326 Tu 316 Paramaccan 348 Sesotho 324 381 Rodriguez Creole 349 Tukano 42 Pascuanese 329 Sesotho sa Leboa 324 Pidgin 348 Roman (script) 194, 205, Tulu 319 Pashto 308, 311, 352, 368 Setswana 324, 368 Swati 324, 368 212–13, 317, 319, 326, Tungus 316, 352 Pawaian 173 Settla 349 Swedish 4, 7, 24–5, 33, 37, 377 Tungusic 316 Pedi 368 Seychellois 349 89, 97, 103, 110, 180, Romanal 363 Tupian 332–3, 348 Pengo 319 Shah Dagh 341 235, 294, 308, 311, 340, Romance 49, 69, 110, Turkic 316 Pentlach 331 Shan 320 352, 359, 368, 392 302–3, 311, 326, 340–1, Turkish 37, 62–3, 86, 94–5, Penutian 175, 305, 330–1, Shawnee 330 Syriac 213, 326 363, 430 169, 180, 297, 303, 316, 332, 336, 337 Sheldru (Shelta) 348 Taal Dutch 349 Romani 37, 308, 311, 348, 340, 352, 368, 424 Perio 363 Shluh 326 Tabassaran 315 352, 368 Turkmen 316, 352, 368 Persian 52, 65, 180, 295, Shona 132, 324, 352, 368 Tadzhik see Tajik Romanian 33, 49, 95, 308, Tuva 316 297, 306, 308, 311, 315, Shoshone 330 Tagalog 36, 94, 102, 328, 311, 352, 359, 368, 374 Tuvalu 368 352, 368 Shuar 368 349, 352, 368 Romanizat 363 Tuvinian 316, 352 Afghan (Dari) 352, 368 Shuswap 331 Tahitian 329, 348, 368 Romansch 37 Twi 161, 180, 294 Old 311 Siamese see Thai Tai 297, 305, 319, 320, 321 Rotinese 62 Tzotzil 102 Petit-Nègre 348 Sidetic 336 Taishan 175 Rotokas 172–3, 176, 212 Phoenician 118, 212, 221, Sindhi 165, 308, 311, 352 Tajik 308, 311, 352, 368 Ubykh 315, 341 Rukai 175 326, 336 Singapore Portuguese 349 Takelma 6 Udi 341 Phrygian 298, 310, 382 Rundi 10, 38, 352, 368 Sinhalese 213, 308, 311, Talaing 319 Udmurt 314 Pictish 213, 336 Runic 213 352, 368 Tamashek 326 Ugric 314 Pilipino 328 Russenorsk 348 Sinitic 320–3 Tamil 38, 183, 213, 297, Uighur 316, 322, 352 Pima-Papago 330 Russian 3, 21, 25, 36–7, 49, Sino-Tibetan 175, 297, 305, 319, 324, 352, 368 Ukrainian 25, 37, 297, 308, Pı- nyı- n 323 89, 97, 110, 115, 116, 320–1 Tanoan 330–1 310, 352, 368 Pintupi 15 164–5, 169, 180, 297, Siouan 305, 330–1 Tapuya 295 Ulithian 368 Pisidian 336, 382 308, 310, 314–15, 322, Sioux 330 Tarahumara 330 Ulla 363 Pitcairnese Creole 348–9 352, 356, 364, 367–8, Skalzi 337 Tarasca(n) 337 Umbrian 311 Pitjantjatjara 106, 334 378, 380, 389 Slav(on)ic 33, 49, 164, 306, Tasmanian 327, 329, 336 Ural-Altaic 175 Pochismo 348 Sign Language 232 310, 363–4, 432 Tatar 37, 316, 352 Uralic 175, 297, 305, 306, Polabian 310 Rwanda 324, 352, 368 Old Church 306, 308, Tavgi 314 314–15, 318 Polish 25, 36–7, 49, 180, Sabir 344, 346, 348 310 Tay Boy 349 Urartian 310 297, 308, 310, 352, 357, Sahaptin 183 Slovak 25, 37, 299, 308, Tekrur 348 Urdu 294, 297, 308, 311, 359, 364, 368, 374 Saharan 325 310, 352, 359, 368 Telugu 183, 213, 297, 319, 318, 324, 352, 368 Polynesian 352 Saint Helena Creole 349 Slovene (Slovenian) 247, 324, 352 Uropi 363 Pontic 336 Salishan 331, 348 308, 310, 352, 359, 368 Temen 352 Uru 330, 332 Popoloca 295 Sami 8, 33, 37, 121, 175, Slovincian 310 Ternateño 349 Uto-Aztecan 305, 330 Porepecha 337 295, 314, 368 Solomon Islands Pidgin 349 Teso 297, 325 Utoki 363 Portuguese 7, 24–5, 36–7, Samoan 40, 51, 55, 97, 303, Solresol 363 Tetun 368 Uzbek 297, 316, 352, 368 97, 116, 136, 161, 177, 329, 368 Somali 55, 183, 205, 326, Tewa 331 Vejnakh 341 204, 224, 258, 295, 297, Samoyedic 314 352, 368 Tex-Mex฀375 Venda 368 302, 308, 311, 324, 332, Samur 341 Songhai 86, 325, 336, 352 Thai 8, 21, 60–1, 86, 126, Venetic 311

498 APPENDIX VII

Vepsian 314 Warlpiri฀89,฀334 West฀Atlantic฀324 Yanomami 332, 333 Yurak 314 Vietnamese 36, 95, 102, 172, Walser฀386 Western฀Desert฀95,฀334 Yeniseian 316–17 Yuulngu 295 297, 303, 319, 352, 368 Welsh Wishram฀6 Yenisey 314–15 Zambia Pidgin 349 Pidgin 349 Classical 110, 313 Wolaytta฀326 Yenisey-Ostyak 316 Zamboangueño 349 Virgin Islands Dutch Creole Modern฀31,฀42,฀45,฀48,฀฀ Wolof฀40,฀54,฀175,฀324,฀348,฀ Yiddish 36–7, 45, 48, 308, Zan 315, 341 348 53, 55, 86, 95, 97, 352, 368 311, 340, 352, 364, 368, Zapotec 86, 207, 330, 332, Visayan 352; see Sebuano 102–3, 110, 116, Xhosa 33, 132, 173, 294, 374 352 Vlaams 37 118–19, 180, 296, Yoruba 103, 165, 172, 180, 296, 324, 352, 353, 368 Zend 306 Vogul 314 302, 308, 312–13, 297, 324, 352, 368 Xitsonga 324 Zhuang 320 Volapük 363 378, 381, 387, 392, Yuan 320 !Xu~ 132, 173–6 Zulu 33, 173, 180, 294, 324, Votic 314 405 Yucatec 62, 183, 330, 352, Votyak 314 Patagonian 312 Yakut 8, 316, 352 404 352, 368 Yana 6, 21 Zuñi 8, 41, 107, 331 Waika฀332 Wénján 322 Yüe 322 West฀African฀Pidgin฀344–5,฀ Yao 321, 352 Yukaghir 316–17 Zyryan 314 Wakashan฀331 Yayo 344 Walmatjari฀334 348 Yupik 330

VII Index of authors and personalities

Abramson, A. 153 Becanus,฀J.฀G.฀7 Bristow,฀G.J.฀279 Christie,฀J.฀71 Dickens, Charles 39, 73, Adams, Douglas 437 Beckett, Samuel 65 Broca, P. 270–71 Cicero 72, 429 78–80, 188 Adrian VI, Pope 9 Bechar-Israeli, H. 126 Brontë, Charlotte 189 Clark, R. 363 Dieth,฀E.฀30 Ager,฀D.฀E.฀394 Békésy, G. von 150 Brontë,฀Emily฀79–80,฀189 Clarke, Arthur C. 84, 437 Diodorus฀of฀Megara฀105 Akbar the Great 238 Bell, A. 52 Brooks, C. 80 Clerc, L. 231 Dionysius Thrax 428 Albee,฀Edward฀222 Bell, A. G. 140, 155 Brooks, L. 219 Clinton, Bill 13 Diringer, D. 205–9 Albert,฀E.฀M.฀38 Bellugi(-Klima), U. 230, Brosnahan, L. F. 18, 33, 164 Colbung, K. 335 Donaldson,฀M.฀240 Aldridge,฀John฀73 233, 239 Brown, C. H. 89 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 76 Donatus 429–30 Alexander the Great 209 Benedict, H. 248, 254 Brown, R. 45, 239, 241, 243, Collison, R. L. 115 Donne,฀John฀75 Alexejew,฀P.฀M.฀90 Berio, Luciano 181 250, 252–3 Comenius,฀J.฀A.฀362 Downing,฀J.฀262 Alford, H. 5 Berkeley, George 430 Browning, Robert 76, 189 Conder, A. 358 Dressler,฀W.฀123 Al-Khalı- l Ibn Ahmad 115 Berko,฀J.฀250,฀252 Brueghel฀(the฀Elder),฀Pieter฀ Connor,฀W.฀34 Dryden,฀John฀4,฀65 Allport,฀G.฀W.฀23 Berlaimont, N. de 115 293 Conrad,฀Joseph฀188 Dryer,฀M.฀S.฀88 Amarasim . ha 115 Berlin, B. 110 Brugmann, K. 306, 339 Cooper,฀J.฀A.฀254 Duckworth,฀M.฀167 Amen-em-het I 209 Berners-Lee, T. 415 Brunner, H. 209 Cooper, R. L. 47 Duffy, S. A. 154 Andersen,฀E.฀S.฀255 Bernstein, B. 40 Buren, P. van 74 Cornett, R. O. 235 Dulay, H. C. 392 Anhalt, I. 181 Bertrand, H-G. 216 Burgess, Anthony 412 Cortéz, H. 8 Dunbar,฀William฀62 Annan, Kofi 367 Berwick, Rachel 385 Burkard, R. 19 Corti, A. 149 Duranti, A. 51 Apollinaire, Guillaume 11, Bester, Alfred 189 Burke, C. 53 Courtenay,฀J.฀B.฀de฀18 Dvorak, A. 200 77 Betjeman,฀John฀38–9 Burnet,฀J.฀178 Couturat, L. 363 Edmont,฀E.฀26 Argyle,฀M.฀425 Beveridge, H. 238 Burt,฀M.฀K.฀392 Covarrubias y Horozco 115 Eibl-Eibesfelt,฀I.฀426 Aristophanes of Byzantium Bievre,฀Marquis฀de฀65 Bush, C. 167 Cowan,฀G.฀M.฀424 Eimas,฀P.฀D.฀248 115 Binet, A. 13 Byrne, P. S. 403 Cowan, N. 256 Elias,฀G.฀197 Aristotle 72, 104–5, 428 Bird,฀J.฀20 Cramond,฀W.฀A.฀402 Caesar,฀Julius฀70,฀216,฀429 Eliot,฀T.฀S.฀73,฀75,฀76 Armstrong, Louis 134 Birdwhistell, R. L. 426 Crompton, Richmal 188 Camden,฀W.฀117 Ellegård,฀A.฀70 Arnauld, A. 86 Bliss, C. 290 Cruttenden, A. 251 Campbell, R. 358 Emerson,฀Ralph฀Waldo฀75 Arnold, G. F. 179 Bloch, B. 432 Crystal, D. 179, 181, 191, Carroll, Lewis 65, 67, 104, Empson,฀William฀80 Ascensius 185 Bloom,฀L.฀M.฀253 243, 249, 289, 415 183, 189 Enkvist,฀N.฀E.฀123 Ashby,฀W.฀363 Bloomfield, L. 2, 29, 85, 95, Cummings,฀E.฀E.฀73–4,฀77 Carter,฀Jimmy฀389,฀398 Ervin-Tripp,฀S.฀44,฀45 Asher,฀J.฀J.฀395 96, 98, 105, 186, 432 Curran, C. A. 395 Cassidy, F. G. 347 Estienne,฀R.฀115 Asterix 182 Boas, F. 431 Curtiss, S. 273 Catford,฀J.฀C.฀341,฀357 Eustachio,฀G.฀E.฀148 Austen,฀Jane฀80 Bobrow, D.G. 437 Cutts,฀M.฀398,฀399 Cawdrey, R. 113 Evans,฀H.฀357 Austin,฀J.฀L.฀125 Boersma, P. 141 Cyril, St 310 Caxton,฀William฀5,฀200 Evans,฀N.฀384 Ayer,฀A.฀J.฀438 Bolinger, D. L. 178 Cedergren, H. 32 Dalgarno, George 235, 362 Evans,฀T.฀71 Bombaugh, C. C. 67 Bacon, Francis 71, 362 Chambers,฀J.฀K.฀29,฀32,฀33 Danehy,฀J.฀J.฀177 Evans-Pritchard,฀E.฀E.฀44 Bonaparte, Napoleon 8, 197, Baddeley, A. D. 223 Champollion,฀J-F.฀209 Darius the Great 311 Exner,฀S.฀271 216 Bailey,฀C-J.฀342 Chang, N-C 178 Darlington, C. D. 33 Eysenck,฀H.฀23 Bopp, F. 306 Bailey,฀R.฀W.฀371 Chao, Y. 323 Darwin, Charles 238, 304 Borker, R.A. 122 Fallside, F. 279 Balzac, Honoré de 188 Chapman, R. 188 Davy, D. 181 Bower, C. A. 353 Fant, G. 154 Barham, R. H. 188 Charlemagne,฀Emperor฀194 Dayananda,฀J.฀Y.฀399 Bowring,฀J.฀374 Farwell, C. B. 251 Barnes, D. 258 Charles V of Germany 7 Defoe, Daniel 4 Bradley, L. 284 Faulkner,฀William฀189 Barthes, R. 81 Chase, S. 413 Delattre, P. 178 Brainerd, Paul 201 Ferguson, C. A. 54, 58, 245, Baudelaire 358 Chaucer, Geoffrey 339 Department฀of฀Education฀ Bright, T. 216 251 Baughan, R. 197 Chen,฀M.฀342 and Science 274 Bright,฀W.฀38 Fichte,฀J.G.฀7 Beaufront, L. de 363 Chomsky, A. N. 81, 86–7, Derrida,฀J.฀81 Brislin,฀R.฀W.฀356 Fielding, Henry 79 Beaugrande, R. de 123 92, 101–2, 419, 420, 433 Dewey, G. 91, 223–4

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND PERSONALITIES 499

Fillmore, C. 433 Haarman, H. 358 James,฀R.฀259 Leopold,฀W.฀238 Mi฀Fu฀196 Finlay, I. F. 358 Haas,฀M.฀R.฀21 Jansen,฀J.฀B.฀385 L’Epée,฀C.฀M.฀de฀231 Miller,฀Arthur฀77 Finlay, I. H. 77 Haggo, D. 55 Januensis,฀J.฀B.฀115 Leskien, A. 339 Milne,฀A.฀A.฀188 Firth,฀J.฀R.฀58,฀85,฀109,฀432 Hall,฀E.฀T.฀425 Jerome,฀St฀200 Levine, C. C. 402 Milton,฀John฀72,฀75,฀76 Fishman,฀J.฀A.฀36 Hall, R. A. 186, 420 Jespersen,฀O.฀92,฀166,฀172,฀ Lévi-Strauss, C. 81 Minamoto฀no฀Shitagô฀115 Flaccus,฀Marcus฀Verrius฀115 Halle,฀M.฀170 299, 363 Liberman,฀A.฀M.฀152 Mindon,฀King฀321 Fletcher,฀C.฀M.฀402 Halliday,฀M.฀A.฀K.฀85,฀123,฀ Jodocus฀Badius฀185 Liddell, S. K. 233 Mitford,฀Nancy฀39 Fletcher, P. 256 179, 432 Johansson,฀S.฀91 Lieberman, P. 300 Mittins,฀W.฀H.฀93 Follick,฀M.฀226 Hampshire, Susan 283 John,฀King฀of฀England฀195 Lin, Y. 323 Mittler,฀P.฀289 Fónagy, I. 178 Hanna, P. R. 224 John,฀Augustus฀74 Lindesay, R. 298 Moerk,฀E.฀L.฀70 Foster,฀J.฀191 Harada, S. I. 103 Johnson,฀K.฀394 Lisker, L. 153 Moja฀422 Fowler,฀H.฀W.฀92 Hardcastle,฀W.฀J.฀147,฀164 Johnson,฀Samuel฀4,฀112–13,฀ Litowitz, B. 255 Molière฀73 Fowlie,฀W.฀358 Hardy, Thomas 39, 73, 189 280 Livy 70 Montague,฀R.฀433 Fox, G. 405 Hart,฀J.฀224–5,฀339 Jones,฀A.฀E.฀380 Lloyd, P. 240 Morgan,฀A.฀de฀70 Fox,฀J.฀J.฀62 Hartley, A. 358 Jones,฀D.฀161–2,฀432 Locke,฀John฀430 Morgan,฀E.฀215 Francis, P. 70 Hasan, R. 123 Jones,฀W.฀306 Locke,฀J.฀L.฀247 Morgan,฀R.฀A.฀147 Frederick II 298 Haspelmath,฀M.฀89 Joos,฀M.฀178 Lodge, David 436 Morris,฀D.฀425–6 French, N. R. 90 Hatfield,฀F.฀M.฀283 Jordan,฀I.฀K.฀277 Lodwick, F. 362 Morrow,฀K.฀397 Freud, Sigmund 68, 272 Haugen,฀E.฀178,฀430 Joubert.฀J.฀13 Loewen,฀J.฀A.฀434 Morse,฀Samuel฀90 Frisch, K. von 421 Hauser, Kaspar 299 Jourard,฀S.฀M.฀425 Loh, S. C. 360 Morton,฀A.฀E.฀199 Frishberg, N. 232 Haviland,฀J.฀B.฀42 Joyce,฀James฀74,฀75,฀79,฀80,฀ Long,฀B.฀E.฀L.฀403 Morton,฀J.฀221 Fromkin, V. A. 273 Hawking, S. 158, 291 123, 188 Lonsdale,฀James฀70 Motteux,฀P.฀63 Fry, D.B. 140, 174 Haydon, B. R. 75 Juanita฀6 Louis XIII of France 67 Mountford,฀J.฀204 Heath, S. B. 377, 402 Junius฀70 Gallaudet, T. 231 Louttit,฀C.฀M.฀355 Mozart฀197 Hécaen, H. 283 Galloway, L. 374 Kaeding,฀F.฀W.฀91 Lowth, R. 3 Muhlenberg,฀F.฀377 Helmholtz, H. von 150 Galsworthy,฀John฀39 Kakehi, H. 182 Lozanov, G. 395 Murchison,฀C.฀238 Hemingway,฀Ernest฀79 Galyean, B. 395 Ka - ng Hsi 210 Luria,฀A.฀J.฀436 Murray,฀J.฀A.฀H.฀113 Herbert, George 77 Gannon, P. 265 Kay, P. 110 Lyons,฀J.฀109,฀420 Murray,฀L.฀3 Herder,฀J.฀7,฀15 Gardner, B. T. 422 Keats,฀John฀76 Myles,฀F.฀393 Hergé 188 Macaulay,฀Thomas฀7 Gardner, R. A. 422 Keenan,฀E.฀41,฀257 Herodotus 70, 298 McConkie,฀G.฀W.฀218–19 Nadoleczny,฀M.฀19 Gattegno, C. 395 Kelly, L. G. 355 Hertz, H. R. 139 McGoohan,฀P.฀78 Namir, L. 232 Geertz, C. 40 Kelly, S. 27 Herzog, G. 424 MacIntyre,฀C.฀F.฀358 Napoleon see Bonaparte Geis,฀M.฀L.฀411 Kempe, A. 7 Heschl, R. L. 271 Mackay,฀D.฀260,฀263 Neue, F. 92 Genie 273, 299 Kempelen,฀W.฀von฀155 Hesychius of Alexandria 115 McLachlan,฀E.฀192 Negus,฀V.฀E.฀300 Gerver, D. 359 Kennedy,฀J.฀F.฀20 Higgins, Henry 24 Maclay,฀H.฀107 Newcombe, F. 282 Gilbert, T. 329 Kenrick, D. 213 Hjelmslev, L. 432 McNeill,฀D.฀244 Newhart, Bob 121 Giles, H. 323 Kent, R. D. 19 Hockett, C. F. 96, 177, McTear,฀M.฀256,฀289,฀436 Niccoli, N. 194 Gilliéron,฀J.฀26 Kenyon.฀J.฀S.฀161 420–1 Maddieson,฀I.฀87,฀173 Nicot.฀J.฀115 Gilman, A. 45 Kersta, L. G. 20 Hofland, K. 91 Magdics,฀K.฀178 Gimson, A. C. 161 Kitur-nahhunte, I 336 O’Barr,฀W.฀M.฀407 Hogben, L. 363 Maher,฀C.฀398,฀399 Gissing, George 39 Klima,฀E.,฀230,฀233 Ó’Brógáin, S. 198 Homer 114–15, 311 Makeba,฀Miriam฀132 Gleason, H. A. 211 Knott, T. A. 161 Ochs,฀E.฀245 Hopkins,฀Gerard฀Manley฀75 Malinowski,฀B.฀10 Gleitman, L. R. 260 Knowles, F. 360 O’Connor,฀J.฀D.฀179 Howitt, Peter 77 Mallarmé,฀Stéphane฀77 Glemet, R. 359 Korzybski, A. 413 Odbert, H. S. 23 Hsü Shên 115 Malmberg,฀B.฀164 Godard, D. 50 Krashen, S. 395 Ogden, C. K. 104–5, 366 Huai-su 196 Malouf,฀D.฀381 Goethe,฀Johann฀Wolfgang฀ Kretschmer,฀E.฀18 Okrand,฀M.฀363 Huddleston, R. 357 Malson,฀L.฀299 von 76 Kroll,฀B.฀M.฀265 Oller, D. K. 247 Hugo, Victor 76 Maltz,฀D.฀N.฀122 Golding,฀William฀188 Krout,฀M.฀H.฀426 Olmsted, D. 250 Hulke,฀M.฀412 Mandabach,฀F.฀377 Gordon, D. P. 55 Kuiper, K. 55 Onet, Ionel 364 Humboldt, A. von 385 Mao฀Zedong฀323 Gordon, R. K. 65 Kurath, H. 31 Opie, I. 11 Humboldt,฀W.฀von฀15 Marcie,฀P.฀283 Görlach,฀M.฀48–9,฀371 Kurylowicz,฀J.฀306 Opie, P. 11 Hume, David 430 Marcus,฀J.฀207 Gorman, P. 234 Orton, H. 30 Hu Shih 322 Labov,฀W.฀40,฀342–3 Marshall,฀J.฀C.฀282 Grant,฀J.฀C.฀198 Orwell, George 2, 72 Huttenlocher,฀J.฀285 Ladefoged, P. 165 Martin,฀N.฀264 Grassmann, H. 339 Osgood,฀C.฀E.฀107 Huttenlocher, P. R. 285 Lamb,฀S.฀M.฀85,฀432 Marx,฀Groucho฀69 Graves, Robert 73 Osman Yusuf 205 Huxley, Aldous 105, 188 Lambert,฀W.฀E.฀23 Mason,฀W.฀216 Gray, Thomas 75 Lancelot, C. 86 Masson,฀O.฀211 Paes,฀José฀Paulo฀215 Greenbaum, S. 92 Ibañez, V. B. 189 Langer, S. K. 238 Matsuhashi,฀A.฀222 Paget, G. 234 Greenberg,฀J.฀87,฀324,฀332 Inaudi.฀J.฀13 Large,฀J.฀A.฀355 Mayakovsky฀77 Paget, R. 234 Gregg,฀J.฀R.฀217 Ireland,฀W.฀S.฀217 Lauder, A. 27 Mehrotra,฀R.฀R.฀60 Pa- n ini 429 Gregory, R. G. 259 Irvine,฀J.฀T.฀40 . Lawrence, D. H. 8, 63, 72 Mellinkoff,฀D.฀406–7 Partridge,฀Eric฀55,฀63,฀64 Greimas,฀A.฀J.฀81 Isidore of Seville 105 Leavitt, L. A. 256 Melville,฀Herman฀79 Passy, P. 166 Grenfell,฀Joyce฀121 Jackson,฀J.฀42 Lecours, A. R. 281 Mendenhall,฀T.฀C.฀70,฀71 Patterson,฀K.฀E.฀283 Grice, H. P. 121 Jackson,฀J.฀H.฀270 Leech, G. N. 74, 92, 411 Meredith,฀George฀39 Pawley, A. 111 Grimm,฀Jacob฀306,฀338–9 Jackson,฀Michael฀365 Lees, R. 341 Merwin,฀W.฀S.฀384 Peano, G. 363 Grosjean, F. 373 Jacobson,฀S.฀214 Legros, L. A. 198 Merzenich,฀M.฀M.฀278 Pear, T. H. 23 Gumperz,฀J.฀375 Jakobson,฀R.฀80,฀170,฀432 Leibniz,฀Gottfried฀Wilhelm฀ Methodius,฀St฀310 Peirce, C. S. 423 Gunnemark,฀E.฀213 James฀IV฀of฀Scotland฀298 362 Mesrop,฀St฀310 Pence, A. 179 Gutenberg,฀Johannes฀200 James,฀Henry฀79 Lenneberg,฀E.฀273 Michon,฀J.฀H.฀197 Penfield,฀W.฀G.฀270–71

500 APPENDIX VII

Peony 422 Richelieu, Cardinal 4 Sherzer,฀J.฀52,฀61 Tannenbaum, P. 107 Wallis,฀J.฀339 Pepys, Samuel 216 Rips,฀L.฀J.฀107 Shilhak-Inshushinak I 336 Tarasuk,฀M.฀B.฀402 Walter,฀C.฀396 Peter (wild-boy) 299 Ritchie, D. 280 Sholes, C. L. 200 Tarnopol, L. 285 Ware,฀E.฀E.฀107 Philetas of Cos 115 Roach, P. 164 Silone, I. 189 Tarnopol,฀M.฀285 Warren,฀R.฀M.฀153 Philip V of Spain 4 Roberts, L. 270–1 Silver, N. 417 Terrell, T. D. 395 Warren,฀R.฀P.฀153 Piaget.฀J.฀244–5,฀438 Robinson,฀J.฀53 Simo,฀J.฀263 Tesnière, L. 432 Warrin,฀F.฀L.฀183 Pike, K. L. 160–1, 179, 432 Rockey, D. 169 Sinclair, Upton 189 Thackeray,฀William฀ Washoe฀422 Pili 422 Roget,฀P.฀M.฀108 Singer,฀E.฀197 Makepeace฀188–9 Waugh,฀E.฀39 Pinter, Harold 77, 383 Rosenberg, B. A. 55 Skelly,฀M.฀234 Thody, P. 357 Weaver,฀W.฀360 Pisoni, D. B. 154 Rosenberger, V. K. 363 Slobin, D. I. 242 Thomas, A. R. 31 Webster,฀Noah฀113,฀227 Pitman, I. 217, 225–6 Ross, A. S. C. 39 Smith, B. L. 247 Thomas,฀D.฀M.฀79 Weenink,฀D.฀141 Pitman,฀J.฀227 Rozin, P. 260 Smith, F. 261 Thomas, Dylan 73, 74, 77, Weizenbaum,฀J.฀436 Pittenger,฀R.฀E.฀177 Rutherford,฀W.฀150 Smith, H. L. 161 78 Wells,฀G.฀239,฀241 Plato 9, 104–5, 428 Ryle. G. 438 Smith,฀M.฀E.฀242 Thomson,฀M.฀284 Wells,฀H.฀G.฀189 Pleasence, Donald 77 Saint Laurent, Ives 48 Snow, C. 249 Thorndyke,฀P.฀W.฀123 Wells,฀J.฀C.฀141 Poggio 194 Socrates 63 Thucydides 70 Welsh,฀C.฀A.฀242 Pope, Alexander 197 Saintsbury, G. 76 Salimbene, Brother 298 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 80, Tiedemann, D. 238 Wendon,฀L.฀192 Porter, D. 394 Wenker,฀G.฀26 Salmond, A. 51 188 Tin-Tin 188 Postovsky, V. A. 395 Wernicke,฀C.฀270–1 Samouelian, A 156 Song,฀J.฀156 Tiro,฀Marcus฀Tullius฀216 Potter, S. 45 Wesley,฀Samuel฀68 Sanderson, S. 30 Sørensen, S. B. 385 Todd, L. 346 Pound,฀Ezra฀76 Wever,฀E.฀G.฀150 Sankoff, G. 32 Southey, Robert 63 Todorov, T. 81 Prather,฀E.฀M.฀250 Whorf,฀B.฀L.฀15 Sapir,฀E.฀6,฀15,฀420,฀431 Spender, Stephen 72, 75 Toronto, A. S. 243 Premack,฀A.฀J.฀422 Torquemada 66 Widdowson,฀J.฀30 Sarah 422 Spiegl, F. 27 Premack, D. 290, 422 Trager, G. 161, 420 Wilkins,฀J.฀339,฀362 Saussure, F. de 81, 307, 419, Spitzer, L. 80 Price, Vincent 134 Spock, Dr Benjamin 46 Trevarthen, C. 249 William฀I฀of฀England฀12 423, 431–3, 438 Priestley,฀J.฀2 Spooner,฀W.฀A.฀272 Trier,฀J.฀108 Williams,฀C.฀B.฀71 Scarfe, F. 358 Priscian 429–30 Sriramulu, P. 318 Trollope, Anthony 188 Williams,฀G.฀H.฀401 Schlegel, A. von 303 Pronovost,฀W.฀279 Steele,฀J.฀178 Trudgill, P. 29, 32, 33, 39, 43 Willis,฀J.฀216 Schleicher, A. 238, 302, 306 Protagoras of Abdera 115 Steiner, Rudolf 427 Tryphiodorus 67 Wilson,฀Harold฀20 Schlesinger,฀I.฀M.฀232 Psamtik I 298 Stetson, R. H. 172 Turner,฀G.฀W.฀408 Wing,฀A.฀M.฀223 Schleyer,฀J.฀M.฀363 Ptolemy฀V฀Epiphanes฀209 Stine, H. 78 Twain,฀Mark฀356 Winograd,฀T.฀436 Schmandt-Besserat, D. 206 Pynson, R. 115 Stockhausen, Karlheinz 181 Twyman,฀M.฀190–91 Wittgenstein,฀L.฀106,฀438 Schwartz, R. G. 251 Pythagoras 63 Stockwell, R. P. 178 Tyndale,฀William฀405 Wood,฀C.฀66 Scott, C. T. 65 Stoel-Gammon, C. 254 Woolf,฀Virginia฀79 Queneau, Raymond 188–9 Scott, R. 183 Ulfilas, Bishop 310 Stokoe,฀W.฀C.฀231 Wordsworth,฀William฀72,฀75 Quintilian 72, 429 Scott,฀Walter฀280 Ullmann, S. 76 Stommel,฀W.฀127 Wright,฀E.฀67 Quirk, R. 92, 370, 435 Searle,฀J.฀R.฀125 Stoppard, Tom 78 Valdés Fallis, G. 375 Wright,฀J.฀27 Selinker, L. 392 Raban, B. 262 Stuhlman, O. 150 Valerius Harpocration 115 Wright,฀P.฀199 Sequoya 211 Rabelais 63 Sturluson, Snorri 430 Varro,฀Marcus฀Terentius฀429 Wulfila,฀Bishop฀310 Seti I 404 Ramanujan, A. K. 38 Suci, G. 107 Verlaine 75 Wurm,฀S.฀A.฀381 Shakespeare,฀William฀5,฀65,฀ Ramu (wolf-child) 299 Sudre,฀J.฀F.฀363 Verner, K. 338–9 Wynne,฀A.฀66 71, 72, 73, 75–8, 339, Rask, R. 306 Sutton, V. 231 Vidler,฀M.฀93 345 Xenophon 70, 216 Rasoherina, Queen 9 Svartvik,฀J.฀71,฀92,฀435 Vivian, R. 425 Shalmanazer III 208 Ximenes 66 Rayner, K. 218–19 Swadesh,฀M.฀183,฀341 Volterra, V. 375 Read, K. 226 Shaw, F. 27 Swan,฀M.฀396 Vygotsky, L. S. 13, 438 Yeats,฀W.฀B.฀68 Reagan, R. 279, 398 Shaw, George Bernard 24, Swann,฀W.฀289 Yule, G. U. 69 Reid,฀E.฀20 188–9, 224–6 Wade,฀T.฀323 Swift,฀Jonathan฀4,฀67,฀68 Reynolds,฀Joshua฀113 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 14 Wagener,฀C.฀92 Zamenhof, L. L. 363–4 Syder, F. H. 111 Rich.฀J.฀216 Shelton, T. 216 Wagner,฀K.฀R.฀254 Zettersten, A. 90 Richards, I. A. 80, 104–5 Shephard,฀D.฀A.฀E.฀352 Tacitus 70 Wahl,฀E.฀von฀363 Zipf, G. K. 91 Richardson, Samuel 79 Sherwood฀Fox,฀W.฀63 Taeschner, T. 375 Walker,฀A.฀377 Zizanii, L. 115

VIII Index of topics

The alphabetical arrangement of the index is letter by letter. Primary references are given in bold type. Appendices I–VII are not included.

abbreviations 44, 78, 91, adverbials 99 ambiguity 3, 59, 65, 93, 102, aphasia 83, 268, 270, 274, aspiration 165, 167, 169, 115, 190, 195, 214–15, adverbs 95–6, 252, 364 187–8, 360–1, 363, 401, 280–5, 374 174 224, 376, 400, 416–17 advertising 8, 65, 69, 180, 424, 434, 437 diary accounts of 280 assimilation 151, 172, 180, abessive 96 192, 205, 214, 410–11 amelioration 340 dysphasia vs 280 338, 343 ablative 96, 307 television 411 America 62, 88–9, 330–3 recovery from 280–1 Association of Language ablaut 307 types of 410 Central 193, 330–3 types of 275, 281, 289 Testers 391 aborigines aerometry 145 North 303, 330, 332, 337 aphasiology 280 Association Phonétique (Australian) 334–5, 380 aesthetic translation 354 South 4, 102, 294–5, apocope 338 Internationale 166 abstract meaning 6, 15, 282, affective meaning 107 330–1, 332–3, 336 Apocrypha 402 associative relations 431 285 affirmations (religious) 405 American Academy 4 apostrophe (figurative) 72 assonance 76 abstractness 84, 87, 171–2 affixation 41, 88, 94–5, 273, American Dictionary of the apostrophe (punctuation) Assyrians 208 Académic française 1, 4 291, 303 English Language, An 113 215 As . .ta¯dhya¯yı¯ 429 academies 4, 376, 430 affricates 33, 165, 287 Americanisms 5 apotropaic names 116 asterisk convention 92, 166, Accademia della Crusca 4, Afghanistan 311, 317, 368 American Journal of Education appetitive expression 420 214, 215, 302–3 114 Africa 33–4, 55, 62, 65, 88– 3 Apple Computers Inc. 201 Asterix 189 accent (speech variety) 9, 95, 132–3, 166, 173, American Library Association approximants 165, 173–4, asynchronous chat 415 dialect vs 24 180, 295, 318, 324–5, 47 307 athletic type 18 foreign 35, 374 328, 336, 348–9, 372 American Name Society 119 apraxia 281 Atlas linguistique de la France judgments of 23, 39 age 19, 23, 40, 44–5, 103, American Samoa 368, 371 aptitude (for languages) 391, 26, 29 regional 23, 24, 39, 53, 278, 342, 402 American Translators’ 397 Atlas of North American 132, 151, 155, 169, agglutinating/agglutinative Association 355 Arabia 193 English 31 188, 214, 225, 323, languages 94, 303 Amerindian peoples 63, 207, Arabic academies 4 attainment levels 390–1 412 agnosia 281 380 arbitrariness 105, 421 attention 245, 280 accent (emphasis) see ago 74 see also Appendix VI archaism 42, 51, 56, 58, 68, attitude to languages 391 accentuation agraphia 282 amplification 148–9, 278 75, 355, 406 auctioneers 55, 181, 427 accent (marks) 194, 204, agreement (grammatical) 99 amplitude 140 archive, linguistic 380 audibility threshold 140 377, 428 air-conduction test 276 anagrams 66–7 areas (linguistic) 33, 88, 173 audiogram 140, 276 accentuation 76, 172, 177, air-stream mechanism 130–1, analogy 244, 340, 343, 392, Argentina 313, 332, 337, audio-lingual method 394 180, 364 160, 163, 167, 246 428 348, 368 audiology 276, 278 acceptability 3, 5, 50, 342, Akbarnama 238 analysis by synthesis 154 argot 60, 407 audiometry 276 404–5, 434–5 Albania 310, 368 analytic languages 303 Aritama culture 10 audio-visual aids 391 accessibility฀(of฀Web)฀203 Aldus Corporation 201 anapaest 76 Armenia 368 auditory accessory nerve 137 alexia 282 anaphora 123 Ars major/minor 429 agnosia 281 accidence 94 Algeria 326, 368 anarthria 281 article 69, 88, 95, 233, 364 canal 148 accommodation 52–3 algorithms 360 Andaman Is. 327–8 deﬁnite 33, 96, 357, 429 comprehension 155, 269 accuracy 404–5 alignment 202 Andorra 368 Articulate Assistant Advanced discrimination 151, 162, accusative 96–7, 307, 364 allative 96 anechoic chamber 144 144 248, 285, 287, 289 achievement tests 397 All-India Alphabet 377 Anemerina tribe 9 articulation 41, 136–7, 141, feedback 288 Acoustical Society of America alliteration 55, 72, 76, 406 angle brackets 215 160–7, 171, 428–9 implants 278 20 allographs 204 Anglicisms 48–9 abnormal 167, 275, 281, nerve 137 acoustic cues 152, 156 allomorphs 94 Angola 325, 368 287, 288 perception 150–5, 160, acoustic nerve 137 allophones 168–9, 204 Anguilla 368, 371 ease of 172, 343 172, 248, 271, 289 acoustic reflex 149 alphabet 8, 190, 204–5, animals 8, 134, 420–3 manner of 160, 163, 165, auditory-vocal channel acoustics 138–43, 278 212–15, 261, 310–11, animateness 96–7 167, 170 420–1, 423–4 acquisition 388, 393 321, 339, 391 Ann Arbor trial 35 place of 152, 160–1, 163, augmentative communication see also child language, augmented Roman 227 Annatom I. 96 165, 167, 170, 287, 290–1 language learning cipher 60 anomaly 428 307, 429 augmenting system (spelling) acronym 94, 119, 214 comic 64 anonymity 126–7 secondary 160, 164 225 acrostics 66 consonantal 212 answering machines 155 articulators 136–7, 160–7 aural-oral method 394 actio 72 dual 194 Antarctica 371 active vs passive 136, 163 auricle 148 active voice see voice history of 212–13, 336 anthropological linguistics articulatory apraxia 281 Australia 8, 42, 88–9, 327, (grammar) invention of 376–7 438 artificial intelligence 120, 334–5, 349, 368, 371, activity 50, 54 mystical 61 anthropology 6, 10, 15, 89, 155, 360–1, 433, 436, 380, 383 Adam’s apple 134 reform 226–7 111, 120, 186, 295, 300, 438 Austria 52, 368 addition rules 171 symbolism of 427 425, 431, 438 artificial languages 362–6 authentic materials 391, 397 additions 223, 273, 287 transliteration of 358 anthroponomastics 116 a priori vs a posteriori 362 authorship studies 70–1 Addresses to the German alphabetical order 61, 109, anthropophonics 18 ideal 365, 367 autism 23, 289–90 Nation 7 112, 114 anthroposophy 427 arts and language 387 Automatic Language address, modes of 44, 103 alphabetism 94 anticipation (consonant) 273 Aruba 368 Processing Advisory adessive 96 alternative communication Antigua and Barbuda 121, arytenoids 134 Committee 360 adjacency pairs 122 290–1 368, 371 ascender 198 Automobile Association 15 adjective 21, 73, 87, 95–6, alveolar consonants see Antilles Is. 332 ASCII art 414 autopolyphony 181 252, 254, 307, 364, 408, consonants Antiqua 194 Asia 33, 36, 42, 88–9, 98, auxiliary languages 78, 344, 411 alveolar ridge 136, 147, antonymy 109, 115, 363 173, 183, 194, 196, 295, 346, 362 tense of 96 163–4 anvil 149 330, 317–21 averaged evoked response 269 adjective phrase 99 Amazonian languages 294, anxiety theory (of stuttering) Asia฀Minor฀193,฀336 avoidance languages 8, 42 Adobe Systems 201 332–3 288 aspect 97, 182, 232, 307 aygo-paygo speech 61 adstrate 347 aperiodic see periodicity aspirates 307, 338–9 Azed 66

502 APPENDIX VIII

Azerbaijan 368 biological noises 246, 249 Broca’s aphasia 281 Central African Republic clarity 398–9, 406, 413 Azilian culture 206 biology 300 Broca’s area 270–1, 281 324, 326, 368 class and language 23, 32, Aztecs 8 bioprogramme hypnothesis Brown University Corpus centre slang 61 38–40, 42, 45, 73, 79, babbling 22, 53, 246–7, 249, 347 435 cerebellum 268, 272 124, 169, 342–3, 376 268– 298 Bı¯situ¯n 195 Brunei 368, 371 cerebral hemispheres Classification and Index of the 73 Babel, Tower of 7, 385 black-letter writing 194 buccal voice 133 , 282, 284, 288, 395 World’s Languages 295 404 Babylonians 208 blasphemy 63 Buddhism 311, 321, cerebral palsy 290 classifiers 33, 95 baby talk 245 blend 94, 273, 416 Bulgaria 310, 368 cerebro-vascular accidents clause 70–1, 88, 99, 179, back slang 61 Blissymbolics 290 Bullock Report 258 280 253, 259, 340 back-translation 356 blocks (in stuttering) 288 Burkina Faso 368 cerebrum 268 clavicular breathing 131 backwards speech 256 blogging 397, 415 Burma see฀Myanmar cerumen 148 clay tablets/tokens 206, 311 Bahamas 368, 371 'Blue-backed speller' 227 Burundi 11, 38, 368 Chad 324, 349, 368 cleft lip/palate 19, 146, 275, Bahrain 368 body language 52, 122, 232, Bushmen see Khoisan channel 50 287 423–7 Báihuà 322 business language 192, 353, chant 11, 41, 50–1, 62, 181 CLIC Cascade Network 395 Bali 329 body size (printing) 198 381 character (literary) 73, 79, cliche 55, 153 Balkans 33, 36, 37 body types 18 by-names 116 123 click sounds 33, 132, 133, Bangladesh 368, 385 Boggle 66 California 206 character (symbol) 210 160 bank teller machine 437 bold face type 201, 214 CALL see Computer Assisted Characterie 216 click languages 132, 173, 325 Barbados 348, 368, 371 Bolivia 331, 333, 336, 368 Language Learning Character Indicated by CLIL see Content and baritone 19 bone-conduction test 276 Calligrammes 11 Handwriting 197 Language Integrated Barong dance 329 book hand 194 calligraphy 196 chart recorder 144 Learning baseball, language of 58 bookmaking 427 calling intonation 181 chatgroups 126–7, 203, 215, climatology 343 Basic English 366 Borneo 327 call-signs 59 397, 415–16 clinical linguistics 438 basilar membrane 149–50 borrowing 4–5, 38, 41, calque 340 cheremes 231 clipping 94 bass voice 18–19 48–9, 55, 89, 103, 187, calypso 62 cheretic/cherological closure, types of 165 Battle of Maldon, The 62 205, 224, 295, 303–4, Cambodia 319, 327, 368, disabilities 275 cloze testing 397 BBC฀English฀412 310, 340, 364, 372, 385 cherology 231 cluttering 288 be (invariant) 35 376–7 Cambridge English Course, chiasmus 72 coalescence 172, 338 Bebo 415 Bosnia-Herzegovina 368 The 396 child language 9, 11, 14, 40, coarticulation 164, 172, 272 beckoning 426 Botswana 325, 368, 371 Cameroon 348–9, 368, 371 53, 61, 64, 65, 179, 182, cochlea 149–50, 278 bee dancing 421 boundaries (semantic) 255 Canada 23, 34, 296, 312, 186–7, 227, 237–65, cochlear duct 149 behavioural classification 281 boundaries (speech) 151, 191 330–1, 337, 348, 368, 273, 277, 340, 343, 362, cochlear implants 278 behaviourism 105, 244, 392, bound morpheme 94 371 392–3, 438 cocktail party phenomena 394, 432–3 boustrophedon 193, 207 cant 60 diaries of 238 151, 153 Behistun 311 bow-wow theory 299 Cape Verde Is. 348, 368 in school 258–65 Cocos Islands 368, 371 Belarus 368 brachygraphy 216–17 capitals (punctuation) 116, research on 238–43, code (language) 40, 50, 61, Belgium 34, 37, 53, 368, brackets 101, 168, 215 189, 194, 202–4, 214, 434–5 423 372, 378 Bradford accent 32 226–7, 377 theories of 244–5 codes (secret) 60, 360, 430 Belize 348, 368, 371 Brahma 404 on screen 202–3 Child Language Data touch 425 Benedictines 231 Brahmin vs non-Brahmin rustic 194 Exchange฀System฀241 code-switching see switching Benin 368 speech 38 captions 214 children, wild/wolf 299 Codex Argenteus 310 Beowulf 311 braille 290, 323, 425 cardinal vowels 141, 162, Chile 331, 332, 368 Codex Sinaiticus 95 Bermuda 368, 371 brain 267–73, 300–1, 438 175 chimpanzees 300, 422 codification 2, 376 Bernoulli effect 135 damage to 223, 246, caretaker speech 245 China 43, 114, 196, 200, cognates 302, 341 Bha¯rata Na¯t.ya-s´a¯stra 427 269–70, 273–4, 280, Caribbean 348 206–7, 284, 316–17, cognition 14–15 Bhutan 368 282–3, 287, 289 Carolingian minuscule 194 319–21, 322–3, 349, adult vs child 393 Bible, the 7, 9, 42–3, 61, 65, function of 268–9, 273 Cartesian thought 430 368–70, 404 development of 22, 238, 200, 310–11, 313, 348, lobes of 149, 268, 271, cartouche 209 Chinese box (in grammar) 244–5, 260–1, 264, 285, 404, 409, 430 283 case 3, 43, 88, 96–7, 102, 100 389–90 translation of 355, 364, slips of the 272–3 307, 364, 428 Chinese typewriter 323 deficiency in 40, 280, 289 404–5 split 269 case grammar 433 Chinese University Language in foreign language bicapitalization 416 brain-stem 268 caste 38, 40, 425 Translator 360 learning 382–3 bidentals 167 brand image 410 cataphora 123 Chinese vs Phoenician coherence 123, 179 bilabials 143, 163, 165, 167, Brazil 316, 332–3, 336, 348, cat-calls 181 theories 221 cohesion 123 174, 287 368, 382 catch phrases 53, 69 chirography see handwriting co-hyponyms 109 bilateral hearing 148 breaking (of voice) 19 categorical perception 153, choice (stylistic) 68 coinage see neologism bilingualism 23, 33–4, 37, Breakthrough to Literacy 260 248 Christianity 61, 66, 326, collocation 74, 109 42, 52, 334, 343, 372–9, breathing 130–1, 288 Catholicon 115 355, 404–5 Colombia 332, 348, 368 383, 386, 434 breathy voice 134, 165, 177 causative 97 Christmas Island 368, 371 colon 215 acquisition of 375 Britain 36, 37, 58, 65, 117, Cayman Islands 368, 371 Chronicles 409 colour (graphic use) 198, dormant 374 235, 312, 368, 371–2, CB slang 58 chronogram 66 201, 214 maintenance vs 378, 389 CD-Roms 397 chunking 179, 187 on screen 202–3 transitional 378 island dependencies 371 CDs 201 cinefluorography 146 colour blindness 203 programmes for 378–9 British Isles 213, 312, 348 CEFR฀see Common ciphers 60 colour terms 88, 110, 422 societal vs individual 374 British Virgin Is. 368, 371 European฀Framework circumlocution 8, 15, 103, comic strips 182 binary analysis 81 broadcasting 5, 43, 52, 58, cellphones see mobile phones 281, 288, 366 comitative 96 biological capacity 86, 218, 69, 201, 412 censorship 413 citation analysis 353 comma 215 229 use of signs in 427 census 296, 313 citations (dictionary) 115 commands 253 biological linguistics 436 broadcast transmission 420–1 Cento 181 clarification 245, 256, 278 commentary 74, 412

INDEX OF TOPICS 503

commercials (television) 358 concord 99 contours 177–81 cry (baby) 134, 246–7 De lingua latina 429 Commission on Foreign concordancing 436 stylized 181 cryptanalysis 60 delivery (rhetorical) 72 Language and concrete poetry 77 contractions 195, 214, 224 cryptic clues 66 Delphi oracle 65 International Studies 389 configuration 198, 214, 399 contralto voice 18–19 cryptogram 60 dementia 280 commissives 125 Congo 349, 368 contrastive analysis 390 cryptography 60, 204, 360, demographic trends 296, 343 commisurotomy 269 Congo, Democratic Republic contrastivity 68 362 demonstratives 103 Common฀European฀ of 368 conventionalism 105, 428 cryptology 60 demotic script 209 Framework 390–1 conjunction 59, 70, 95, 99 convergence 53, 301–4 cryptophasia 257 Denmark 36, 368 communication conjunctive relations 123 conversation 43, 52, 54, 55, Cuba 335, 368 dental consonants see alternative/augmentative connectionism 393 62, 64–5, 73, 77, 98, cued speech 235 consonants 290–1 connectivity 71, 79, 123, 120–5, 187, 240, 256–7, cultural factors affecting De oratore 72 animal 420–2 142–3, 152–3, 171, 172, 394, 402, 434 language 29, 34–67, dependency grammar 432 chain 275 181 analysis 120, 426 122, 180, 245, 304, 341, deprivation (verbal) 35 design features of 420–1 connotations 107, 354, 365, cross-sex 21 353–4, 372, 377–8, derivation 94, 101, 273 language and 419–27 402 disabilities in 289 382–3, 426 derivational errors (dyslexic) mass 52, 72, 376, 413 consolidation (in writing) exchanges 40, 50, 59, cultural pluralism 379 282 problems in 352, 402 222 122, 249, 256–7 Cuná 52, 60 descender 198 theory of 91 consonants 76, 88, 134–7, maxims of 121, 124, cuneiform writing 208, description in linguistics 2, types of 423–7 163–5, 170, 181, 205, 126–7 310–11, 326, 336 68, 84, 183, 431 without dialogue 12 217, 235, 246, 250, 273, repairs to 121, 256 cup vs glass 255 in literature 188, 258–9 communicative needs 370, 300, 424 turns 59, 122, 245, 256 curing ritual 52 in science 400 391, 394, 429 acoustics of 139, 141, converse terms 109 curriculum 258, 264, 395 determinative 209–10 communicative teaching 394 143, 160 conversion (word) 94, 416 cursing 12, 62, 63 determiner 100–1 community language learning acquisition of 250–1 convolutions 268 tablet 63 determinism, linguistic 15 395 alveolar 143, 163, 165, cooing 246 cursive writing 194, 263 de-umming 412 Comoros 368 172, 174, 247, 250 Cook Islands 368, 371 cutting and pasting 414 deviance 54, 64, 73–4, 289 compact discs 201 clusters of 172, 250, 273 cooperative principle 121 cycle (acoustic) 139 dez 231 comparative method 89, deﬁnition of 160 coordination 98–9, 253 Cyprus 193, 311, 368 diachronic vs synchronic 302–3, 336, 338–9 dental 33, 163, 165, 174, Copenhagen School 432 Czech critics 80 approach 110, 431 comparison (grammatical) 307 copula 35 Czech Republic 310, 368, diacritics 162, 166–7, 198, 86, 123 distribution of 172, 273 copying (writing) 284 432 212, 261, 356, 377 compensation 18 English฀system฀of฀168 coreference 123 dactyl 76 diagnostic tests 397 competence (language) 374, frequency of 173–4 corpora 47, 90, 92, 113, 361, dactylology 234–5 diagramming sentences 100, 391, 433 intensity of 140 386, 433, 434–5 dance 427 259 competence (literary) 81 liquid 174 computer 435 dash (punctuation) 215 diagrams 401 complement 99 palatal 163, 165, 174, corpus callosum 268 data banks 361 dialect complementary distribution 245, 307 correctness 2, 101, 258, 428 date conventions 59, 190 accent vs 24 169 perception of 152, 248, Corsica 34 dative 307 international 370 complementary terms 109 250 cortex 268–71 Dead Sea Scrolls 34 language vs 25, 294, 315, complexity 5–6, 22, 40, 57, postalveolar 163 cortical blood flow 269 deaf and dumb 277 317–19, 321–4, 327, 84, 99, 242, 245, 253, retrolex฀33,฀161,฀163, Costa Rica 368 deaf–blind communication 332, 374, 420 262, 344, 346–7, 363–6, 165, 173–4 Côte d’Ivoire 368 423, 425 popular notions of 24 399–400, 406–8, 412, symbolism of 182–3 Council฀of฀Europe฀378,฀ deafness 19, 139, 148, 221, regional 23, 24–33, 35, 419 semi- 161, 165, 307 389–90 229–35, 274–5, 276–9, 39, 53, 70, 73, 79, see also simpliﬁcation tap 174 counselling 395 280, 287, 289, 373, 427 103, 112, 115, 161, componential analysis 111 uvular 33, 163, 165, 174, Cours de linguistique générale types of 276 214, 231, 258, 294, compounding 94, 180, 364, 246 431 death taboos 8–9 310–12, 316, 342, 400, 411, 416 velar 143, 163, 165, 174, courtesy expressions 54 debates 41 355, 365, 376–7, 402, comprehension see speech 247, 250, 307 courtroom 407 decibels 140 412, 438 Comprehensive Grammar of consonant–vowel ratio 90, cranial nerves 137, 149 deciphering 60 rural 24, 26–7, 30–1 the English Language, A 92 173 Cratylus 9, 428 declarative knowledge 393 urban 24, 26, 32, 35 computational linguistics constatives 125 creaky voice 134, 165, 177 declaratives (speech act) 125 dialect chain 25, 33 435–8 constituents (syntactic) 100, creativity 40, 60, 72, 75, 81, deconstruction 81 dialect continuum 25, 231, computer, use of 20, 26, 70, 259, 272, 432 93, 222, 258–9, 393–4, decreolization 346 295 113, 115, 141–2, 144, constructionism 393 419–20 deep vs surface structure 102, dialect geography 26 146–7, 200–1, 218–19, consultant see informant creoles 35, 311, 324, 327–9, 433 dialect surveys 26–7, 30–1 224, 241, 269, 278–9, consumer society 376 334, 344, 346–9, 372 deficiency vs difference 40 dialectic 430 290, 355, 357, 360–1, contact languages 346–7 creolization 344, 346 definitions 104, 106, 115, dialectology 26, 32, 86 364, 377, 396–7, 416, contact/non-contact societies Crete 193, 207, 311, 336 255 dialogue 57–8, 77, 79, 120 435, 436–9 425 cricoid cartilage 134 degree (semantic) 109 Diamond Sutra, The 200 computer age 436 contact ulcers 286 criminal codes 60 De interpretatione 428 diaphragm 130 computer-aided diagnosis Content and Language critical language study 413 deixis 110, 124, 189, 241, diaries 57 403 Integrated Learning 395 critical period 273, 391, 393 254 in child-language study Computer-Assisted Language content words 283 Croatia 368 delayed auditory feedback 238–9 Learning 397 context 40, 85, 102, 109, Cro-Magnon฀man฀300 288 dichotic listening 148, 269, computer-mediated 179 cross-examination 407 Delayed Oral Practice 395 273 communication 414 contextual identity 50–67 cross-reference 99 deletion (graphological) 222 dictation 190 computer science 155, 357, continuants see approximants cross-sectional study 239 deletion (phonological) 171, diction see poetry 360, 438 contoid 161 crosswords 66, 108 273 dictionaries 2, 4, 91–2, 106,

504 APPENDIX VIII

108–10, 112–15, 356, do-it-yourself instructions electroencephalography 269, Equalizer™฀291 translation 361 366, 376, 436, 438 399 288 Equatorial฀Guinea฀368 exclamation 21 bilingual 114–15, 360–1 Domesday Book 12 electrolaryngography 147, equipotentiality 270, 273 exclamation marks 204, 215 historical 115, 340, 343 dominance (brain) 21, 23, 278 Eritrea฀368 excretion vocabulary 63 history of 114–15, 430 45, 62, 268–9, 284, 288 electromagnetic midsagittal erlebte Rede 79 Exeter฀Book฀65 size of 112, 210, 400 mixed 269 articulography 146 errors 2–5, 68, 195, 222–3, exhalation 130–1 Dictionary of American Dominica 348, 368, 371 electromyography 145 253, 255, 262, 265, 273, existentials 35 Regional English 31 Dominican Republic 368 electronically mediated 281–2, 392 Exner’s฀centre฀271 Dictionary of European dord 115 communication 414–17 essays 265 exocentric construction 99 Anglicisms 48–9 dossier 390 electronic composition 181 Essay towards Establishing the expansions (grammatical) Dictionary of Modern English dot-matrix characters 377 electronic larynx 286 Melody and Measure of 241, 245 Usage 92 Doublespeak Awards 399 electronic media 88, 193, Speech 178 experimental methods 151, Dictionary of Slang and doublets 67 201, 387, 397, 414–17 essive 96 153, 238–9, 435 Unconventional English 63 downdrift 180 electronic visual feedback Estonia฀368 expert systems 436 Dictionary of the English Down’s syndrome 246 279 Ethiopia฀296,฀326,฀349,฀368 explanations 199, 402 Language 113 drama 39, 52, 65, 73, 75, electropalatography 146, 164 ethnicity 23, 34–7, 42, 53, expletives 63 Dictionary Society of North 77–9, 93, 130, 258 elicitation (of language data) 258, 346, 372, 438 explication de texte 81 America 115 Dreaming (aboriginal) 335 434 boom in 36 Expolangues฀353 Dictionnaire françois-latin drills 395, 397 elision 172 ethnographic translation exposure to languages 391 115 drum signalling 424 ELIZA฀436 354–5 expressive function 10, 245, differentiation (in writing) duality of patterning 421 ellative 96 ethnography of 264 222 dual number 96 ellipsis 57, 71, 98, 123, 408, communication 50, 56, expressive disability 275 diffusion (lexical) 342 dubbing 354, 412 416 120 expressives 125 digital techniques 144 Duden series 114 elocutio 72 ethnolinguistics 34, 38, 332, extension (historical) 340 diglossia 43, 374 dullness in legal documents elocution 68, 72 438 external auditory canal 148 digraphs 377 406 El฀Salvador฀368 Ethnologue 380, 382 extraversion 22 diminutives 245 Dungeons and Dragons 415 e-mail 187, 203, 215, 291, etic units 432 extrinsic vs intrinsic muscles ding-dong theory 299 Dunlop 119 397, 415–16 Etymologicon magnum 115 137 diphthongs 162, 175, 250, duration (phonological) 76, EMC฀see electronically etymology 9, 48, 110, 113, eye 218, 284–5 342 167, 177 mediated communication 115, 117–19, 126–7, eye contact 52, 122, 424 diplomatics 195 DVDs 397 Emergencyspeak฀59 340, 428–9 eye movements 218–19, 232 direct/indirect speech 79 dynamic media 414 emergentism 245, 393 euphemisms 8, 63, 105 eyebrow flashing 426 direction (stage) 78 DynaVox 291 ‘-emes’ 81, 432 Eurasia฀302–5,฀306,฀314 FaceBook 397, 415 directional reception 420–1 dyne 140 emoticons 215, 416 eurhythmy 427 facial expression 179, 232, directives 125 dysarthria 281 emotional appeals (Greek) 72 EUROCLIC฀395 241, 426–7, 434 direct method 394 dysgraphia 282 emotional factors 2, 10, 14, EURODICAUTOM฀357 facial nerve 137 direct selection 290 dyslexia 219, 282–5 289, 393, 426 Europe Falkland Islands 368, 371 dysphasia 280, 289 disability 19, 179, 243, 267, emotive function 10, 63, languages of 2, 88–9, false friends see faux amis 273, 274–91, 438 see also aphasia 179, 400 116, 124, 132–3, 306, familiar pronouns 45 classiﬁcation of 274–5, dysphonia 286 emphasis 3, 177, 179, 188– 310–13, 336 family of languages 87, 234, 286–7 dyspraxia 281 9, 201, 399, 407, 426 language teaching in 259, 297, 302–35, 336 mental 22, 234, 246, 257, ear 148–9, 276 Empire Strikes Back, The 102 429 family tree 302, 342 274, 289–90 ear–voice span 359 empiricists 430 linguistics in 431 Faroe Islands 368 physical 156, 274, 289–91 Easter฀Island฀193,฀207,฀327,฀ enciphering 60 writing systems of 193, Farr’s฀Law฀of฀Mean฀ prevalence vs incidence 329 encyclopedic information 194, 196 Familiarity 45 274 East฀Germany฀see Germany 112, 115, 156 European฀Association฀for฀ fascism, senses of 413 treatment of see speech East฀Timor฀368,฀371 endangered languages 380–7 Lexicography 115 ‘father’ (words for) 183 therapy Eats, Shoots and Leaves 3 endocentric construction 99 European฀Charter฀for฀ faux amis 357, 364 disadvantage (linguistic) 35 ecological linguistics 384 endolymph 149 Regional฀or฀Minority฀ feature detectors 154, 248 discourse 59, 73, 84, 111, Ecuador฀368 energy (sound) 139, 161 Languages 369 feature geometry 170 120–3, 155, 179, 187, Edda 11 Eneydos 5 European฀Day฀of฀Languages฀ Fédération Internationale des 304, 361, 376, 436–9 Edinburgh,฀HMS฀59 English 369 Traducteurs 355 analysis 120, 124 editing 412 opposition to 370 European฀Union฀36,฀352,฀ feedback discreteness (of language) 421 education 3, 4–5, 23, 26, plain 376, 398–9 355, 360, 378, 390, 395 in conversation 122, 187, disease affecting languages 34–7, 40, 43, 192, speakers of 371 European฀Union฀of฀ 275 382 258–65, 334, 372, 376, world language status of Associations of internal 272, 275, 288 displacement (of language) 378–9, 389 370, 378 Translation Companies total 421 421 educational linguistics 258, see also Appendix VI 355 felicity conditions 125 dispositio 72 438 English฀Academy฀4 European฀Year฀of฀Languages฀ female speech 21 dissimilation 338 effort, law of least 91 English Dialect Dictionary 27 369 feminine see gender distance zones 425 eggy-peggy speech 61 English฀Dialect฀Survey฀27 EUROTRA฀360 feminism 46–7 distinctive features 170, 279 egressive air 130–3, 160, 163 English Grammar 3 Eustachian฀tube฀148 Fernando Po 348 divergence 53, 302–4 Egypt฀207–9,฀324,฀326,฀368,฀฀ English฀Place-Name฀Society฀ evaluation 395 festination 288 diversity 384 371 118 evaluative style 68 fieldwork 26–7, 434–5 Djibouti 368 ejectives 132–3, 160, 165, Enigma฀machine฀60 evidence, laws of 407 figurative change 340 doctor-patient interaction 52 174 epenthesis 338 evolution and language 5, figurative language 2, 22, 62, doctrinal statements 405 elaborated code 40 epiglottis 134, 163 6, 130, 134, 151, 218, 72, 255, 365, 400, 410 documentary hand 194 elative 96 epigraphy 195 300–1, 304, 422 figures of speech 72 documentation 386 electro-aerometer 145 equality (linguistic) 6–7 example-based machine Fiji 329, 349, 368, 371

INDEX OF TOPICS 505

fillers 187 French Polynesia 368 ghoti 224 186, 429–30; HamNoSys 231 film (recording) 239 frequency (acoustic) 139, Gibraltar 368, 371 transformational 101, Handbook for Chemical Society films on language 385 142–3, 149–50, 152, Gilbert Is. 329 433 Authors 401 Find a Story 93 165, 181 given/new information 111 universal 86, 430 Handbook of American Indian fine-tuning hypothesis 245 fundamental 19, 139, global aphasia 281 within the trivium 430 Languages 431 finger/hand distribution 88–9 147 globalization 383 see also prescriptivism, handedness 268, 285 finger spelling 234–5, 323, fundamental, missing 150 glossai 114–15 rules hand–eye coordination 222 425 loss (high) of 278 glossematics 432 grammars 2–4, 113, 306, hand/finger distribution 8–9 Finland 37, 314, 368 pitch vs 139 glossaries 58, 114–15, 353 429–30 hand-shaking 425 First Five Minutes, The 177 theory of pitch 150 glosses 313 grammar translation method handwriting 68, 190, 193–4, ‘first grammarian’ 430 frequency (statistical) 21, glossogenetics 300 394 196–7, 200, 220, 222, ‘fis’ phenomenon 250 69–70, 73, 90–1, 173–5 glossographia 11 grammaticality 46, 92 260, 263 fissures (of cortex) 268 fricatives 29, 33, 143, 165, glossolalia 11, 42, 405 grammatical meaning 111, hapax legomena 69 fixation 218 167, 174, 246, 250, 279, glossopharyngeal nerve 137 179 haplology 338 flaming 127 287, 307 glottalic sounds 132–3, 173 grammatical words 172, 253, hard palate see palate flaps 165, 174 friction 135, 160, 162, 165 glottal sounds 134, 160, 163, 282–3 hare lip 287 Flickr 415 frictionless continuants 165 165, 173, 307 graphemes 204–15, 220–6, harmonics 139 fluency 19, 23, 62, 288, 374 Friends Reunited 415 glottis 132–3, 160 282, 377 harmony 95, 169, 250 disorders see฀non-luency Friendster 415 glottochronology 341, 347 graphetic disabilities 275, 283 hash sign 215 fluorescent octons 22 full stop 215 glottograph 147 graphetics 193, 202–4, 202 Haskins Laboratories 152 flyting 62 function (textual) 81 gobbledegook 398–9 graphical user interface 201 Hawaii 327, 348 Flyting of Dunbar and functional grammar 433 God is for Real, Man 53 graphic expression 11, 13, he (sexist use) 47 Kennedie, The 62 functional sentence God, names of 9 187, 190–201, 214, 414 head (grammatical) 99 focal areas 28 perspective 432 Golden Bull Awards 398 graphic language 190 headings 198 Fog Index 262 functional syllabus 394 gradability 109 graphic symbolism 192 headlines 214, 344, 408 folklore 9, 120 function words see gradience 96 graphic translatability 201 head nods 122 Follow me 370 grammatical words graffiti 57, 65, 195 graphological disabilities 275 headwords 112 foot (poetry) 76 Fundamento de Esperanto 364 Grammaire générale et graphology (handwriting) hearing 148–9, 287 football results intonation fusion 172 raisonnée 86 68, 197 loss of see deafness 251 fusional languages 303 grammar 2, 19, 48, 84, graphology (linguistic) 115, theories of 150 foregrounding 73 futhark 213 92–103, 108, 115, 124, 123, 193, 204–17, 275, types of 148, 276, 278 foreigner talk 53, 347 g, dropping of 39 153, 171, 178, 182, 283, 400, 406, 420 hearing aids 278 foreign languages 83, 187, Gabon 368 191, 204, 215, 222, 272, Grassman’s law 339 hearsay 407 225, 352–97, 434, 438 Gadsby 67 360, 376, 393, 400, 420, Gray’s Anatomy 403 Hebrew Academy 4 forensic linguistics 68, 71 Gallaudet University 277 428–9, 432–3, 435 Great Illustrated Dictionary Heineken advertisement 410 forensic science 20 Gambia 348, 368, 371 acquisition of 242–3, 115 hemisphere see cerebral forgery 195 games 11, 60, 65, 66–7, 247, 252–3, 273 Great Vowel Shift 224 hemispheres form (vs meaning) 69, 72, 84 249, 256 categories of 97, 307 Greece 9, 23, 43, 63, 70, 77, hemispherectomy 269 formalists 80–1 63 changes in 340, 343, 429 92, 114, 216, 231, 310, heraldry, language of 58 Gargantua 428 formal language 2–3, 32, Gastarbeiter 36, 359, 372 comparative 88–9 368, , 430 hertz 139–40 39–40, 42–3, 51–50, 56, gaze 426 disabilities in 275, 277, Greenland 9, 62, 330, 368 Heschl’s gyri 271 63, 70, 79, 97, 124, 187, gematria 8, 61 280–1, 289 green movement 384 hesitation 23, 54, 77, 180, 215, 258, 355, 375–6, gender 87, 88, 97, 99, 307, hierarchy in 99, 215, 360, greetings 40, 51, 54, 62, 124, 188, 288 407, 412 340 433 249 heuresis 72 formants 20, 141, 152 on Internet 126 patterns in 6, 10, 24, cards 186 hieroglyphic 209, 310, 326, forms (paper) 57, 399 genealogy (language) 86, 303 32–3, 35, 38, 40–3, Grenada 348, 368, 371 336 formulae 12, 38, 54–5, 58, generalized phrase structure 53, 57–60, 64–5, 71, grid games 66 Hi5 415 60–1, 65, 97, 401 grammar 433 73, 75, 79, 99–101, Grimm’s law 307, 338 high variety see diglossia historical 303 general semantics 413 187, 242, 255, 262, Guadeloupe 348, 368 Hinduism 404 Förster’s฀syndrome฀65 generative grammar see 303, 307, 393, 410 Guam 329, 368, 371 hiragana 205, 396 fossilized errors 392 grammar types of: case 433; core 87; Guardian, The 12, 187 history in languages 384 fossils 300 generic man 46–7 dependency 432; Guatemala 368 Hittites 208–9 Foundation฀for฀Endangered฀ Genesis, Book of 404 functional 433; Guiana 346, 348 hole, words for 15 Languages 380 genetic classification 86, 303 general 86, 363, 430; Guinea 368 holophrase 252 four-letter words 63 genitive 96–7, 307 generalized phrase Guinea-Bissau 368 Homaranismo 364 Four III 74 genres (stylistic) 54, 75–8o structure 433; Gulliver’s Travels 67 Homeric epics 55 fovea 218 geographical identity 24–33 generative 13, 86, Guóyu˘ 323 homographs 110 frames 437 geographical linguistics 88–9, 101, 168, 170, 244, GUS 437 homo loquens 422 France 29, 36–7, 57, 65, 438 433, 434; guslars 55 homonyms 110 117, 311, 336, 368–9, geographical reasons for Montague฀433;฀ Guyana 348, 368, 371 homophones 60, 110, 220, 378, 386, 389, 426 language change 343 network 433; gwoyeu romatzyh 323 282 Franks Casket 213 Georgia 368 pedagogical 92–3; gyri 268 homunculi 271 free association 109 Germanic peoples 62 realistic 433; reference h, dropping of 32 Honda 156 Freemasonry 427 Germany 36–7, 58, 65, 117, 92; relational 433; habituation experiments 248 Honduras 368 free morpheme 94 194, 200, 311, 368, 391 speculative 430; hair cells 149 Honest to God 53 free variation 169, 214, 342 gesture 6, 40, 230, 241, 252, stratiﬁcational 85, Haiti 43, 348, 368 Hong Kong 320, 349, 371 free verse 76 280–1, 301, 392, 426–7 432; HAL 437 honorifics 21, 44, 103, 124 French Academy 1, 4 oral 299 traditional 3, 54, 72, half-uncial writing 194, 313 hospital slang 55 French Guiana 348, 368 Ghana 326, 348, 368, 371 92–3, 95, 98, 101, hammer 149 HTML฀202

506 APPENDIX VIII

hudhud 386 incus 149 intensifiers 21 Iran 311, 317, 337, 368 Kiribati 329, 368, 371 humanistic language teaching indention 215 intensity (acoustic) 140, 142, Iraq 326, 336, 368 knock-knock jokes 64 395 indexical function 179 152 Irian฀Jaya฀1 knowledge about language humanistic writing 194 indexing 58, 356, 436 interaction 52, 124–5, 187, Irish Republic 64, 194, 231, 258 humility, expression of 426 semantic 413 201, 249, 256–8, 397, 312–13, 348, 368, 371, knowledge-based machine humour and language 55, indicative see mood 426, 438 380 translation 361 64–5, 74, 93, 192, 400 India 33–5, 38, 42, 60, in foreign language irregularity see regularity knowledge in languages 384 Hungarian Academy 4 193, 212, 296–7, 311, learning 409 irrelevance 127 Knowledge of Language 433 Hungary 314, 368 318–19, 321, 337, 349, in machine translation Islam 326, 404 knowledge-testing Hung Society 427 368, 370–1, 377, 429 361 iso- 29 (translation) 356 Hungrig-Online 127 individual differences in interaction hypothesis 398 isochrony 177 koine 311, 428 hwyl 405 language use 241, 246, Inter-Active Terminology for isoglosses 28–9 Koran see Qur’an hyperlexia 285 282, 290 Europe฀360 isolate, language 175, 305, Korea (N and S) 196, 200, hypertext links 414 indivisibility of words 95 interchangeability 420–1 330, 332, 336–7, 386 316, 349, 368 HyperText Transfer Protocol Indonesia 89, 318–20, intercostals 130 isolating language 95, 303–4 Kurgans 306 415 327–8, 349, 368 diaphragmatic method Israel 34, 326, 368, 371, 378 Kurzweil฀Reading฀Machine฀ hyphenation 95, 189, 202, Indus Valley 208–9, 337 131 i.t.a. 225, 227, 261 290 215, 262 inessive 96 interference 392 Italian-Americans/Australians Kuthadaw book 321 hypnosis 395 infant speech perception 153, interjections 10, 21, 95, 299 34 Kuwait 368 hypocrisis 72 238 interlanguage 392 italics 188–9, 194, 201, 202, Kyrgyzstan 368 214 hypoglossal nerve 137 infixes 94 interlevels 85 l, clear vs dark 169 Italy 193, 310–12, 336, 368, hyponymy 109 inflecting languages 94, 303 interlinear transcription 178 dropping of 32 378, 426 I (vs me) 3, 5 inflectional morphology 94 International Auxiliary labialization 164 Ivory Coast 348, 367 iamb 76 inflections 5, 7, 87, 94–5, Language Association 363 labials 217, 246–7, 307 IBM฀156 99, 115, 232, 252–3, International Computer Jabberwocky 183 labio-dental sounds 163, 167 Iceland 368 303, 307, 340, 363–4 Archive฀of฀Modern฀ Jainism฀311 labio-velar sounds 165, 173, iconicity 230 omission of 289, 346–7 English฀435 Jamaica฀348,฀368,฀371 307 ideational function 10, informal language 3, 32, 43, International฀Mother- Japan฀18,฀58,฀63,฀107,฀196,฀ La Brita Esperantisto 364 12–13, 127, 186 54–5, 61, 64, 79, 98 Language Day 369 316, 337, 349, 355, 368, Lady Chatterley’s Lover 8, 63 identifying function 57 informant 27–8, 30, 32, 423, International Organization 426 la-la theory 299 identity see language 434 for Standardization 190 jargon 2, 58, 399 laminagraphy 146 ideographic writing 208–9, information International Phonetic aphasic 281 Lancaster–Oslo/Bergen 91, 362 function 56 Alphabet 30, 166–7 Java฀328 435 ideology (of signs) 362 retrieval 438 International Translations jaw 136, 160, 164 landscape printing 199 idioglossia 257 structure 124, 179, 432 Centre 355 Jewish฀background฀8,฀35,฀61 langage 431 idiolect 24 technology 290 International Year of Joint฀Interpreting฀and฀ language idioms 64, 108–9, 112, theory 275, 360 Languages 369 Conference Service 352 attitudes towards 1–5, 115, 354, 360–1, 365–6 -ing ending 252 Internet 201, 370, 380, jokes 42, 64, 68, 121–2, 125, 36, 379 semi- 111 ingressive sounds 130–2, 414–17 256 awareness of 259, 264–5, Ifugao people 386 163, 167 endangered languages Jordan฀64,฀368 353, 391 IIO hypothesis 393 inhalation 130–1 and 387 Joseph Andrews 79 beliefs about 2–9 illative 96 initials 61, 116 graphetics and 202–3 journalese 408 changes in 2, 4–5, 21, illiteracy 219 innateness 86, 244, 430 pragmatics and 126–7 journalism 74, 192, 408 32, 45–7, 55, 86, 212, illocutionary act 125 input hypothesis 393 Internet Relay Chat 126, 415 Judaism฀8,฀326,฀404 224, 230, 272, 302–5, illustrations 198 inscriptions 195, 206, 213, interpreting 190, 352, 354, Jugoslavia฀see Yugoslavia 338–44, 346, 376, iMac฀157 310–11, 319, 328, 336–7 359, 367, 434 juncture 172 405, 428–9, 438 imitation instant messaging 215, 397, consecutive vs Junggrammatiker 339 codiﬁcation of 376 by children 242, 244, 415 simultaneous 359 junk mail 127 crooked 41 246, 392, 394 institutional style 69 deaf 277 jury judgments 23 deﬁnition of 420 by chimps 422 Institutiones grammaticae 429 interruptions 21, 407 justified setting 191, 200, edges of 74, 93 elicited 242 Institutio oratoria 72 intimate language 42, 45, 55, 224, 262 functions of 10–15, 63, immediate constituents 100 instructional materials 56 70, 124 on screen 203 344, 346, 365, 402, immersion see language instructive case 96 intonation 21, 41, 55, 58–9, kabary 41 420, 429 immigrants 18, 34–7, 274, instrumental analysis see 76, 85, 98, 139, 147, Kabbala 61 genetics and 18, 33 343, 359, 378, 388, 393, phonetics 155–6, 177–81, 245, KAL 258 hidden 60–1 402 instrumental case 307 249, 252–3, 272, 432 Kampuchea see Cambodia identity and 13, 17–81, imperative 125, 422 insular writing 194 abnormal 278, 288 kana 205, 211, 394 126–7, 342, 365, 367, imperfective 97 insults 62, 256 acquisition of 251 kanji 205, 210, 221, 290, 374–9, 383, 384, 423, impersonal language 400 intangible heritage 386 functions of 179, 187 316, 356 434 impersonators 20 integrated pluralism 379 stylized 181 Kan-U-Go 66 input 245, 393 implicational universals 87, intelligence 22, 241, 246, intraoral devices 146 katakana 205, 211, 396 in the world 351–95 173 263, 283–5, 289–90, intrinsic muscles of tongue Kazakhstan 368 models of 84, 190, 272 implicatures 121 300–1 137 Kells, Book of 194 origins of 7, 8, 86, implosives 132–3, 160, verbal vs non-verbal 22 introversion 23 Kenya 326, 349, 368, 371 105, 186, 230, 238, 165, 173–4 intelligent programs 436 intuition 110, 434–5 kinegraphs 426 298–301, 404, 428, inanimateness 97 intelligibility 3, 5, 8, 11, 74, inventio 72 kinesics 423, 426–7 438 incompatibility 109 398–9 inversions 223, 253, 273 kinship relations 40, 44, 106, power 8–9, 45, 413 incongruity 64 mutual 25, 294, 322 inverted commas 215, 401 110 speech vs 275 incorporating languages 303 intelligibility gap 401 Ionia 63 structure of 83–125,

INDEX OF TOPICS 507

258–9, 391, 394, names of 25, 295, 314, language of 8, 20, 63, 348–9, 367–71, 376, 389 literary language 2, 10, 34, 419–20, 432 327 187, 399, 406–7 lingualabials 167 63, 72–81, 113, 123, systems in 431–2 numbers of 15, 86–7, mannerisms of 406 linguicide 383 186, 188–9, 294, 354–8, thought and 13, 14–15, 294–5 procedures in 195, linguist 438 376, 394 363, 365 official 296, 352, 367–70 216–17, 407 Linguistic Atlas of England 30 vs non-literary 73–4 use of 3, 16–81, 258–9, on฀the฀Web฀417 layout 78, 197, 202 Linguistic Atlas of the United Lithuania 368, 386 304, 342, 344, 346, primitive 6–7, 24, 335 leading (print) 198 States 31 liturgy 42, 52, 310, 405 393–4, 398–413 second 15, 370–1, 388 learning disability 283 Linguistic Circle of Prague loan translation 340 see also communication; source vs target 354–7 learning strategies 391 432 loan words see borrowing dialect; disability; speakers of 296–7, 371 leavetaking 51, 54, 62, 124 linguistician 438 localization (brain) 270–1 literary language; universal 108, 216, Leave Your Language Alone linguistics localization (sound) 148 speech; standard 362–6, 400, 430 186 applied 93, 388, 438 locative 307, 422 language; written world 367–9, 430 Lebanon 368 areal 33 locutionary act 125 language see also agglutinating/ lect 24 biological 438 logic 72, 104, 111, 433 Language (Bloomfield) 105, agglutinative; legasthenia 283 diachronic 110, 302–3, language and 3, 7, 86, 432 analytic; artificial; legibility 202–3, 222, 408 431, 438 400 Language (Sapir) 431 auxiliary; avoidance; leisure 389 educational 258, 438 logocentrism 81 language acquisition device click; family of; Leksys…synonima forensic 68, 71 logogen 221 244 foreign; fusional; slovenorosskaia 115 general 385, 438 logographic writing 67, 189, Language Awareness and incorporating; leptosomic type 18 green 384 205, 210, 214, 221, 290, Reading Readiness 262 inlecting;฀isolated;฀ Lern yerself Scouse 27 history of 72, 428–30 358, 400 language barrier 5, 34–5, minority; oriental; lesions 269 mathematical 438 logopaedist 274 352–3, 362, 366–7, 388, pitch-accent; Lesotho 368, 371 methodology in 32, 98, Logos Corporation 361 390, 398 polysynthetic; tone; Let Stalk Strine 27 229, 238–9, 248, loi Bas-Lauriol 4 language biography 390 Appendix VI letters (of alphabet) 48, 59, 434–5 loi Toubon 4 language contact 317, 344, language selection 376, 389 188–9, 194, 197–8, philosophical 438 London-Lund corpus 90–1, 346–7, 372 language shift 53, 372, 379 200–4, 212–14, 262–3, schools of 432–3 435 language death 294, 372, language switching 374–5 291, 364, 377 statistical 69, 90–1, 117, longitudinal study 239 380–7 language teaching 3, 7, 26, frequency of 90, 200 438 Longman dictionaries 112, language delay 257, 273–4, 36–7, 52, 84, 92–3, 169, games with 61, 64–7 structural 81, 100, 108, 115 276, 285, 287, 309 180, 215, 258–65, 353, mystical 61 432 look-and-say 158, 227, 261 language experience 370, 378–97, 413, 429, perception of 218–20 synchronic 110, 431, 438 Lore and Language of programmes 261 438 repetition of 189 theoretical 304, 360, 385, Schoolchildren, The 11 Language for Life 258 materials in 391, 392, levels (linguistic) 84–5, 87, 431–3, 438 loss of sound 338 Language from Within 395 396 124, 242, 374, 432 18th-century 2–3, 5, 7, loudness 18–19, 23, 122, language illiteracy 352 methods in 391, 392, levels (social) 40, 54 15, 34, 430 134, 140, 169, 177, 286 language immersion 379, 394–5 lexemes 28–30, 108–11 19th-century 5–7, 34, perception of 150 391 language trains 378 see also vocabulary 302–5, 430 low variety see diglossia language laboratories 397 langue 81, 431, 433 lexical diffusion 342 20th-century 2–3, 6–7, ludic function see language language learning 7, 18, 21, langue d’oil/langue d’oc 29 lexical erosion 381 68, 73, 80–1, 86, 92, play 60, 187, 225, 258–65, Langue Musicale Universelle lexical fields see semantic 102, 104, 106, 115, lungs 130–3, 160, 163–4, 276, 290, 301, 365, 363 fields 120, 124, 155, 170, 167 378–97, 438 Laos 319–21, 368 lexical gap 111 193, 281, 300, 346, lurking 127 theories of 392–3 Lapland 37 lexical items see lexemes 360, 419, 428, 431–8 Luxembourg 36–7, 368 language loyalty 43, 378–9 Larousse dictionaries 114–15 lexicalized sentence stems Linguistic Society of Paris Lyrical Ballads 75 language maintenance 372, LARSP 243 111 298 lyrics 11 378–9, 386–7 laryngealization 165 lexicography 4, 112–15, 430, Linguistics฀of฀Visual฀English฀ Macau฀349 language mixing 374–5 laryngeal mirror 135, 147 438 234 Macedonia฀368 language passport 390 laryngeal theory 307 see also dictionaries linguistic stylistics see machine translation see language pathology 274, 435 laryngectomy 133, 274, 286 lexicon see vocabulary stylistics translation, machine language play 61, 66–7 laryngograph see Lexicon 66 linkage see connectivity Macintosh฀201,฀202 language policy electrolaryngography lexicostatistics 341 linotype 200 macro-phylum 302 implementation 376 laryngopharynx 136 lexis 72 lipograms 67 macrostructures 123 language portfolio 390 laryngoscope, fibre-optic liaison 172 lip reading 235 Madagascar฀327–8,฀349,฀368 language reform 322–3, 413 135, 147 Liberator aid 291 lips 136, 160, 162–4 magic and language 8–9, language revival 387 larynx 19, 130, 134–5, 147, Liberia 348, 368, 371 rounding vs spreading 33, 60–1, 67 language riots 1, 37, 43 161, 286, 300–1 Libinza 424 136, 160–4, 168–9, Magna฀Carta฀195 languages artificial 286 Libya 368 175, 177, 245 magnetic resonance imaging adaptation vs adoption last speakers 380 Liechtenstein 368 liquid consonants 174 129, 146 of 370 La Tène 311 Lifelong Learning listening 122, 151–4, 258, Mahabarata 329 classification of 303 lateralization 268–9, 273, Programme 395 271, 353, 375, 391, 394 Maître Phonétique, Le 166 critical 352 285 Lightwriter 291 active vs passive 154 majuscule 194 distance between 391 laterals 76, 165, 167 line 191, 197–8, 262 disabilities in 274, 280 makaris 62 diversity 369, 384 Latinate expressions 406 length on screen 203 selective 153 Make-a-story฀charts฀264 dominant/dormant 374 Latvia 368 poetic 69, 76 lists, language of 191 Malawi฀368,฀371 equality of 6–7, 35 laughter 189, 246 linear branching 192 litany 11 Malaysia฀318–20,฀328,฀349,฀ first vs second 388 law and the legal profession linearity 191, 223 literacy 258, 260–1, 376, 368, 371 modernization of 376 cases in 20, 35, 46, 68, lingua franca 34, 42, 316, 393, 404, 406 Maldives฀368 modified natural 366 119 324, 326–7, 332, 344, literary criticism 68, 80–1 Mali฀368

508 APPENDIX VIII

malleus 149 metalanguage 258, 261, 262 Morocco฀326,฀368 303, 312, 336; proper New Zealand 327, 329, 349, Malta฀37,฀326,฀368,฀371 metaphor 2, 41, 53, 72 morphemes 94, 99, 156, 9, 70, 113, 116, 156, 368, 371 Manual฀English฀234 metathesis 338 182, 210, 219, 243, 354, 204, 224, 226, 235, naming customs 9 manualism 277 methodology see language 432 422; public 9; secret 9; -ng, use of 32 Manual of graphology 197 teaching free vs bound 94 theophoric 116 Nicaragua 332, 348, 368 margins (page) 191, 198, 202 metonymy 72 index of 304 Namibia 325, 349, 368, 371 nicknames 126 Marisat฀59 metre (poetry) 76–7, 80, morphographic characters narrative style 19, 79–80, Nicobar Is. 319 marking (essay) 265 177, 339, 432 210 123, 407 Niger 368 marking (linguistic) 87, 102 metronymics 44 morphology 28, 30, 64, 84, narrowing (phonetic) 165 Nigeria 208, 296, 324, 349, Markov฀modelling฀156 Mexico฀207,฀295,฀330–2, 88, 94–5, 99, 102–3, narrowing (semantic) 340 368, 371 marriage request 41 337, 368 108, 168, 204, 233, 252, nasal cavity 136, 177, 286–7 Niue 368, 371 Marshall฀Islands฀368,฀371 mezzo-soprano 19 303–4, 360, 365, 429, nasalization 136, 160–1 Noblesse Oblige 38–9 Martha’s฀Vineyard฀342 mhm 122 432 nasals 87, 136, 160, 163–4, nodes/nodules 286 Martinique฀348,฀368 Micronesia฀327–9,฀368,฀371 disorder of 289 165, 167, 173–4, 246, noise 143–4, 154, 157, 278, masculine form see gender Microsoft฀Corporation฀201 inlectional฀vs฀derivational฀ 278, 300, 307 288 masking 288 mid-brain 268 94 nasopharynx 136 ambient 140 mass communication/media Middle฀Ages฀72,฀430 Morse฀Code฀90,฀425,฀436 National Centre for loud 276, 427 52, 72, 376, 413 Middle฀East฀62,฀88–9,฀195,฀ ‘mother’ (words for) 183 Languages 36 nominative 96–7, 307, 364 matched guise 23 206, 310, 326, 348 motherese 53, 245, 391 National Council of Teachers non-fluency 52, 54, 253, mathematical linguistics 438 migrant workers 36–7 mother-in-law languages 42 of฀English฀399 275, 281, 285, 288, 412, mathematics 3, 13, 400–1 minimal brain dysfunction mother tongues 365, 388 national identity 34–7, 294, 433 matrices 170, 191 283 claiming of 36 365, 374–9 normal 288 matronymics 44 minimal free forms 95 motivation (for language) nationalism 7, 34, 37, 43, nongradable terms 109 Mauritania฀368 minimal pairs 168 367, 391 313, 372 non-linear phonology 170 Mauritius฀349,฀368,฀371 minimalist programme 101 motor functions 137, 263, National Translations Center non-linear viewing 192 Max฀Planck฀Institute฀88 minim confusion 195 271–2, 281, 285, 287–8, 355 nonsense verse 183, 259 maxims see conversation Minoan฀culture฀207 290 NATO alphabet 59 nonsense words 54, 61, 221, Mayan฀culture฀209 minority languages 36–7, 53, motor theory natural disasters 372 282, 285 Mayotte฀368 274, 296, 310, 343, 367, of speech perception 154 naturalism 105, 428 Non-SLIP 290 meaning 69, 81, 84, 92, 372–9, 380–1 of syllable production 172 natural language learning 388 non-standard language see 104–5, 120, 219, 251, minor sentence 98 mouse 201 natural language processing standard language 428, 432 minuscule 194 mouthing 167 361, 436–9 non-U and U language 39 abstract vs concrete 282 Minute on Education 7 movement (on screen) 201 natural method of language non-verbal communication theories of 105 mismatch (lexical) 254 Mozambique฀349,฀368 learning 394 189, 241, 269, 401, see also semantics missionary work 114–15, MUDs฀415 Natural Approach 395 419–27, 434 Meaning of Meaning, The 104 324, 332, 430 Muhlenberg฀legend฀377 nature vs nurture 22 non-verbal intelligence 22 mean length of utterance misunderstandings 122 multi-ethnic society 5, 34–7 Nauru 368, 371 Norfolk Is. 349 (MLU)฀243 mneme 72 multilingualism 42, 52, 75, Nazis 9 norms (linguistic) 50, 54, Measurement of Meaning, mobile phones 222, 397 296–7, 369, 372–5, 378, Neanderthal man 300–1 64, 69, 73–4, 113, 376, The 107 models (structural) 401 380, 417 negation 103, 253, 364, 422 435 media see mass modem 201 multimedia 201, 397 double 3, 35, 244, 253 Northern฀Mariana฀Is.฀368,฀ communication/media Modern English Grammar 92 murmured sound 165 Negroes 18 371 median longitudinal fissure modernization 376 muscle movement in speech Neogrammarians 339 Norway 314, 368 268 modes of address 44 145 neologism 75, 376, 400 Norwich accent 32 medicine 357, 399, 402–3 modistae 430 music 14, 73, 139, 181, 269, Nepal 368 nose 130 language and 41, 52, 376, modulations (in sign) 233 362–3, 423 nerves, cranial 137 notional definitions 95 402–3 Moldavia฀368 Myanmar฀319–21,฀368 Netherlands 37, 368 notional syllabus 394 medium of transmission 85 Monaco฀368 myoelastic-aerodynamic Antilles 368, 371 noun 43, 70, 87, 88, 95–7, medulla oblongata 268 monastic signing 427 theory 135 netiquette 416 204, 252, 307, 364, 422, Melanesia฀18,฀327–9 Mongolian฀People’s฀Republic฀ MySpace฀415 network grammar 433 428 melodic utterance 247 317, 368 myth 8–9, 11, 81, 120 neural pacemaker 288 common vs proper 116 memoria 72 monitoring (by brain) 269 mythemes 81 neurochronaxiac theory 135 tense of 96 memory and language 15, monitoring (of broadcasts) names 116–17, 356, 366 neuroimaging 269–70 noun phrase 99–101, 401 22, 246, 274, 283, 285, 354 types of: apotropaic 116; neurolinguistics 270–3, 438 novel 39, 73, 75, 77–8, 79–80 289, 391 monogenesis 301, 347 brand 119, 356, 410; neurology 268–73, 281, 300 meningitis 246 monolingualism 372, 385, by- 116; car 358; city neuropsychology 268–73, Nuba 424 mental disability see disability 388 9, 118; country 9, 282 Nuer 44 mental processing 14–15, monophthongs 162 118; dance- 44; days neuter form see gender Nue Spelling 225 97 22–3, 81 monosyllables 90 204; family 116; ﬁrst New Caledonia 349, 368 number 94, 96, , 244, mental prodigies 13 Montague฀grammar฀433 117; foreign 358; New Criticism 80 252, 307, 364, 416 mentalism 86, 168, 394, 433 Montenegro฀368 geographical 118; New English Dictionary 113 systems 103 menu commands 416 Montreal฀accent฀32 given 116–17; holy New Guinea 87, 110, 327–9 numerals 15, 57, 59–60, 88, 103 Mercator฀37 Montserrat฀368,฀371 195; language 204; New National First Reader , 204, 226, 362, 364 merger 338 Monty Python 126 longest 118–19; male 260 numismatics 195 Meso-America฀62,฀89,฀206,฀ mood (verbs) 96, 97, 307, vs female 117; months newspapers 13, 43, 56, 69, Nu-Vois 286 295 364 204; moon 118; 90, 214, 216, 317, 376, object (grammatical) 88, 99, Mesopotamia฀206–7 moon, place names on 118 ox- 44; people 44; 408–9 102, 370 message form 50 moribund languages 381 personal 116–17, 356, New Spelling 225–6 object-initial languages 102 metabolic rate 269 Mornings 51 358; place 9, 118–19, news reading 52, 179 object–verb order 88–9

INDEX OF TOPICS 509

objections (legal) 407 Paget-Gorman Sign System perception; speech; laboratory 144 Pictogram System, The 192 objective see accusative 234 visual perception linguistics vs 438 pictographic writing 207–9, objectives in testing 391 Pakistan 337, 368, 369, 371 perceptual span 218–19 parametric 164 336, 423 object permanence 245 palaeography 195 perfective 97, 182 physiological 145 pidginization 344 obscenity 8, 10, 63, 187 palaeontology 300 performance (vs competence) phonetic similarity 169 pidgins 7, 231, 324, 327–9, observer effects 241, 434 palantype 279 54, 433 Phonetic Teachers’ 334, 344–9, 372 observer’s paradox 434 palatal consonants see performance testing in Association 166 expanded 344 obsolescence 340 consonants translation 356 phonetic transcription 27, Pig Latin 61 obviative 96 palatalization 164 performative language 12, 59, 115, 120, 143, 161, Pı¯nyı¯n 205, 323, 377 occipital lobe 268, 271 palate 18–19, 130, 136, 146, 125 166–7, 168, 178, 241, Pitcairn Is. 348, 368 occupation 40, 42, 54–5, 160–1, 163–5 perilymph 149 322–3, 377, 394, 435; see pitch 18, 53, 122, 134, 139, 179, 342, 400–12 palato-alveolar consonants period (punctuation) 215 also Appendix II 147, 169, 177, 245–6, octave shift 19 163 periodicity 139 phonetic variants 94, 168–9 286 Odin 404 palatography 146 periphery (of eye) 218 phoniatrist 274 perception of 150 oesophageal voice 133, 286 Palau 368, 371 perlocutionary act 125, 222 phonic approaches to reading pitch-accent languages 180 Oman 368 Palestine 368 perseveration 273 221, 227, 261 place theory of pitch omissions 223, 273, 287 Pali Canon 404 person (grammar) 80, 96, 97, phonic decoding 156, 282 perception 150 one 46 palindrome 66–7 110, 232, 307 phonic mediation 220–1 plain language 2, 376, 398–9 One-upmanship 45 Paliyan culture 10 personal computers 201 phonograms 209 Plains Indians 42 onomastics 116 Panama 368 personal identity 20, 53, 68, phonological reading 220–1 planning 5, 34–7, 322–3, onomatopoeia 76, 105, panda (talking) 240 79, 179, 412 phonological systems 161, 376–9, 406, 438 182–3, 299 Pandas 60 personality 23, 188, 197, 171–7, 179, 300, 303, corpus vs status 376 ontogenesis 238 pangram 67 241, 246, 263, 274, 391, 343, 363 educational policies in opinion (legal) 407 Pan South African Language 426, 434 phonological theory 168, 430 378–9 opposites see antonymy Board 324 personification 72 phonological universals 87, plaster casts of vocal tract 146 Optacon 290 Pantagruel 63 Peru 332, 368 168, 173 plastographic techniques 146 optative see mood pantomime 427 petroglyphs 206 phonological writing 207, play (linguistic) 41, 61, 64, optical character-recognition Papua New Guinea 5, 329, Phaistos disc 191 210–13 257 290 349, 368, 371 pharyngeal consonants 163, see also sound change play (theatrical) see drama optional features of language paradigmatic relations 109, 173 phonology 24, 28–30, 33, playing the dozens 62 69, 101 431 pharyngealization 136, 164, 35, 38, 43, 60, 62, 64–5, plethysmograph 131 Oracle 201 paradox 72 177 73, 76, 84, 87, 88, 92, plosives 29, 143, 165, 167, oracle bone 322 parafoveal area 218 pharynx 130, 136, 161, 286 108, 124, 160, 168–76, 173–4, 287, 307 oracy 60, 258, 376 paragraphs 123, 187, 215, phatic communion 10, 186 193, 204, 220–1, 223, plot 73, 79, 123 oral cavity 136–7, 177 399 Philippines 41, 328, 349, 231, 272, 299, 304, 391, pluralism 378–9 sounds in 136, 160–5, Paraguay 42, 332, 368, 372 368, 371 420, 432, 435 plurality see number 300 paralanguage 88, 177, 179, philological circle 80 abstract vs concrete 168, pneumotachograph 131, 145 oralism vs manualism 277 181, 423 philologist, vs linguist 303 171 podcasting 412 oral literature 327 parallelism 55, 62, 65 philology, comparative 86, acquisition of 242, poetic writing style 264 302–5 250–1 oral method of language paraphrase 245, 391 115, 186, , 307, , 273, 287 poetry 10, 11, 41, 43, 55, 62, 73–7 teaching 394 pararhyme 76 338, 428–31, 435 comparative 88, 173–6, 65, 72, , 81, 169, oratory 11, 41, 43, 50–1, parentese 245 philosophical linguistics 438 183 182, 192, 214–15, 259, 68, 333 parentheses 215 philosophy 104, 106, 111, errors in 281, 285, 393 339 275 orbicularis oris 136 parietal lobe 268, 271, 283 120, 124, 428, 430, 438 disabilities in , 287, point size 198 organ of Corti 149 parole 431, 433 phonation 134–5, 286 289 Poland 310, 368 oriental languages 177 parrots 385 phone 204, 251 historical 307 Policespeak 59 93 168 41 Originum sive etymologiarum parsing , 259, 360 tree 251 phonetics vs , 172, politeness 21, , 45, 52, participants 50, 52 phonemes 168–9, 173, 178, 178, 275, 287 54, 103, 111, 121, 124, 105 171 oropharynx 136 participles 95 181, 204, 212, 220, rules in 156, , 290 256, 437 99 schools of 169–71 orthoepists 339 particles 21, , 105, 346 223–4, 235, 282, 291, politeness duels 62 partitive 96–7 377, 432 suprasegmental 41, 84, Orthographie 339 politics and language 11, parts of speech word class perception of 151, 154 169, 177–81, 215, 25, 34, 36–7, 42–3, 318, orthography see writing, see phonetic alphabet 166–7 281, 423, 435 372, 376–9 system of passive voice see articulators; voice (grammar) phonetic boundaries 95, 151, phonostylistics 76 orthophonist 274 Politics and the English passport 390 172 Phonotypy 225 Language 2 oscillation 138 patents 353 Phonetic Lexicon 169 photocomposition 198, 200 polyalphabetic ciphers 60 oscilloscope 141, 144 patronymics 44, 116 phonetics 18, 76, 84, 160–7, photography (of vocal tract) polygenesis 301, 346–7 ossicles 149 Pattern Playback 152 168, 193, 202, 428–30, 146 Polynesia 7, 9, 63, 173, otitis media 276 pattern recognition 20 432 phrase 99, 169, 291 327–9 output hypothesis 393 pause 53–5, 76–7, 95, 167, acoustic 138–47, 160, phrase book 361 polyp 286 oval window 149 180, 187, 222, 232, 249, 170, 178 phrase marker 100–1 polyphony 181 overextension 254–5 281 articulatory 130–7, phrase structure 100–1, 433 polysemy 110 overheard speech 52 PCs 201 160–7, 170, 300 phylacteries 8 polysyllables 91, 187, 400 harmonics overtones see peace through language 385 auditory 148–54, 178, phylogenesis 238 polysynthetic languages 95, Oxford English Dictionary 48, pejoration 340 391 phylum 302 303 113, 340, 400 Penguin English Dictionary experimental/ physical disability 266, 291 polysystemicism 432 oxymoron 72 112 instrumental 135, physical identity 18–21 pomposity 406 paedography 204 perception 15, 255 144–7, 278, 435 physiological phonetics see pons 268 PageMaker฀201 see also auditory historical 303, 307 phonetics pooh-pooh theory 299

510 APPENDIX VIII

Pope, the 363 pronunciation 2, 39, 122–82, questions 21, 59, 87, 103, reflexes 151, 423 ritual 41, 51–2, 54, 56, 62, portfolio, language 390 186, 250–1, 393–4 155, 232, 245, 249, 251, reflexive noises 246 120, 133, 247, 405, 426 Port-Royal grammar 86, 430, in dialects 26, 32, 79 253, 258, 402, 407 regional speech see accent Rochester method 235 433 see also phonetics; tag- 40, 59, 179, 370 (speech variety); dialect Rolando, fissure of 268–71 Portugal 368 phonology quotation marks 215 register (variety) 54 role (social) 21, 41, 54, 124, positron emission propaganda 413 quotations 70, 182 register (voice) 19 180, 264 tomography 270 proper names see names Qur’an 7, 43, 54, 196, 364, regularity 6, 94, 96, 112, rolled consonant 165 possessives 422 Proposal… (Swift’s) 4 404, 430 234, 244, 252, 340, 343, Romania 37, 368 postalveolar consonants 163 Proposed British Alphabet QWERTY฀keyboard฀200 362, 365, 428 romanization 323, 326, 377 post-creole continuum 346 225 r, use of 32, 342–3 Regularized฀English฀226 Roman Lipi Parishad 377 poster pillars 410 propositions 10, 104, 111 race and language 18, 35 reinforcement 244, 392 Romansch League 37 postmodification 93, 99 proprioceptive feedback 272 radicals 210 relational grammar 433 Rome (Ancient) 9, 63, 70, PostScript 198, 201 proscription 2 radio language 376, 412 relativity, linguistic 15 92, 114, 195, 197, 216, 429 post-structuralism 81 prose 77 radio microphones 238, 241, relay language 352, 365 231, 311, Poto and Cabengo 257 Prose Edda 430 254 relevance theory 121, 127 root languages 303 94 pound sign 215 prosodic features see prosody radio telescope signals 423 relexification 346 roots 41, , 307, 364 Praat 141 prosody 10, 22–3, 41–2, 52, ragged-edge margin 191, 202 relic areas 27 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 177–81 pragmatics 54, 85, 111, 54–5, 76, , 187, Random House Dictionary of religious language 7–8, 11, are Dead 78 124–7, 393, 432–3 251–2, 299, 412 the English Language 112 34, 40, 42–3, 52–6, 61, Rosetta Stone 209 acquisition of 242, sentence 111, 179 ranks (grammar) 99 63, 68, 73–4, 90, 117–18, rounding see lips 256–7, 273 prosthetic devices 287 rapid fading of speech 420–1 187, 310–11, 321, 324, round window 149 disability in 289 prothesis 338 rate (speech) 19, 23, 53–4, 355, 372, 376, 404–5, routines (linguistic) 59, 120 Internet and 126–7 proto-language 302 62, 76, 122, 131, 151–2, 427–9 Rowntree฀Mackintosh฀353 55 pragmatic translation 354 proverbs 40, 43, , 62, 115, 172, 220, 245, 256–7, Renaissance 72, 92, 429, 430 Rudiments of English Prague School 432 323 288, 359, 393 repetition 8, 11, 55, 61, 69, Grammar 2 Prakrits 311 proxemics 423, 425 rationalists 430 76, 123, 187, 245, 281, rule-based machine prayers 12, 41, 52, 405 pseudoborrowings 48 readability 262, 399 288, 346, 393, 406–7 translation 361 preaching 405 pseudolinguistic behaviour rephrasing 187 rules 2–4, 7, 59, 74, 87, 92, Reader’s Digest 115 101 predicate 93, 98 11, 42 reading 81, 185–227, 260–7, reported speech 79 , 124, 154, 156, 171, Preface (Johnson’s)฀4 psychiatry 68, 109 271, 296, 405 representatives (speech act) 186, 204, 212, 214, 222, prefixation 59, 94, 103, 116, psycholinguistics 15, 22, 124, by ear vs by eye 220–1 125 230, 244, 252, 259, 273, 438 171, 364 183, 285, letter-by-letter 282 resonance 136, 286 290, 361, 364, 375, 394, prelanguage 238 psychological reality 171, 433 process of 218–21, 223, resonance theory of pitch 428–9, 433 22–3 premodification 99 psychology , 106–7, 260–1, 271 perception 150 runes 8, 193, 213, 310, 316, prepositions 95–6, 243, 252, 120, 123, 155, 179, 193, speed of 220–1, 290 Resource Description 404 255, 364 197, 218–21, 238–9, 262, teaching of 46, 193, 225, Framework 416 Russia 114, 231, 235, 310, 314–17 prescriptivism 2–5, 38–9, 86, 281, 392, 425, 438 258, 260–2, 394 respect language 40–1 , 330, 337, 368, 92, 101, 186, 190, 323, psychoneurotic theory 288 theories of 219–21 respiration 19, 130–1, 137 378 376, 429–30 psychopathology 23 reading disability 219, 221, respiratory cycle 131 Russian criticism 80 press see newspaper psychotherapy 68, 413 262, 274, 280, 282–5 response 2, 103, 105, 122, Rwanda 368 Prestel 201 puberty and language 19 reading readiness 262 256 saccades 218 prestige, in language use 343, publishing 376 readings (religious) 405 restricted code 35, 40 sagas 311, 404 346, 412 Pueblo 331 reading schemes 260–1 restricted language 56, 58–9, Sahitya Akadami 377 presupposition 437 Puerto Rico 35, 368, 371 reading tests 284 416, 427 Saint Barthélemy 368 primates 238, 300, 422 pulmonic see lungs real books 260 retina 218 Saint Christopher and Nevis principles and parameters punch lines 64, 74 realistic grammar 433 retroflex consonants see 361, 368 105, 393 punctuation 98, 177, 188, rearrangement (in writing) consonants Saint Helena 349, 368, 371 215 print 11, 198–200 190, 198, 204, , 226 222 Réunion 349, 368 Saint Lucia 348, 368, 371 screen vs 202–3 absence of 406–7 rebus 67, 209, 266, 290 reverberation time 140, 144 Saint฀Martin฀368,฀371 printing 114, 193, 198, on Internet 215 RECAP฀279 reversal (consonant) 273 Saint฀Pierre฀and฀Miquelon฀ 200–1, 224, 340, 377, rules for 222, 376 received pronunciation 32, reverse lexicon 434 368 65 405–6, 429–30 puns 41, 64, , 66, 339, 39, 52, 53, 162, 172 reverse rhyme 76 Saint Vincent and the press 190, 200 354, 408 receptive disability 275 revision 222, 265 Grenadines 368, 371 Prisoner, The 78 pure tones see tone (acoustic) reconstruction 302, 339, 435 revitalization 387 Sakalava naming customs 9 prison slang 55 purism 1, 3–4, 48, 338, 416 recording techniques 146, rewriting 222 Samoa 51, 329, 368, 371 procedural knowledge 393 Puritan names 117 239, 254, 425, 434 Rhenish fan 29 samples, language 69–71, production see speech purr words 413 record-keeping function 12, rhetoric 72, 77, 120, 430 87, 91, 238–9, 241, 243, productivity 421 Pu˘to¯nghuà 322–3, 377 186 Rhetorica 72 433, 434–5 profanity 63 Pygmies 325 Recuyell of the Historyes of rhotic areas 28 sandhi 182, 429 proficiency tests 397 pyknic type 18 Troye 200 rhoticization 161 San฀Marino฀368 profiles (linguistic) 243 python 384 redundancy 152 rhyme 11, 55, 62, 65, 68, 76, San Serriffe 13 prognostic tests 397 Qatar 368 reduplicated babbling 247 339, 410 São Tomé e Principe 348, Promptuarium parvulorum Quakerism 405 reduplication 94, 182–3, 232, rhyming slang 55 368 115 quantitative expression 422 245, 251 rhythm 21, 41, 55, 65, 76, Sapir–Whorf฀hypothesis฀15 pronounceability 119 Quebec 370, 379 Reed and Kellogg diagrams 88, 98, 155, 169, 172, Saudi Arabia 326, 368 pronouns 21, 87, 95–7, 103, Queens’ English, The 5 100 177, 181, 246–7, 252, scaffolding 393 110, 232, 364, 422 question marks 189, 204, 215 reference (semantic) 106 256–7, 272, 288–9, 354, scala tympani/vestibuli 149 sex-neutral 46–7 questionnaires 26–7, 30, 31, reference books 56 406–7, 410, 424 Scandinavia 36–7, 213 T vs V 45, 124 57, 296, 434 referential function 10 riddles 41, 64, 65 scanning 261, 290

INDEX OF TOPICS 511

scheme (rhetoric) 72 Sentence฀Maker฀260 singular see number South Africa 34, 324, 325, pronunciation and 39, schools see education sentences 88, 92, 98–9, Sissano 382 349, 368, 371, 378 188 science 81, 352, 357, 367–8, 169, 179, 187, 252–3, situational syllabus 394 Soviet Union see USSR reform of 225–7, 328, 428 399–400, 412 skimming 261 spacing, in written language 376, 430 language of 2, 90, 113, deﬁnition of 98 Skype 397 95, 191, 195, 215, 263, regularity in 224, 282, 187, 190, 204, 210, length of 69, 103, 242, skywriting 193 399 365 352–3, 354, 355, 366, 245, 252–3, 262, 375, slang 55, 58, 61, 112, 187, Spain 34, 37, 206, 311–12, Spelling Reform Association 376, 400–1 399–400, 406, 412 374 336, 348, 368, 378 225 Science and Sanity 413 meaning of 111 Slang Today and Yesterday 55 spamming 126–7 spinal nerves 137 Scouse 27 patterns in 21, 54, 59, slashes 215 Spanish Academy 4 spirometer 131 Scrabble 66, 112, 169 62, 80, 99–101, 120, slips of the tongue 172, speaker identity 20, 68, 141, split (sound) 338 Screening Test of Spanish 252–3, 259, 432 272–3 152 spoken language Grammar 243 sequencing 285 slogans 65, 69, 180, 410–11 Speaker’s Corner 413 vs speech 275 screenplays 412 Sequenza III 181 Slovakia 368 specialization 421 vs written language 3, 39, scrolling 202–3 Serbia 368 Slovenia 368 special purposes (language) 47, 54–5, 81, 90, 95, sculpture 385, 387 sermons 42–3, 50, 55, 216, snarl words 413 115, 296, 365, 398–413 98, 115, 120, 129, search engine 414 404 sneezing 10 specific reading disability 77 185–90, 258, 265, Seaspeak 59 setting 40, 42, 44, 50, 123 snow, words for 15 spectral analyser 141 275, 343, 394, 411 Second Life 126, 397, 415 sex and language 19, 21, 23, social approaches to foreign spectrograph 20, 141–3, 152, spoonerisms 272 secrecy 55, 60–1, 257 32, 38–9, 40, 42, 44, 46– language learning 393 172, 178, 246, 279 sports reporting 58, 251 Seeing฀Essential฀English฀234 7, 63, 97, 122, 134–5, social change 5, 36, 52–4, speech Sprachatlas des Deutschen Sefer ha-zohar 61 181, 241, 376, 411 343 autonomous 257 Reichs 26 segmentation (grammatical) Sex Discrimination Act 47, social class see class backward 256 spreading see lips 100 411 social function of language comprehension of 15, 19, sputnik 343 segments (speech) 169, Seychelles 349, 368, 371 10, 63, 429 22, 239–40, 242–3, Sri Lanka 318, 349, 368, 371 173–4 shading 197 social history 26, 29, 33, 346 248, 251, 254, 258–9, Stammbaumtheorie 302 semantic shadowing 153–4 social identity 38–47, 53, 271–2, 276, 280–1, stammering see stuttering change 108, 340 shadow-puppet plays 328 55, 63, 127, 179, 241, 285, 289, 299, 353, standardization 5, 59, 365, components 111 Shakespeare/Bacon question 256, 258, 289, 342, 365, 411 376 content 153, 245, 354, 71 372–9, 402 disguised 60 of spelling 225 365 Shavian 226 social networking 397, 415 electronic communication standard language 2–3, 5, 10, differential 107 shibboleth 26 social psychology 23, 53 vs 415 21–3, 24, 26, 35, 43, 55, features 111 shift (semantic) 340 social situation 32, 50, 190, female vs male 21 186–7, 258, 265, 294, ﬁelds 108–9, 234, 254, shorthand 195, 216–17, 342, 374, 393, 434 inner 12 310, 322–3, 340, 343, 381 226, 290, 362, 430 Society Is. 329 language vs 275 346, 412, 428–9 roles 111, 253, 433 Short Introduction to English sociobiology 300 medium of 67, 81, non-/sub- 35, 40, 54–5, space 107 Grammar 3 socioeconomic status 32, 342 129–83, 391, 404, 112, 214, 340 structure 108–9, 202–3, SHRDLU 436 sociolinguistics 2, 24, 26, 38, 423–4 stapes 149 272 Siberia 88 124, 338, 342–3, 376–9, physiology of 130–7, 272 statistical machine translation Semantic฀Web฀106,฀416 sibilants 143, 165, 174 393, 438 speech acts 59, 125 361 semanticity 421 Sicily 386 sociolinguistic translation Speech Development of a statistics 68–71, 436 semantics 28, 84, 92, 95, Sierra Leone 348, 368, 371 354–5 Bilingual Child 238 status (social) 41–2, 51–2, 104–11, 122, 124, 153, sig 231 sociology 120, 425, 436 speech making see oratory 54, 62, 121, 124, 231, 157, 178, 191, 219, sign (linguistic) 431 soft palate see palate speech pathology 154, 167, 342, 412 360–1, 413, 416, 420, signatures 197 solidarity (social) 13, 42–5, 273, 274–91 steganography 60 432, 435 Signed฀English฀234 60, 63–4, 375 speech perception 151–4, Stenographic Soundhand 217 acquisition of 242, signifiant/signifié 431 Solomon Is. 349, 368, 371 248, 273, 287 stenography 204, 216–17 254–5, 273 ‘signifying’ 62 Somalia 326, 368 speech presentation (in stenotype machine 217 disabilities in 275, 280, Signing฀Exact฀English฀234 song 11, 19, 41, 51, 62, 131, novel) 79 stereotyped language 273, 282, 289 sign language 88, 229–35, 181, 299 speech production 19, 22, 277, 281, 393 dyslexic errors in 282, 271, 274–5, 277, 280, song duels 62 138, 154, 158–67, 239, sticker books 260 285 299, 301, 422–3, 427 sonority 172 242, 244, 251, 254, 271– stimulus/response 105 semi-circular canals 149 modulations in 233 soprano voice 18, 19 3, 275–6, 279, 280–1, stirrup, 149 semi-colon 215 teaching of 277 sound 128–83, 246–51, 286–9, 299, 353, 392 Stoics 428 semi-consonants 161, 165, types of 234–5, 290 420–1, 424 speech reception 138, stops 165, 174, 217 307 sign space 232 localization of 148 148–54, 275, 278 story-grammars 123 semilingualism 375, 383 silence 38, 41, 77, 121, 167, recognition of 151 speech recognition 155, 157 Stoudion Gospels 194 semiology 423 180, 407 see also auditory speech synthesis 151–2, strata 85 semiotics 300, 423–7, 432 Silent฀Way,฀The฀395 perception; phonetics; 155–7, 278, 291 stratification (social) 38–40, semiotic triangle 105 simile 2, 72 phonology; spectrograph speech therapy 131, 169, 342–3 semi-vowels 143, 161, 165 Simpler Spelling Association sound change 212, 224, 257, 274, 286–9 stratificational grammar 85, Senegal 348, 368 226 338–9, 342–3 spelling 61, 75, 113, 188, 432 Senegambia 371 simplification 245, 347, 365, ‘sounding’ 62 212, 214, 216, 222, stream of consciousness 79, 80 sense 106, 109–10, 115, 123 393, 406 sound laws 338 223–7, 235, 265, 363, stress 41, 76, 95, 111, 152, sensori-motor intelligence Simplified Spelling Board 225 sound pressure level 140 376–7 156, 169, 177, 180, 204, 245 Simplified Spelling Society sound shift 338 errors in 223, 274, 282, 250–1, 259, 272–3, 288, sensorineural deafness 276 225–6 sound spectrum 143 285 338–9 sensory functions 137, 271, sine wave 138–9 sound symbolism 182–3, disabilities in 223, 285 stress-timed language 177 281 Singapore 320, 349, 368, 258–9, 299, 354, 427 non-standard 187, 214, Strine 27 sentence frames 245 371 sound wave 138–40 410 stroboscope 147

512 APPENDIX VIII

stroke 280–1 switching 52, 54, 374–5, 381 teacher training 391 Tibet 320 machine-aided 361 structural linguistics see Switzerland 37, 311–12, 368, teaching see language tick-tack talk 427 types of 232, 354–5, 360 linguistics 372, 386 teaching ‘T-ing in i’ 61 translative case 96 structuralism (literary) 79, 81, syllabary see syllabic writing technical language 53, 57, timbre 19, 23, 139, 177, 286 Translators’Guild 355 123, 407, 432 syllabary curriculum 260 115, 191, 376, 400–1 time depth 341 transliteration 356 studio (recording) 144 syllabic teaching 260 technography 204 time line 232 transpositions (of sounds) stuttering 274–5, 288 syllabic writing 205, 211, Technology฀Enhanced฀ tinnitus 276 287 style 3, 19, 21–2, 32, 40, 42, 348, 396 Language Learning 397 title pages 195, 200 Trappist signs 427 68–81, 90, 93, 102, 115, syllables 61, 91, 156, 169, Teeline 217 titles 44 travel agency computer 437 120, 214, 265, 346, 374, 172, 177, 220, 246–7, teeth 136, 163 Toda naming customs 9 travelling-wave theory 150 416, 428–9 260, 288, 363, 424 teknonymy 44, 116 Togo 348, 368 tree diagram 100, 192, 199 ‘macro’ approach to 73 prominence vs pulse telegrammatic/telegraphic Tokelau 368 tremor 19 manuals 4, 69, 98, 215, theory of 172 speech 58, 232, 253, 281, tokens 206, 290, 422 trial number 96 376, 408 structure 88, 90, 158, 408 Tokyo, name of 9 trigeminal nerve 137 ‘micro’ approach to 73, 172, 273, 307 telephone conversation 50, tomography 146 trills 165, 167, 174 80–1 syllable-timed rhythm 177 90, 122, 156, 291 tone (acoustic) 138–9 Trinidad and Tobago 348, statistics and 69–71 Sylvian fissure 268–71, 281 telephone directories 377 tone (linguistic) 76, 177, 180 368, 371 style indirect libre 79 symbolism 76, 182–3, 280 telestich 66 of voice 169, 177, 247, triphthongs 162 stylistics 68, 73, 124, 436 symbols 57–8, 198, 200, teletex(t) 56, 201, 279 251 tripod grip (in writing) 262 stylolinguistics 80 204, 206, 214–15, 275, television 313, 358 playing with 61, 64 trivium 72, 430 stylometrics/stylostatistics 290, 362 template matching 154–5 sandhi 180 Trobriand Islanders 12 68–9 synchronous chat 415 tempo 169, 177 tone languages 88, 180, 355, trochee 76 subject (grammatical) 93, synchrony 431 see also rate 377, 424 trolling 127 98–9, 102 syncope 338 temporal lobe 149, 268, 271 contour vs register 180 trope 72 subject matter 40, 42, 50, synonymy 109, 115, 407 temporal theory of pitch 150 tonemes 180 trucker talk 58, 427 54, 64 Syntactic Structures 101, 433 tenor voice 18–19 tonetic system 179 truth-conditional semantics subjunctive see mood syntagmatic relations 109, tenses 15, 35, 73, 88, 94, 96, Tonga 64, 329, 368, 371 111, 124 sublanguages 359 431 97, 180, 187, 232, 234, tongue 130, 136–7, 146, tsunamis 382 submucous cleft palate 287 syntax 30, 55, 57–9, 77, 244, 252–3, 307, 346, 161–2, 164, 246 Tuareg 326 subordination 99, 253, 340, 84, 92, 98–103, 108, 364, 408 length of 18, 300 tuning fork 138 359 111, 124, 157, 168, 243, tense vs lax articulation 167 slips of 172, 272–3 Tunisia 368 sub-standard language see 272–3, 288–9, 303–4, term banks 357, 361 tongue twisters 67, 180 Turkey 310–11, 317, 368 standard language 360, 363–4, 393, 432 terminal illness 402 tongues, speaking in 11 Turkistan 311 substantive universals 87, 95 synthesis by rule 156 terminology 2, 187, 259, tool using and language 301, Turkmenistan 368 substitution 96, 123, 223, synthesis, index of 304 274, 357, 407 422 Turks and Caicos Islands 273, 287, 431 synthetic languages 303 terms of art 407 topic (conversational) 120–2, 368, 371 substratum 343, 347 synthetic speech see speech Tesoro de la lengua castellana o 402, 434 Tuvalu 368, 371 subtitling 279, 354 Syria 310, 326, 368 española 115 topic (sentence) 98 twins 44, 257, 298 sub-vocal language 13, 154, systemic linguistics 432 tests 243, 276, 284, 397 toponomastics/toponymy Twitter 397, 416 220 SYSTRAN 360 tetragrammaton 9 116 tympanic cavity 148–9 Suda 115 T (address forms) 45 Teutsch lateinisches Wörter- Torah 61 typeface 13, 199–200 Sudan 324, 349, 368 tab 231 Büchlein 114 total communication 277 on screen 202–3 suffixation 94, 96, 103, 116, Table Alphabeticall, A 113 text 73, 80–1, 84, 120–1, Total Physical Response 395 types (personality) 23 364 tables 186, 199 179 trachea 130, 286 typesetting 200 Suggestopedia 395 taboo 9, 42, 63, 119, 173, texting 67, 187, 209, 215, tracheostomy 286 type-token distinction 91, sulci 268, 300 397, 416–17 trademarks 57, 69, 119, 353 224, 254 180, 354 200 Sumatra 328 tachistoscope 218–19 textlinguistics 79, 120 traditional grammar see typewriter 155, 190, , Sumerians 208 tachygraphy 216–17 Thailand 319–20, 368 grammar 377 Summer Institute of thalamus 270, 272 traditional transmission 421 Chinese 323 tactile communication 423, 200 Linguistics 380, 382 425 themes 54, 73, 123 traits (personality) 23 electronic , 377 supernatural 63 theography 53 transactional style 264 keyboard of 200 Tadoma communication 425 200 superstrate 347 tagging (corpus) 435 theolinguistics 438 transcription 356, 434–5 typing , 222, 364 supplanting vs supplementing tagmemics 432 theology 53, 74, 343, 405 see also phonetic Typographical Printing 225 tag-questions see questions theophoric names 116 transcription Surfaces 198 suprasegmental see phonology Thesaurus (Roget’s) 108 transfer 392 typography 57, 58, 75, Taiwan 323, 327, 368 198–9 surface structure 102, 168, Tajikistan 368 thinking see language transformation 87, 101 189–90, 193, , 262 433 TalkBank 241 Third New International transformational grammar contrasts in 200, 219–20, Suriname 348, 368, 371 talking books 186, 290 Dictionary 112–13 433 399, 406 surnames 116–117 thoracic cage/cavity 130 transition (acoustic) 143, 152 measurement in 198 talking dolls 240 86–9 Survey฀of฀English฀Dialects฀30 tally marks 335 Thoth 404 transition areas 28 typology , 102, 303 Survey฀of฀English฀Usage฀435 Tanzania 325, 368, 371 thou/you 405 transition network 123 Tyranny of Words, The 413 suspension (in writing) 195 tap consonants 174 thresholds 151 translation 15, 42, 53, 70, U and non-U language 39 Sutton฀Sign฀Writing฀231 tape recorders 26, 30, 32, 68, Thresor de la langue francoyse 108, 352–3, 354–8, 360, Uganda 324, 368, 371 Svalbard 368 71, 77, 120, 238–9, 241, 115 365, 391, 394, 404–5, Ukraine 368 Swaziland 368, 371 254, 259, 333, 339, 434 Through the Looking Glass 430, 434, 438 ultrasonics 146 swearing 10, 63 task effects 240 104 back- 356 Ulysses 79 Sweden 37, 314, 368, 372, Tasmania 327–9 Thumb English Dictionary editing of 355, 360–1 uncial script 194 378 tautology 406 112 loan 340 underbars 215 Swedish Academy 4 taxis 72 thyroid cartilage 134 machine 355, 360–1, 436 underextension 254

INDEX OF TOPICS 513

underlining 202 Venezuela 284, 332, 348, true vs false 134 Wantok฀344–5 World฀English฀370 Under Milk Wood 78 368 vocalization 53, 189, 238 Waste Land, The 73 World฀English฀Spelling฀226 UNESCO฀386 ventricular folds 134 vocal organs 18–19, 130–7, wave (theory of change) World฀Esperanto฀Association฀ Committee on Language verb 6, 21, 88, 95–7, 160–7, 289, 300, 339, 342–3 364 Endangerment฀380 99–102, 111, 234, 422 waveforms 138–9, 147, 151, World฀Time฀Information฀ Unifon 261 252–5, 307, 340, 359, vocal play 246 154–5, 276 Service 156 Uniform Resource Identifiers 364, 411, 422 vocal tract 18, 20, 136, 155, wavelength 139 World฀Wide฀Web฀202–3,฀ 416 verb phrase 99–101, 401 160, 163, 238, 271–2, Web฀Accessibility฀Initiative฀ 380, 397, 414–17 unilateral hearing 148 verb/object order 88–9 286, 300, 423 203 writing 13, 108, 185–227, United฀Arab฀Emirates฀368 verbal (vs non-verbal) vocative 97, 307 Webster’s Third New 263–5, 271 United Kingdom see Britain communication 14, 177, vocoid 161 International Dictionary art of 196 United Nations 359, 367, 423 Voder 156 63, 420 developmental stages in 369, 386, 387 verbal apraxia 281 voice (grammar) 2, 97, Welsh฀Dialect฀Survey฀31 265 United States of America verbal art/duelling 62–5, 127 101–2, 239, 253, 307, Wényán 322–3 direction of 193, 222 34, 36, 47, 55, 58, 65, Vercingetorixe 65 399–401 Wernicke’s฀aphasia฀281 history of 193–5, 117–18, 196, 231, 235, vernacular 35 voice (phonetics) Wernicke’s฀area฀270–1,฀281 206–13, 335, 404 261, 310–11, 316, 320, Verner’s law 338–9 disorders 19, 131, 274, Western฀Sahara฀368 implements for 193, 195, 326, 329, 330–1, 336–7, vibration 134–5, 138–9, 147, 286 Western฀Samoa฀see Samoa 206 348–9, 368, 371–3, 160 male vs female 134, 139, West฀Germany฀see Germany marking of 265 377–8, 389, 431 vibro-tactile aids 27 152 West฀Indies฀35,฀62 non-phonological 207–10 Paciﬁc territories 368, 371 Video Phonetics 166 mutation of 19 whisper 134, 177 phonological 207, universal grammar 86, 393 video technology 238, 241, quality of 19, 68, 69, whistled speech 424 210–11 universal language 108, 216, 397, 434 131, 134, 151, 155, White Hotel, The 79 physical factors in 222, 362–6, 400, 430 Vietnam 318–21, 327, 349, 177, 181, 286–7, 423 white space 202, 399 263 universals 50, 64, 69, 81, 368, 385 range of 19 whole-word reading see look- styles of 264 86–7, 92, 110, 183, 244, viewdata 201 voice-activated systems 155, and-say system of 79, 88, 166, 301, 304, 347, 365, 393, Virgin Is. 348 290, 416 whom vs who 3, 343 177, 193, 204–17, 420–1, 426, 433 virtual worlds 415 voice onset time 143, 153 widening (pharynx) 161 222, 404 formal 87 visual agnosia 281 Voice over Internet 397, 415 wild/wolf children 299 teaching of 193, 258–9, statistical 87–9 visual aids (in deafness) voiceprints 20, 68, 168 winding speech 41 263–5, 391 substantive 87, 95 278–9 voice stereotypes 23 Windows฀201,฀202 see also handwriting univocalics 67 visual language 56–7, 77, Voice Visualizer 279 window size (in reading) 219 written language 2–3, 5, 8, UPSID survey 172–6 185–235 voicing 52, 134–5, 160, 163, witnesses’ use of language 11, 25, 39, 43, 47, 56–7, Uruguay 368 visual medium 423, 426–7 165, 167, 170–1, 174, 407 66–7, 81, 95, 186–227, usage 1–2, 39, 46–7, 54, 92, visual pattern identification 211, 217, 226, 278–9, Wolf Children 299 290, 294, 303, 317, 406, 115, 215, 376 219, 285 287, 307, 429 ‘woofing’ 62 423, 428–9, 431 USSR see Russia visual perception 193, 271, Voiscope 147 word class 64, 69–70, 95–6, electronic communication utterance length 53, 69–71, 284–5 volley theory of pitch 150 112, 115, 204, 244, 252, vs 415 243 visual thinking 14 vowel gradation 307 259, 428–9, 435 disabilities in 274, 277, uvula 136 Vocabolista italiano-tedesco vowel harmony 169, 250 word-finding problems 281 280, 282–5, 289 uvular consonants see 115 vowels 33, 67, 76, 87, 88, word games 66–7, 209 see also spoken language consonants Vocabulaire 115 134, 137, 160–4, 175, Word Geography of the Eastern wugs 252 Uzbekistan 368 181, 204, 235, 246, vocabulary 2, 10, 19, 22, 24, United States 31 X-bar theory 433 250–1, 273, 287, 300, V (address forms) 45 30–2, 38–9, 40–3, 46, 54, wordiness 406 xenoglossia 11 339 vagueness 407, 410 57, 59–60, 64, 73, 75, 77, word order 5, 58, 75, 84, x height 198 84, 88–9, 106–11, 124, acoustics of 139, 141, 86–7, 88–9, 99, 102, vagus nerve 137 143 X-rays 136, 146, 149, 162 valencies 432 180, 187, 222, 225, 254, , 160, 162 234, 244, 289, 303, 340, 162 Yahweh 9 Vanuatu 349, 368, 371 303, 306, 313, 348–9, cardinal 141, , 175 408 Year of African Languages variable (linguistic) 32, 242 370, 393, 400, 410 dispersion of 175 word play see puns variegated babbling 247 acquisition of 242, English฀system฀of฀169 word processing 200–1, 222, 369 16–81 254–5, 273, 375 intensity of 140 323, 361, 397 Year of Languages 369 variety of language , 161 108, 344, 351, 353, 367– changes in 5, 53, 340–1, length of 151, , 175, words 70, 87, 95, 99, 105, Yemen 368 343, 347 307 108, 169, 242, 273, 360, Yoda-speak 102 8, 376, 391, 398–413, 154 414–17, 434–5 frequency of 69, 90–1, perception of , 248, 413, 416 yo-he-ho theory 299 220 250 identiﬁcation of 95, 153, YouTube 415 see also dialect 165 Vatican City 368 selection of 155, 290–1, semi- 143, 161, 204, 215 Yugoslavia 37, 205, 296, 341, 363–4, 376, 394, symbolism of 182–3 length of 2, 69–71, 218, 310–11, 367, 372 Vaupés Indians 42 175 Vedas 311, 404, 429 408 systems of , 307, 424 262, 399, 401 Zaire see Congo, Democratic vegetative noises 246 size of 22, 58–9, 69–70, written 205, 212, 217 proto- 247 Republic of vehicles, words for 15 156, 242, 254–5, 289, Vulgate 404 spaces between 95, 191, Zambia 349, 368, 371 velar consonants see 291, 344; 346, 366, Wada฀technique฀269 195 , 202, 263 Zimbabwe 349, 368, 371 consonants 422 Wade-Giles฀transcription฀323 structure see morphology Zipf’s Law 91 velaric sounds 132–3 vocal abuse 286 Wadi฀el-Hol฀212 Word฀Search฀66 zöosemiotics฀422 velarization 164 vocal folds 19, 130, 134–5, Wales฀53,฀313,฀378 word spectra 70 velocity 139 143, 147, 160, 163–4, Wallis฀and฀Futuna฀368 word superiority effect 221 velopharyngeal closure 136 167, 246 Walloons฀37,฀53 World Atlas of Language velum 132, 136, 147, 164 abnormality in 274, 286 WALS฀Online฀88 Structures, The 88–9