Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51698-3 — The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language David Crystal Index More Information VI Index of languages, families, dialects and scripts The฀index฀includes฀only฀those฀names฀cited฀in฀this฀book,฀excluding฀the฀Appendices.฀Major฀references฀are฀given฀in฀bold฀type. Abaza 315, 341 Arabic 3, 4, 7, 15, 23, 36–7, Bantu 33, 95, 295, 324 Cape Dutch 349 Ciokwe 352 Abkhaz 315, 341, 368 43, 49, 54, 63, 114–16, Bari 325 Cape Verde Creole 348 Circassian 315, 341 Abkhazo-Adyghian 315, 341 124, 136, 163–5, 193, Barikanci 348 Cappadocian 336 Clamcoets 337 Achinese 352 196, 198, 203, 205, 212, Barracoon 349 Carian 336 Cocoliche 348 Acholi 325, 352 247, 297, 303, 315, 317, Basa 352 Carib 21, 88, 102, 119, 295, Comanche 330 Adamawa-Ubangi 324 324, 326, 328, 340, Bashkir 316, 352 332–3, 380 Comorian 368 Adangme 368 348–9, 352, 356, 367–8, Basque 33–4, 37, 42, 86, Caribbean฀Creole฀English฀ Congo Pidgin 348 Adyghe 315, 341 377, 417, 430 187, 336, 368 348 Cootenais 337 African-American Vernacular Classical 7, 43, 115, 298, Bats 315 Catalan 25, 37, 302, 308, Coptic 209, 213, 325, 326 English฀35 326, 404 Batsbiy 341 311, 352, 368, 378 Coroado 295 Afrikaans 247, 308, 311, Aragonese 37 Bazaar-Hindustani 349 Cataonian 336 Cornish 308, 312–13, 372, 324, 349, 352, 368 Aram 314 Beach-la-Mar฀349 Carolinian 368 387 Pidgin 349 Aramaic 212, 326, 404 Belize Creole 348 Caucasian 132, 174–5, 297, Corsican 37 Afro-Asiatic 173, 175, 297, Aranda 175, 334 Bella Coola 183, 331 304, 315, 336, 341 Cree 96, 330 304, 326 Arapaho 330 Belorussian 308, 310, 352, Caviteño 349 Creek 8 Ainu 337 Araucanian 119, 295, 330, 368 Cebuano see Sebuano Crioulo 348 Akan 324, 352, 368 332 Bemba 352 Celtiberian 308, 312 Croatian 37, 49, 294, 308, Akkadian 311, 326, 336 Araucano see Araucanian Town 349 Celtic 34, 116, 118, 306, 310, 368 Akoli see Acholi Arawakan 332–3, 380 Bembe 10 308, 312–13, 336, 372 Crow 330 Aku 348 Arc-a-plat 337 Bengali 54, 294, 297, 308, Chavacano 349 Cumbrian/Cumbric 308, Albanian 33, 37, 49, 306, Arc฀฀ ฀ i 341 311, 352, 368, 380 Chadic 297, 326 312 308, 310, 352, 368 Aricapu 336 Benue-Congo 324 Chamorro 175, 327, 329, Cuna 52, 61, 332 Aleut 330 Armenian 213, 308, 310, Beothuk 337 368 Cushitic 326 Algonkin see Algonquian 352, 368, 373 Berber 86, 245, 326, 352 Chari-Nile 325 Cypriot(e) 211 Algonquian 96, 304, 330–1, Arrernte see Aranda Berbice Dutch 348 Chechehet 337 Cyrillic 198, 212, 235, 310, 348 Asmara฀Pidgin฀English฀348 Betawi 349 Chechen 315, 341 315–16, 377 Aliutor 316 Assamese 294, 297, 308, Bhojpuri 297, 352 Cheremis 314 Czech 25, 37, 180, 308, 310, Alsatian 37 311, 347, 352 Bihari 308, 311 Cherokee 211, 330 340, 352, 358, 359, 368 Altai 316 Assyrian 208 Bikol 352 Chewa see Nyanja Dagaari 368 Altaic 297, 304, 315, 316– Asturian 37 Bilin 94 Cheyenne 330 Dagbani 368 17, 318, 332, 336, 337 Athabaskan 330, 348 Binga 183 Chibcha 86 Dagestanian 315 Aluku 348 Atlantic 324 Bini 180 Chibchan฀(Macro-)฀173,฀ Dagur 316 Alur 325 Aukan 348 Bislama 344, 349, 368 305, 332–3 Dakota 183, 330 Alyawarra 103 Australian 8–9, 15, 174–5, Bithynian 336, 382 Chichimeca 295 Dalmatian 311 American Sign Language 295, 297, 302–3, 304, Black Carib 332 Chin 297, 321 Daman 349 334–5 230–5, 373, 422 Black฀English฀Vernacular฀35 China Coast Pidgin 349 Damin 133 Amerind 332 Pidgin 349 Blackfoot 330 Chinese 7, 8, 36, 62, 103, Danish 7, 25, 33, 37, 121, Amer-Ind 234 Austro-Asiatic 297, 304, Bosnian 37, 368 115–16, 168, 178, 188, 294, 308, 311, 330, 352, 319 Amerindian 62, 116, 118, , 337 Brahui 319 198, 204–5, 210–11, 357, 359, 368 132, 173–4, 234, 297, Austronesian 175, 297, 304, Brazilian Creole 221, 247, 295, 297, 303, Sign Language 230, 234 327 303, 330–3, 337, 347, 319–20, Portuguese 348 316, 319–20, 322–3, Dardic 308, 311 431–2 Avar 315, 341 Breton 37, 296, 308, 327, 340, 344, 348–9, Dargi 341 312–13 Pidgin฀English฀348 Avaro-Ando-Dido 341 , 380 352, 355–6, 360, 367, Dargwa 315 Amharic 95, 102, 116, 132, Avestan 311 British 312 372–3, 377, 386, 389, Dari see Persian 211, 326, 352, 368 Awadhi 297 British Sign Language 230, 404, 416–17, 430 Dayak 297, 327 Amorite 326 Aymará 332, 352, 368 234–5 Cantonese 172, 180, 322 Land 295 Amuesha 175 Azerbaijani 316, 352, 368 Brythonic 312 Classical 76, 114, 119, Delmondo 363 Anatolian 306, 308, 310 Aztec 15, 119, 330 Buginese (Rappang) 213, 196 Devanagari 213, 377, 429 Andamanese 103, 327, 328, Aztec-Tanoan 305, 330–1, 352 Hakka/Gan 322 Dhimotiki 43 336 332 Bulgarian 25, 33, 37, 49, Mandarin฀180,฀297,฀ Dhangu 295 Andean-Equatorial฀175,฀304,฀ Bacairi 102 308, 310, 352, 359, 368 322–3, 368, 380 Dhay’yi 295 332–3 Baenna 336 Burmese 8, 86, 183, 213, Min฀322 Dhiyakuy 295 Andi 341 Bagot฀Creole฀English฀349 297, 321, 352, 368 Pidgin 347, 349 Dhuwal 295 Anglo-Frisian 311 Bahasa Indonesia 328, 352, Burushaski 337 Sign Language 230 Dhuwala 295 Anglo-Romani 348 378 Buryat 316, 352 Wu฀322 Didinga 183 Anglo-Saxon 5, 62, 65, 114, Báihuà 322 Buyi 320 Xiang 322 Dido 341 118–19, 195, 213, 216, Balinese 213, 352 Cakchiquel 330 Chinook 183, 347 Dinka 325, 352 224, 308, 310, 338, 340, Baltic 306, 308, 310 Callahuaya 336 ฀ Jargon฀344,฀347,฀348 Diola 368 406–7 Balto-Slavic 308, 310 Calusa 337 Chipayan 330, 332 Diu 349 Annamese 304 Baluchi 308, 311, 352 Cambodian see Khmer Chippewa 2 Djangu 295 see also Vietnamese Bambara 173, 175, 324; see Cameroon Pidgin Choctaw 348 Djinang 295 Antido 363 also฀Mandekan English฀348 Chontal 295 Djining 295 Antilles Creole 348 Bamboo฀English฀349 Campa 332 Chukchi 21, 316 Dong 320 Apache 121, 330 Bamboo Spanish 349 Candoshi 295 Chuvash 316, 352 Dongolawi 325 Apalai 102 Bamileke 352 Cantonese see Chinese Cilician 336, 382 Dongxiang 316 Apurina 102 Bangla 369 Cape Breton Gaelic 313 Ciluba 368 Dravidian 33, 87, 297, 304, © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51698-3 — The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language David Crystal Index More Information INDEX OF LANGUAGES, FAMILIES, DIALECTS AND SCRIPTS 495 318–19, 336–7, 347, 349 330–1, 332 Gã 172, 352, 368 363–4, 394, 400, Huave 336 Dutch 25, 33, 36–7, 49, Esperanto฀362–3,฀369 Gaelic 33, 52, 62, 97, 119, 428–30 Hungarian 4, 33, 37, 49, 52, 97, 115, 118, 141, 247, Modern฀363 212, 312–13 Modern฀36,฀43,฀49,฀86,฀ 110, 116, 178, 314, 340, 297, 308, 311, 340, 348, Esperantuisho฀363 Cape Breton 312–13 183, 198–9, 212, 352, 356, 359, 368, 374 352–3, 356, 359, 368, Espido฀363 Irish 174, 213, 216, 302, 308, 311, 324, 352, Hurrian 310 312–13 378 Estonian฀314,฀352,฀359,฀ 308, , 348, 359, 368 Iban see฀Malay Creole/Pidgin 344, 368–9 352, 359, 368, 378 Mycenean฀193,฀206–7,฀ Iberian 336 347–9 Eteocretan฀336 Scottish 296, 308, 211–12, 306, 311 Icelandic Dyalnguy 42 Ethiopic฀(scripts)฀205,฀213 312–13, 340, 372 New Testament 308, Modern฀116,฀294,฀308,฀ Dyirbal 42 Etruscan฀193,฀212–13,฀336 Galatian 308, 312 311, 404 311, 352, 368 Dyula 324 Euroasiatic฀332 Galgaliya 348 Greenlandic 175, 183, 330 Old 11, 48–9, 306, 311, Dzongkha 368 Eurolengo฀363 Galician 33, 37, 311, 368 Guarani 42, 86, 183, 332, 340, 430 Europeo฀363 Ebonics฀35 Galla 326 348, 352, 368, 372 Idiom Neutral 363 Euskera฀34 Efik฀324,฀352 Gambian Krio 348 Guaymi 332 Ido 363, 365 Even฀316 Egyptian฀195,฀206,฀208–9,฀ Ganda 352 Gujarati 213, 297, 308, 311, Igbo 12, 174, 180, 324, 352, Evenki฀316 326 Gaulish 308, 312 324, 352 368 Ewe฀324,฀352,฀368 Ekselsioro฀363 Gbaya 324, 352 Gulf of Guinea Ijo 132, 324 Ewondo฀Populaire฀348 . Elamite฀311,฀336 Ge’ez 405 Portuguese 348 Ijoid 324 Enets฀314 Faliscan 311 Georgian 183, 213, 315, Gullah 348 Ilocano 328, 352 341, 352, 368, 386 Gunwinygu 334, 384 English฀3–5,฀10,฀15,฀21,฀24,฀ Fanagaló 349 Ilongot 41 33, 36–7, 42, 46–9, 52, Fante 294 Gê,฀Macro฀332 Guóyu 323 Indian Portuguese 349 54–5, 58–9, 61, 63–4, Faroese 294, 308, 311, 368 Gê-Pano-Carib 304, 332–3 Gur 324 Indo-Aryan (Indic) 308, 311, 67, 69, 76, 86–112, Farsi see Persian Gergito-Salymean 336 Gurage 326 347 116–24, 132, 136, 140, Fazandeiro 348 German 4, 7, 10, 21, 23, 25, Guugu-Yimidhirr 42 Indo-European฀29,฀33,฀175,฀ 160, 162, 164–5, 168–72 Fijian 329, 352, 368 33, 36–7, 42, 45, 48–9, Guwal 42 182, 297, 305, 306–13, 175, 177, 180, 182–3, Filipino 328 52, 73, 76, 88, 90–1, 97, Guyana Dutch Pidgin 348 315, 332, 339, 365 188–93, 204–5, 209, Finnic 314 102, 103, 108–9, 114, Guianese Creole 346, 348 Indo-Iranian 306, 308–9, 212–3, 215–16, 221, Finnish 9, 33, 37, 49, 86, 88, 116–17, 127, 163, 165, Haida 173 311 224–5, 234–5, 244–5, 96, 177, 180, 212, 303, 174, 175, 204, 247, 254, Haitian Creole 348, 352, 373 Indonesian 295, 328 247, 250–1, 259, 273, 314, 352, 358, 359, 368 257, 295, 297, 299, 308, Hamito-Semitic 326 Indo-Pacific 87, 95, 173–4, 277, 279, 282, 284, 287, Finno-Ugric 314 310–11, 324, 338, 352– Han 322 297, 305, 327, 336 289, 294–5, 297, 303, Flatbow 337 5, 357–59, 361, 363–4, Hanunóo 110 Inglés฀de฀Escalerilla฀348 307–8, 311, 313, 324, Flemish 25, 37, 53, 308, 311 368, 369, 374–5, 377–8, Hànyu Pı- nyı- n 323 Ingrian 314 327, 329, 338–9, 343–4, Fon 352 389, 392, 396, 417 Hatsa 325 Ingush 315, 341 347–8, 352–79, 387, Fore 102 High vs Low 29, 37 Hattic 336 Interglossa 363 389, 395–7, 398–417, Formosan 304, 327 High vs Swiss 43 Hausa 102, 132, 165, 180, Interlingua 363, 365 429, 435 Fox 96, 330 Middle/Old฀High฀108,฀ 183, 297, 326, 348, 352, International Sign 230, 234 American 8, 23, 31, 35, Fragnol 348 310 368 Inuit 330 44, 55, 58, 116, 162, Franco-Amerindian 348 Pidgin 347 Hawaiian 172–4, 348, 368 Inuktitut 330, 368 342–3 Franco-Spanish Pidgin 348 spelling reform 225 Old 103 Inupiac 330 American vs British 7, Franglais 48, 375 Germanic 49, 62, 69, 110, Pidgin/Creole