DOCSLIB.ORG

Micro-Scale Variability of Atmospheric Particle Concentration in the Urban Boundary Layer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Micro-Scale Variability of Atmospheric Particle Concentration in the Urban Boundary Layer Micro-scale variability of atmospheric particle concentration in the urban boundary layer Kumulative Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium Dr. rer. nat. im Fach Geographie eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von M.Sc. Bastian Paas Präsidentin der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Elmar Kulke Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Christoph Schneider 2. Prof. Dr. Wilfried Endlicher 3. Prof. Dr. Stefan Weber Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07.12.2017 III List of publications This thesis is presented in a cumulative form and is based on the following citation-indexed and peer-reviewed journal papers: I. Paas, B., Schmidt, T., Markova, S., Maras, I., Ziefle, M., & Schneider, C. (2016). Small-scale variability of particulate matter and perception of air quality in an inner-city recreational area in Aachen, Germany. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 25(3), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2016/0704 II. Paas, B. & Schneider, C. (2016). A comparison of model performance between ENVI-met and Austal2000 for particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment, 145, 392–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.031 III. Paas, B., Stienen, J., Vorländer, M., & Schneider, C. (2017). Modeling of Urban Near-Road Atmospheric PM Concentrations Using an Artificial Neural Network Approach with Acoustic Data Input. Environments 2017, 4(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4020026 I: Distributed under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 license. II: This paper is reprinted with permission of “Atmospheric Environment”, Elsevier Ltd. III: Distributed under the Creative Commons BY 4.0 license. IV The author made the following contributions to the journal papers on which this thesis is based: I. Responsible for the study design, the fieldwork (except for the survey), the modeling (except for the CAD pre-work) and numerical simulations, the data preparation, the data analysis, all figures, the literature review, and the writing (except for a few lines regarding the survey) II. Responsible for the study design, the fieldwork, the modeling and numerical simulations, the data preparation, the data analysis, all figures, the literature review, and the entire writing III. Responsible for the study design, the fieldwork (except for microphone calibrations), the model development and testing, the data preparation (except for acoustic raw data pre-processing), the data analysis, all figures, the literature review, and the entire writing V The author also contributed to the following full paper publications (conference proceedings or peer-reviewed journal papers) related to the thesis, which are, however, of minor relevance to the thesis itself: i. Stienen, J., Schmidt, T., Paas, B., Schneider, C., & Fels, J. (2014). Evaluation of combined stress factors on humans in urban areas. Proceedings of TECNIACUSTICA 2014, 45th Spanish Congress on Acoustics, 8th Iberian Congress on Acoustics, European Symposium on smart cities and environmental acoustics. Murcia, Spain. ii. Stienen, J., Schmidt, T., Paas, B., & Fels, J. (2015). Noise as a Stress Factor on Humans in Urban Environments in Summer and Winter. In Proceedings of the EuroNoise 2015. Maastricht, Netherlands, 2445-2450. iii. Schmidt, T., Maras, I., Paas, B., Stienen, J., & Ziefle, M. (2015). Psychophysical observations on human perceptions of climatological stress factors in an urban environment. Proceedings of the 19th Triennial Congress of the IEA. Melbourne, Australia, 1-8. iv. Maras, I., Schmidt, T., Paas, B., Ziefle, M., & Schneider, C. (2016). The impact of human-biometeorological factors on perceived thermal comfort in urban public places. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 25(4), 407–420. https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2016/0705 v. Daniels, B., Zaunbrecher, B., Paas, B., Ottermanns, R., Ziefle, M., & Roß-Nickoll, M. (2017). Assessment of urban green space structures and their quality from a multidimensional perspective. In a review for Science of the Total Environment1. 1Ms. Ref. No.: STOTEN-D-17-04181 VI Contents List of publications .................................................................................................... III Contents ...................................................................................................................... VI Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... VIII Figures ............................................................................................................................X Tables ........................................................................................................................ XIV Abstract ....................................................................................................................... XV Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................. XVI 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Perspective ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Case study environments ............................................................................................. 6 1.4 Framework ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Research questions ...................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Objectives & related approaches ............................................................................. 11 2. The field experiment analysis ........................................................................... 13 2.1 Context and motivation to carry out field experiments .................................... 13 2.2 Study design .................................................................................................................. 14 2.2.1 Areas under study ........................................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Particle concentration measurements .................................................... 16 2.2.3 Survey ............................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Micro-scale distribution of particles ....................................................................... 17 2.4 Perception of particle exposure ............................................................................... 18 3. Deterministic modeling of particle distribution in the urban ABL .......... 21 3.1 Context. .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Analysis of model performance between ENVI-met and Austal2000 ............ 23 3.2.1 Motivation for the model performance assessment ............................ 23 3.2.2 Study design .................................................................................................. 24 3.2.3 Performance analysis .................................................................................. 27 3.3 Particle emissions out of resuspension sources ................................................... 32 VII 3.3.1 Motivation to quantify resuspension source emissions using Austal2000 ...................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2 Methods .......................................................................................................... 32 3.3.3 Main results ................................................................................................... 33 3.4 Influence of vegetation elements on ground-level aerosol concentrations .. 36 3.4.1 Motivation ...................................................................................................... 36 3.4.2 Methodical approach ................................................................................... 36 3.4.3 Main results ................................................................................................... 38 3.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 39 4. Prediction of particle concentrations using a newly developed statistical model ....................................................................................................................... 41 4.1 Context and motivation to develop an ANN model ........................................... 41 4.2 Concept .......................................................................................................................... 42 4.2.1 Areas of investigation ................................................................................. 42 4.2.2 ANN model development strategy .......................................................... 44 4.2.3 Performance measures ................................................................................ 46 4.3 Performance evaluation of the developed ANN models .................................... 47 5. Conclusions and outlook ...................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Modélisation De L'impact Du Trafic Routier Sur La Pollution De L'air Et Des
    Mod´elisationde l'impact du trafic routier sur la pollution de l'air et des eaux de ruissellement Masoud Fallah Shorshani To cite this version: Masoud Fallah Shorshani. Mod´elisationde l'impact du trafic routier sur la pollution de l'air et des eaux de ruissellement. Sciences de l'environnement. Universit´eParis-Est, 2014. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2014PEST1068>. <tel-01127301> HAL Id: tel-01127301 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127301 Submitted on 7 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Paris-Est Présentée par Masoud Fallah Shorshani pour l’obtention du diplôme de docteur de l’Université Paris-Est Spécialité : SIE – Sciences, Ingénierie et Environnement Modélisation de l’impact du trafic routier sur la pollution de l’air et des eaux de ruissellement Soutenue le 4 juillet 2014 Jury composé de Ludovic Leclercq, IFSTTAR Président du jury & examinateur Isabelle Braud, IRSTEA Rapporteur Lionel Soulhac, École Centrale de Lyon Rapporteur Frédéric Mahé, AIRPARIF Examinateur Guido Petrucci, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Examinateur Céline Bonhomme, LEESU Co-encadrante Michel André, IFSTTAR Co-directeur de thèse Christian Seigneur, CEREA Directeur de thèse Abstract: Road traffic emissions are a major source of pollution in cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Assistance for Improving Emissions Control the Role Of
    This Project is Co-Financed by the European Union and the Republic of Turkey This Project is c This project is co-financed by the European Union and the Republic of Turkey Technical Assistance for Improving Emissions Control Service Contract No: TR0802.03-02/001 Identification No: EuropeAid/128897/D/SER/TR The Role of Emissions Dispersion Modelling in Cost Benefit Analysis Applied to Urban Air Quality Management: Part 1-the Approach (Version 2: 18 May 2012) This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the Consortium led by PM Group and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Contracting Authority: Central Finance and Contracting Unit, Turkey Implementing Authority / Beneficiary: Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation Project Title: Improving Emissions Control Service Contract Number: TR0802.03-02/001 Identification Number: EuropeAid/128897/D/SER/TR PM Project Number: 300424 This project is co-financed by the European Union and the Republic of Turkey The Role of Emissions Dispersion Modelling in Cost Benefit Analysis Applied to Urban Air Quality Management: Part 1 – the Approach Version 2: 18 May 2012 PM File Number: 300424-06-RP-200 PM Document Number: 300424-06-205(2) CURRENT ISSUE Issue No.: 2 Date: 18/05/2012 Reason for Issue: Final Version for Client Approval Customer Approval Sign-Off Originator Reviewer Approver (if required) Scott Hamilton, Peter Print Name Russell Frost Jim McNelis Faircloth, Chris Dore Signature Date PREVIOUS ISSUES (Type Names) Issue No. Date Originator Reviewer Approver Customer Reason for Issue 1 14/03/2012 Scott Hamilton, Peter Russell Frost Jim McNelis For client review / comment Faircloth, Chris Dore CFCU / MoEU 300424-06-RP-205 (2) TA for Improving Emissions Control 18 May 2012 CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study: Modelling Environmental Concentrations of Chemicals from Emission Data
    EEA Technical report No 8/2007 Feasibility study: modelling environmental concentrations of chemicals from emission data ISSN 1725-2237 EEA Technical report No 8/2007 Feasibility study: modelling environmental concentrations of chemicals from emission data Cover design: EEA Layout: Diadeis and EEA Legal notice The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Communities. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the copyright holder. For translation or reproduction rights please contact EEA (address information below). Information about the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007 ISBN 978-92-9167-925-6 ISSN 1725-2237 © EEA, Copenhagen, 2007 European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Fax: +45 33 36 71 99 Web: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries Contents Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MARK R THEOBALD.Pdf
    TESIS DOCTORAL / Ph.D THESIS An Intercomparison of Modelling Approaches for Simulating the Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Emitted by Agricultural Sources Mark R. Theobald Madrid 2012 E.T.S.I. Agrónomos Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Departamento de Química y Análisis Agrícola Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos An Intercomparison of Modelling Approaches for Simulating the Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Emitted by Agricultural Sources Autor: Mark R. Theobald Licenciado en Ciencias Físicas (MPhys hons) Directores: Dr. Antonio Vallejo Garcia Doctor en Ciencias Químicas Dr. Mark A. Sutton Doctor en Ciencias Físicas Madrid 2012 Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by the European Commission through the NitroEurope Integrated Project (Contract No. 017841 of the EU Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development). The European Science Foundation also provided additional funding through COST Action 729 for the attendance of conferences and workshops and for the collaboration with the University of Lisbon (COST-STSM-729-5799). Firstly I would like to thank my two supervisors Dr. Mark A. Sutton and Prof. Antonio Vallejo for their support and guidance throughout this work. I am grateful to Mark not only for his willingness to discuss and direct this work no matter where he was in the world or whatever time of day it was, but also for the support and encouragement I received when I was at CEH Edinburgh. I am also grateful to Antonio for guiding me through the labyrinths of University bureaucracy. I would also like to thank the other research groups with whom I have collaborated throughout this work. Thanks to all my colleagues at CEH Edinburgh with a special mention to Bill Bealey for his help developing the SCAIL model and to Sim Tang for providing the ALPHA samplers and technical support.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersion V3.23
    Volume 2 Airviro User’s Reference Working with the Dispersion Module How to simulate the dispersion of pollutants Working with the Dispersion Module How to simulate the dispersion of pollutants Amendments Version Date changed Cause of change Signature 3.11 Ago2007 Upgrade GS 3.12 January2009 Upgrade GS 3.13 January2009 Upgrade GS 3.20 May 2010 Upgrade GS 3.21 Dec 2010 Upgrade GS 3.21 June 2012 Review GS 3.22 April 2013 Release GS 3.23 Jan 2014 Upgrade GS 3.23 January 2014 Review GS 3.23 June 2015 Review GS Contents 2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Why You Need to Use Dispersion Models.........................................................7 2.1.1.1 What’s the Use of Dispersion Simulations.....................................................7 2.1.1.2 How Can Airviro Help?......................................................................................7 2.1.2 Model Assumptions..............................................................................................8 2.1.3 Brief description of the available models..........................................................9 2.1.4 How does Dispersion Module client work?.....................................................18 2.1.5 Guidance for the beginner:................................................................................18 2.1.6 Overview of the Dispersion Module Main Window.........................................19 2.1.6.1 Changing Weather Conditions – Model settings.........................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Meteorology Applied to Urban Air Pollution Problems
    COST { the acronym for European COoperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research { is the oldest and widest European intergovernmental net- work for cooperation in research. Established by the Ministerial Conference in November 1971, COST is presently used by the scientific communities of 35 European countries to cooperate in common research projects supported by national funds. The funds provided by COST { less than 1% of the total value of the projects { support the COST cooperation networks (COST Actions) through which, with only around 20 million per year, more than 30.000 Eu- ropean scientists are involved in research having a total value which exceeds 2 billion per year. This is the financial worth of the European added value which COST achieves. A \bottom up approach" (the initiative of launching a COST Action comes from the European scientists themselves), “`a la carte participa- tion" (only countries interested in the Action participate), \equality of access" (participation is open also to the scientific communities of countries not be- longing to the European Union) and “flexible structure" (easy implementation and light management of the research initiatives) are the main characteristics of COST. As precursor of advanced multidisciplinary research COST has a very important role for the realisation of the European Research Area (ERA) anticipating and complementing the activities of the Framework Programmes, constituting a \bridge" towards the scientific communities of emerging coun- tries, increasing the mobility of researchers across Europe and fostering the establishment of \Networks of Excellence" in many key scientific domains such as: Physics, Chemistry, Telecommunications and Information Science, Nan- otechnologies, Meteorology, Environment, Medicine and Health, Forests, Agri- culture and Social Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2);  to Encourage ‘Good Practise’ with the Use of Models for Air Quality Assessment and Planning Applications
    Guide on modelling Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) for air quality assessment and planning relevant to the European Air Quality Directive FAIRMODE Forum for air quality modelling in Europe Result of activities in the FAIRMODE Working Group 1 Version 4.6 ETC/ACM Technical Paper 2011/15 December 2011 Bruce Rolstad Denby The European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) is a consortium of European institutes under contract of the European Environment Agency RIVM UBA‐V ÖKO AEAT EMISIA CHMI NILU INERIS PBL CSIC 1 Modelling NO2 for AQ assessment and planning relevant to the EU AQD ETC/ACM Technical Paper 2011/15 Front page picture: FAIRMODE logo, Bruce Rolstad Denby Editor affiliation: Bruce Rolstad Denby: Norwegian Institute of Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway DISCLAIMER This ETC/ACM Technical Paper has not been subjected to European Environment Agency (EEA) member country review. It does not represent the formal views of the EEA. © ETC/ACM, 2011. ETC/ACM Technical paper 2011/15 European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation PO Box 1 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands Phone +31 30 2748562 Fax +31 30 2744433 Email [email protected] Website http://acm.eionet.europa.eu/ 2 Modelling NO2 for AQ assessment and planning relevant to the EU AQD ETC/ACM Technical Paper 2011/15 Preface to version 4.6 of this document This is the third draft of the model application document for NO2 modelling in regard to the European Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC). This document is complementary to the previously developed and published model application document ‘The application of models under the European Union's Air Quality Directive: A technical reference guide’ (EEA, 2011) in that it concentrates on the actual modelling methods and the scientific aspects of these, rather than on the interpretation and general use of models for AQ Directive applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Evaluation of CALPUFF and AERMOD Dispersion Models for Air Quality Assessment of an Industrial Complex
    Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 74, May 2015, pp. 302-307 Performance evaluation of CALPUFF and AERMOD dispersion models for air quality assessment of an industrial complex S Gulia1, A Kumar2 and M Khare3* 1,2 & *3Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India Received 18 December 2013; revised 7 October 2014; accepted 23 April 2015 Air quality model (AQM) is an essential tool for management of air quality in near field region of an industrial complex. Model validation study using site specific input data can boost the consistency on accuracy of model’s performance for air quality management. This study describes the validation of CALPUFF and AERMOD for assessment of NOx concentrations in near field region of a steel industry in Bellary district of Karnataka state in India. Relative model performances are evaluated by comparing monitored and predicted pollutants using well referred statistical descriptors. Further, the performance of CALPUFF has evaluated with different dispersion options (i.e., PGT-ISC dispersion curve and similarity theory) and vertical layers option (i.e., two and ten vertical layers) in CALMET, meteorological pre-processor of CALUFF. Both models performed satisfactorily for predicting NOx concentrations. Further, CALPUFF with different dispersion options performed more satisfactorily than AERMOD. CALPUFF with PGT- ISC dispersion curve option performed more satisfactorily than similarity theory based dispersion option for the selected pollutant. In addition to this, CALPUFF with two vertical layers option performed better than ten vertical layers option. The satisfactory performance of CALPUFF over AERMOD might be due to its predicting capability in calm condition, in which all plume dispersion models failed.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Air Quality Modelling in Defra
    Environmental Research Group School of Biomedical and Health Sciences REVIEW OF AIR QUALITY MODELLING IN DEFRA A report by the Air Quality Modelling Review Steering Group Professor Martin Williams (King’s College, London, Chair) Roger Barrowcliffe (RWDI) Professor Duncan Laxen (Air Quality Consultants Ltd) Professor Paul Monks (University of Leicester) Preparedfor Defra, 7 April 2011 Executive Summary This report of the Air Quality Modelling Steering Group provides an assessment of the current use of air quality models by Defra in informing and evaluating policy, and in discharging obligations under various EU Directives. The report identifies specific policy needs for the use of models and evaluates each model in turn in terms of the scientific content and credibility of the models, their ease of use and transparency and their fitness for purpose in delivering Defra’s needs. The assessment has been informed by the extensive analysis of the first phase of a model intercomparison exercise. Recommendations have been made in terms of a longer-term strategic direction for air quality model use in Defra, and for short- and medium-term actions for moving to this longer-term goal. Specific recommendations for the use by Defra of each model have also been made. © Crown Copyright 2011 This publication may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium, provided that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright with the title and source of the publication specified. Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5 2. Policy needs for air quality models ......................................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Удк 004.942 (504.054)
    УДК 004.942 (504.054) АР. С.ШИЛО, АН. С.ШИЛО (УКРАИНА, г. КИЕВ) СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОГРАММНЫХ СРЕДСТВ ДЛЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ АТМОСФЕРЫ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩИМИ ДЫМОВЫХ ГАЗОВ Аннотация В данной работе рассмотрены программные средства для прогнозирования загрязнения атмосферного воздуха от стационарных источников. Рассмотрены наиболее универсальные программы, построенные на основных моделях рассеивания. Создана условная классификация программных комплексов. Ключевые слова: модель, источник, турбулентность, рассеивание, дисперсия, шлейф. Анотація У даній роботі розглянуті програмні засоби для прогнозування забруднення атмосферного повітря від стаціонарних джерел. Розглянуто найбільш універсальні програми, побудовані на основних моделях розсіювання. Створена умовна класифікація програмних комплексів. Ключові слова: модель, джерело, турбулентність, розсіювання, дисперсія, шлейф. Annotation In this article we consider software to predict air pollution from stationary sources. Considered the most universal program, built on the basic models of dispersion. Created conditional classification software systems. Keywords: model, source, turbulence, diffusion, dispersion, plume. Загрязнение атмосферного воздуха является одной из самых серьезных экологических проблем. Повышение концентрации загрязняющих веществ наблюдается в атмосфере практически любого города мира. Возникает необходимость в решении задачи моделирования распространения загрязняющих веществ в атмосфере, а именно от точечных источников таких как, например, мусоросжигательный завод с целью
    [Show full text]
  • «Sessioncode»
    Posters P-01.1 The effects of directional wind shear on CAT generation by orographic gravity-wave breaking Maria Vittoria Guarino, Miguel A. C. Teixeira, Maarten H. P. Ambaum University of Reading, READING, United Kingdom Mountain wave breaking, and the mechanisms by which turbulence may be triggered by directional wind shear, are investigated using numerical simulations of idealized, nearly hydrostatic, atmospheric flows over an axisymmetric isolated mountain. These simulations, which use the WRF-ARW model, differ in degree of flow nonlinearity and shear intensity. The aim is to diagnose the conditions for mountain wave breaking in terms of the orography elevation and wind shear, quantified by the dimensionless mountain height and the Richardson number of the background flow, respectively. The simulation results have been used to produce a regime diagram describing the wave breaking behaviour in Richardson number–dimensionless mountain height parameter space. By selecting flow overturning occurrence as a discriminating factor, it was possible to split the regime diagram into sub-regions with and without wave breaking. When mountain waves break, the associated convective instability leads to turbulence generation (which is one of the known forms of clear air turbulence (CAT)). Thus, regions within the simulation domain where wave breaking and the development of CAT are expected have been identified. The extent of these regions increases with terrain elevation and background wind shear intensity. Analysis of the model output, supported by theoretical arguments, suggests the existence of a link between wave breaking and the relative orientations of the incoming wind vector and the horizontal velocity perturbation vector. More specifically, in a wave breaking event, due to the effect of critical levels, the background wind vector and the wavenumber vector of the dominant mountain waves are perpendicular.
    [Show full text]
  • AIR QUALITY Monitoring, Measuring, and Modeling Environmental Hazards
    AIR QUALITY Monitoring, Measuring, and Modeling Environmental Hazards AIR QUALITY Monitoring, Measuring, and Modeling Environmental Hazards Edited by Marco Ragazzi, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Waretown, NJ 08758 Canada USA ©2017 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-427-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-36607-4 (CRC Press/Taylor & Francis eBook) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-428-0 (AAP eBook) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe.
    [Show full text]