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AIR QUALITY Monitoring, Measuring, and Modeling Environmental Hazards

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AIR QUALITY Monitoring, Measuring, and Modeling Environmental Hazards AIR QUALITY Monitoring, Measuring, and Modeling Environmental Hazards AIR QUALITY Monitoring, Measuring, and Modeling Environmental Hazards Edited by Marco Ragazzi, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Waretown, NJ 08758 Canada USA ©2017 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-427-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-36607-4 (CRC Press/Taylor & Francis eBook) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-428-0 (AAP eBook) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Air quality (Apple Academic Press) Air quality : monitoring, measuring, and modeling environmental hazards / edited by Marco Ragazzi, PhD. Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-77188-427-3 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-428-0 (pdf) 1. Air--Pollution--Measurement. 2. Air--Pollution--Environmental aspects. I. Ragazzi, Marco, author, editor II. Title. TD890.A47 2016 628.5'30287 C2016-901481-9 C2016-901482-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ragazzi, Marco, editor. Title: Air quality : monitoring, measuring, and modeling environmental hazards / editor, Marco Ragazzi, PhD. Description: Toronto : Apple Academic Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016009305 | ISBN 9781771884273 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Air--Pollution--Measurement. | Air--Pollution--Environmental aspects. Classification: LCC TD890 .A375 2016 | DDC 363.739/263--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016009305 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that ap- pears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crc- press.com About the Editor MARCO RAGAZZI, PhD Marco Ragazzi has a PhD in sanitary engineering from Milan Polytechnic, Italy. The author or co-author of more than 500 publications (111 in the Scopus database), he is currently a member of the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Trento, Italy. His research interests include solid waste and wastewater manage- ment, environmental engineering, and environmental impact risk assess- ment. Contents Acknowledgment and How to Cite .............................................................. xi List of Contributors ...................................................................................xiii Introduction ............................................................................................... xix Part I: Overview 1. Perspectives of Low-Cost Sensors Adoption for Air Quality Monitoring .............................................................3 Elena Cristina Rada, Marco Ragazzi, Marco Brini, Luca Marmo, Pietro Zambelli, Mauro Chelodi, and Marco Ciolli Part II: Waste Incineration 2. A Review of Exposure Assessment Methods in Epidemiological Studies on Incinerators ................................ 17 Michele Cordioli, Andrea Ranzi, Giulio A. De Leo, and Paolo Lauriola 3. Management of Atmospheric Pollutants from Waste Incineration Processes: The Case of Bozen ................................45 Marco Ragazzi, Werner Tirler, Giulio Angelucci, Dino Zardi, and Elena Cristina Rada 4. Comparative Assessment of Particulate Air Pollution Exposure from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Emissions ................................................................... 61 Danielle C. Ashworth, Gary W. Fuller, Mireille B. Toledano, Anna Font, Paul Elliott, Anna L. Hansell, and Kees de Hoogh Part III: Industrial Emissions 5. Comparative Analysis of Monitoring Devices for Particulate Content in Exhaust Gases ...................................93 Beatrice Castellani, Elena Morini, Mirko Filipponi, Andrea Nicolini, Massimo Palombo, Franco Cotana, and Federico Rossi viii Contents 6. Perspectives of Unconventional PCDD/F Monitoring for a Steel Making Plant ............................................................. 121 Elena Cristina Rada, Marco Ragazzi, Gabriela Ionescu, Marco Tubino, Werner Tirler, and Maurizio Tava 7. Deposition Near a Sintering Plant: Preliminary Comparison Between Two Methods of Measurements by Deposimeters ..........................................................................131 Marco Ragazzi, Elena Cristina Rada, Marco Tubino, Marianna Marconi, Alessandro Chistè, and Eleonora Girelli 8. Estimation of Regional Air-Quality Damages from Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Extraction in Pennsylvania ........................ 141 Aviva Litovitz, Aimee Curtright, Shmuel Abramzon, Nicholas Burger, and Constantine Samaras Part IV: Urban Air Pollution 9. Modelling Human Exposure to Air Pollutants in an Urban Area ........................................................................ 163 Marco Schiavon, Gianluca Antonacci, Elena Cristina Rada, Marco Ragazzi, and Dino Zardi 10. New Considerations for PM, Black Carbon and Particle Number Concentration for Air Quality Monitoring Across Different European Cities .............................................. 177 C. Reche, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, M. Viana, J. Pey, T. Moreno, S. Rodríguez, Y. González, R. Fernández-Camacho, A. M. Sánchez de la Campa, J. de la Rosa, M. Dall’Osto, A. S. H. Prévôt, C. Hueglin, R. M. Harrison, and P. Quincey 11. Air Quality Modeling in Support of the Near-Road Exposures and Effects of Urban Air Pollutants Study (NEXUS) .............. 219 Vlad Isakov, Saravanan Arunachalam, Stuart Batterman, Sarah Bereznicki, Janet Burke, Kathie Dionisio, Val Garcia, David Heist, Steve Perry, Michelle Snyder, and Alan Vette Contents ix Part V: Agriculture 12. Characteristics and Emission Budget of Carbonaceous Species from Post-Harvest Agricultural-Waste Burning in Source Region of the Indo-Gangetic Plain ............................245 Prashant Rajput, Manmohan Sarin, Deepti Sharma, and Darshan Singh Author Notes ........................................................................................267 Index .....................................................................................................273 Acknowledgment and How to Cite The editor and publisher thank each of the authors who contributed to this book. The chapters in this book were previously published in various places in various formats. To cite the work contained in this book and to view the individual permissions, please refer to the citation at the begin- ning of each chapter. Each chapter was read individually and carefully selected by the editor; the result is a book that provides a nuanced look at modeling air quality. The chapters included are broken into five sections, which describe the following topics: • Chapter 1 analyzes some important perspectives of low-cost and high-den- sity monitoring network for a more direct control of the human health risk from atmospheric macro-pollutants. • Chapter 2 investigates what methods and approaches are commonly used in the published literature to characterize exposure levels from waste in- cinerators; it also assesses, through a computer simulation study, how the classification of the expected exposure level may change as a function of the method used to estimate it. • Chapter 3 uses a sampling system coupled directly to aerosol spectrom- eters for the determination of fine and ultra-fine particles in the emissions of a waste incineration plant, suggesting that it is not a significant source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions or fine and ultra-fine particles. • In chapter 4, the authors provide a detailed comparison of atmospheric dis- persion modeling and a distance-based method to assess exposure to par- ticulates from two municipal solid waste incinerators and explore issues of exposure misclassification. • Chapter 5 provides a comparative analysis of the currently available tech- nologies for measuring particulate releases to the atmosphere. • Chapter 6 points out the role of PCDD/Fs monitoring in a case study re- lated to a steel-making plant in a valley in the north of Italy, with the role of unconventional monitoring through characterization discussed in detail. • Chapter 7 is an Italian case study whose PCDD/F
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