Intra State Conflict and Violence Against Civilians
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A Case Study on Demographic Engineering in Syria No Return to Homs a Case Study on Demographic Engineering in Syria
No Return to Homs A case study on demographic engineering in Syria No Return to Homs A case study on demographic engineering in Syria Colophon ISBN/EAN: 978-94-92487-09-4 NUR 689 PAX serial number: PAX/2017/01 Cover photo: Bab Hood, Homs, 21 December 2013 by Young Homsi Lens About PAX PAX works with committed citizens and partners to protect civilians against acts of war, to end armed violence, and to build just peace. PAX operates independently of political interests. www.paxforpeace.nl / P.O. Box 19318 / 3501 DH Utrecht, The Netherlands / [email protected] About TSI The Syria Institute (TSI) is an independent, non-profit, non-partisan research organization based in Washington, DC. TSI seeks to address the information and understanding gaps that to hinder effective policymaking and drive public reaction to the ongoing Syria crisis. We do this by producing timely, high quality, accessible, data-driven research, analysis, and policy options that empower decision-makers and advance the public’s understanding. To learn more visit www.syriainstitute.org or contact TSI at [email protected]. Executive Summary 8 Table of Contents Introduction 12 Methodology 13 Challenges 14 Homs 16 Country Context 16 Pre-War Homs 17 Protest & Violence 20 Displacement 24 Population Transfers 27 The Aftermath 30 The UN, Rehabilitation, and the Rights of the Displaced 32 Discussion 34 Legal and Bureaucratic Justifications 38 On Returning 39 International Law 47 Conclusion 48 Recommendations 49 Index of Maps & Graphics Map 1: Syria 17 Map 2: Homs city at the start of 2012 22 Map 3: Homs city depopulation patterns in mid-2012 25 Map 4: Stages of the siege of Homs city, 2012-2014 27 Map 5: Damage assessment showing targeted destruction of Homs city, 2014 31 Graphic 1: Key Events from 2011-2012 21 Graphic 2: Key Events from 2012-2014 26 This report was prepared by The Syria Institute with support from the PAX team. -
Pdf (2012 年 7 月 29 日にアクセス)
2014年 2 月 The 1st volume 【編集ボード】 委員長: 鈴木均 内部委員: 土屋一樹、齋藤純、ダルウィッシュ ホサム、石黒大岳、 渡邊祥子、福田安志 外部委員: 内藤正典 本誌に掲載されている論文などの内容や意見は、外部からの論稿を含め、執筆者 個人に属すものであり、日本貿易振興機構あるいはアジア経済研究所の公式見解を 示すものではありません。 中東レビュー 第 1 号 2014 年 2 月 28 日発行© 編集: 『中東レビュー』編集ボード 発行: アジア経済研究所 独立行政法人日本貿易振興機構 〒261-8545 千葉県千葉市美浜区若葉 3-2-2 URL: http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/Publish/Periodicals/Me_review/ ISSN: 2188-4595 ウェブ雑誌『中東レビュー』の創刊にあたって 日本貿易振興機構アジア経済研究所では 2011 年初頭に始まったいわゆる「アラブの春」と その後の中東地域の政治的変動に対応して、これまで国際シンポジウムや政策提言研究、アジ 研フォーラムなどさまざまな形で研究成果の発信と新たな研究ネットワークの形成に取り組ん できた。今回、中東地域に関するウェブ雑誌『中東レビュー』を新たな構想と装いのもとで創 刊しようとするのも、こうした取り組みの一環である。 当研究所は 1975 年 9 月刊行の『中東総合研究』第 1 号以来、中東地域に関する研究成果を 定期的に刊行される雑誌の形態で公開・提供してきた。1986 年 9 月以降は『現代の中東』およ び『中東レビュー』として年 2 回の刊行を重ねてきたが、諸般の事情により『現代の中東』は 2010 年 1 月刊行の第 48 号をもって休刊している。『中東レビュー』はこれらの過去の成果を 直接・間接に継承し、新たな環境のもとでさらに展開させていこうと企図するものである。 今回、不定期刊行のウェブ雑誌『中東レビュー』を新たに企画するにあたり、そのひとつの 核として位置づけているのが「中東政治経済レポート」の連載である。「中東政治経済レポート」 はアジ研の中東関係の若手研究者を中心に、担当する国・地域の政治・経済および社会について の情勢レポートを随時ウェブ発信し、これを年に一度再編集して年次レポートとして継続的に 提供していく予定である。 『中東レビュー』のもうひとつの核は、変動しつつある現代中東を対象とした社会科学的な 論稿の掲載である。論稿についても随時ウェブサイトに掲載していくことで、執筆から発表ま でのタイムラグを短縮し、かつこれを『中東レビュー』の総集編に収録する段階で最終的にテ キストを確定するという二段階方式を採用する。なお使用言語は当面日本語と英語の2カ国語 を想定しており、これによって従来よりも広範囲の知的交流を図っていきたいと考えている。 『中東レビュー』はアジア経済研究所内外にあって中東地域に関心を寄せる方々の、知的・ 情報的な交流のフォーラムとなることを目指している。この小さな試みが中東地域の現状につ いてのバランスの取れた理解とアジ研における中東研究の新たな深化・発展に繋がりますよう、 改めて皆様の温かいご理解とご支援をお願いいたします。 『中東レビュー』編集ボード 委員長 鈴木 均 1 目 次 ウェブ雑誌『中東レビュー』の創刊にあたって 鈴木 均 Hitoshi Suzuki・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・1 ページ 中東政治経済レポート 中東政治の変容とイスラーム主義の限界 Paradigm Shift of the Middle -
Destruction of Chemical Weapons in Syria
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DESTRUCTION OF ChEMICAL WEAPONS IN SYRIA The author highlights the “unprecedented operation” carried out by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons which, together with the United Nations, has supervised this effort and international cooperation phase intended to take weapons of mass destruction out of Syria. KEY WORDS: CHEMICAL WEAPONS / SYRIA / TERRORISM / UNO / DESTRUCTION / CONFLICT / DEADLINE By Omar Locatelli ome historical facts On April 10, 2003, the Deputy Secretary for the Control Since the 1980’s Syria has been one of the of Armament and International Security, John Bolton, countries that supports terrorism according to said it was a great opportunity for Syria to get involved S the US Department of State. However, the Syrian in the elimination of Weapons of Mass Destruction that government states that they only allow for the opening was being carried out in the Middle East region taking of “press offices” of those radical organizations, mainly advantage of the alleged successful military operations of from Palestine, that call for resistance against the Israeli the United States in Iraq for their destruction. occupation of Palestine territories. The Syrian threat to use weapons of mass destruction After the 9/11 event, the United States have called Iraq, has always concerned the West. However, it was Iran and North Korea the “axis of evil” and said that they considered as a last resource destabilizing option until were responsible for the main terrorist actions in the civil war in Syria1 broke out in the regional context and in world carried out with the use of different types of actions the western interests. -
"Al-Assad" and "Al Qaeda" (Day of CBS Interview)
This Document is Approved for Public Release A multi-disciplinary, multi-method approach to leader assessment at a distance: The case of Bashar al-Assad A Quick Look Assessment by the Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA)1 Part II: Analytical Approaches2 February 2014 Contributors: Dr. Peter Suedfeld (University of British Columbia), Mr. Bradford H. Morrison (University of British Columbia), Mr. Ryan W. Cross (University of British Columbia) Dr. Larry Kuznar (Indiana University – Purdue University, Fort Wayne), Maj Jason Spitaletta (Joint Staff J-7 & Johns Hopkins University), Dr. Kathleen Egan (CTTSO), Mr. Sean Colbath (BBN), Mr. Paul Brewer (SDL), Ms. Martha Lillie (BBN), Mr. Dana Rafter (CSIS), Dr. Randy Kluver (Texas A&M), Ms. Jacquelyn Chinn (Texas A&M), Mr. Patrick Issa (Texas A&M) Edited by: Dr. Hriar Cabayan (JS/J-38) and Dr. Nicholas Wright, MRCP PhD (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) Copy Editor: Mr. Sam Rhem (SRC) 1 SMA provides planning support to Combatant Commands (CCMD) with complex operational imperatives requiring multi-agency, multi-disciplinary solutions that are not within core Service/Agency competency. SMA is accepted and synchronized by Joint Staff, J3, DDSAO and executed by OSD/ASD (R&E)/RSD/RRTO. 2 This is a document submitted to provide timely support to ongoing concerns as of February 2014. 1 This Document is Approved for Public Release 1 ABSTRACT This report suggests potential types of actions and messages most likely to influence and deter Bashar al-Assad from using force in the ongoing Syrian civil war. This study is based on multidisciplinary analyses of Bashar al-Assad’s speeches, and how he reacts to real events and verbal messages from external sources. -
A Sketch of North Syrian Economic Relations in the Middle Bronze
A SKETCH OF NORTH SYRIAN ECONOMICRELATIONS IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE * BY JACK M. SASSON (The University of North Carolina) Northern Syria of the Middle Bronze Age, as known chiefly from the archives of Mari and Alalah VII, slowly graduatedfrom moments of relative chaos (ca. 2I00-I850) to an age of political stability (ca. I850-I625). Under the able leadership of the Yamhadian dynasty, a feudal system of relationship created one entity out of the whole region.') The evidence at our disposal allows us even to imagine a political and economic Pax Yamhadianawhich, beginning before the fall of Mari, lasted until the rise of the Hittite State and the attacks of Hattusilis I (ca. 625). *) The word 'sketch' in the title is chosen for reasons of necessity. Except for brief illuminations from the 'Cappadocian' texts and those from Egypt, heavy reliance had to be placed on the Mari and Alalah VII documents, and then only when they show evidence of foreign interconnection. The archaeology of Middle Bronze (IIa) Syria, in which the Mari age unfolds, has not been very helpful, simply because not enough North Syrian sites of that age have been excavated. The reports from the 'Amuq region (phase L), 'Atsanah (levels XVI-VIII), testify to a wide- spread use of a painted ware rounded of form, narrow necked, buff, with simple geometric designs (cross-hatching in triangles) within bands (cf. Iraq, I5 (I953), 57-65; Chronologiesin Old WorldArchaeology, p. I72). The material from Ugarit of that age being yet mostly unpublished, one looks forwardto the reports of excavation at Tilmen-Hiiyik, which is probably the site of ancient Ibla (for now, see Orientalia 33 (1964) 503-507; AJA 68 (1964), I55-56; 70 (966), I47). -
B COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 36/2012 of 18
02012R0036 — EN — 30.05.2020 — 045.001 — 1 This text is meant purely as a documentation tool and has no legal effect. The Union's institutions do not assume any liability for its contents. The authentic versions of the relevant acts, including their preambles, are those published in the Official Journal of the European Union and available in EUR-Lex. Those official texts are directly accessible through the links embedded in this document ►B COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 36/2012 of 18 January 2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011 (OJ L 16, 19.1.2012, p. 1) Amended by: Official Journal No page date ►M1 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 55/2012 of 23 January L 19 6 24.1.2012 2012 ►M2 Council Regulation (EU) No 168/2012 of 27 February 2012 L 54 1 28.2.2012 ►M3 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 266/2012 of 23 March L 87 45 24.3.2012 2012 ►M4 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 410/2012 of 14 May 2012 L 126 3 15.5.2012 ►M5 Council Regulation (EU) No 509/2012 of 15 June 2012 L 156 10 16.6.2012 ►M6 Council Implementing Regulation 2012/544/CFSP of 25 June 2012 L 165 20 26.6.2012 ►M7 Council Regulation (EU) No 545/2012 of 25 June 2012 L 165 23 26.6.2012 ►M8 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 673/2012 of 23 July 2012 L 196 8 24.7.2012 ►M9 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 742/2012 of 16 August L 219 1 17.8.2012 2012 ►M10 Council Regulation (EU) No 867/2012 of 24 September 2012 L 257 1 25.9.2012 ►M11 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 944/2012 -
2.3 Syrian Arab Republic Road Network Syrian Arab Republic Road Network
2.3 Syrian Arab Republic Road Network Syrian Arab Republic Road Network Roads Overview The total distance of roads in Syria is 97,401 km 19,490 km is paved (including 1,103 km of expressways) and 77,911 km is unpaved. Mainroad conditions and in-country trucking capacity is good and there are sufficient transport companies to meet demand. However delays in receiving GoS approvals and tax exemptions for receiving food and non-food items is a concern and this may affect on-time deliveries. The annex 'Importance of Road Transport in Syria' includes tables that give a clear idea on the importance of roads network in Syria as back bone for the country and the numbers of vehicles operating on this network. Road Construction / Maintenance The transport sector in Syria is significant to the of government because importance to the economy. Syria's transport and communication networks have expanded rapidly over the past decade to keep pace with the fast-growing population. The road network, for example, has increased by 10% in the past five years, of which 70% is asphalted. The MSR is a divided, multi-lane highway along the Damascus – Homs – Hama – Aleppo corridor with the Mediterranean ports of Tartous and Lattakia, and with Jordan to the south and Lebanon to the west. The secondary roads are in generally excellent condition and additional road construction is underway to extend the major highway network to include a link from Lattakia to Aleppo. Highways and secondary roads have weight-load restrictions (bridge classifications exceed 60 Mt). Due to the presence of potential obstacles on the road, grazing livestock for example, and times of reduced visibility due to inclement weather or dust then speeds came be severely reduced. -
Safe Havens in Syria: Missions and Requirements for an Air Campaign
SSP Working Paper July 2012 Safe Havens in Syria: Missions and Requirements for an Air Campaign Brian T. Haggerty Security Studies Program Department of Political Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology [email protected] Copyright © July 15, 2012 by Brian T. Haggerty. This working paper is in draft form and intended for the purposes of discussion and comment. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies are available from the author at [email protected]. Thanks to Noel Anderson, Mark Bell, Christopher Clary, Owen Cote, Col. Phil Haun, USAF, Col. Lance A. Kildron, USAF, Barry Posen, Lt. Col. Karl Schloer, USAF, Sidharth Shah, Josh Itzkowitz Shifrinson, Alec Worsnop and members of MIT’s Strategic Use of Force Working Group for their comments and suggestions. All errors are my own. This is a working draft: comments and suggestions are welcome. Introduction Air power remains the arm of choice for Western policymakers contemplating humanitarian military intervention. Although the early 1990s witnessed ground forces deployed to northern Iraq, Somalia, and Haiti to protect civilians and ensure the provision of humanitarian aid, interveners soon embraced air power for humanitarian contingencies. In Bosnia, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO’s) success in combining air power with local ground forces to coerce the Serbs to the negotiating table at Dayton in 1995 suggested air power could help provide an effective response to humanitarian crises that minimized the risks of armed intervention.1 And though NATO’s -
The Impact of Social and Digital Media on Traditional Agenda Setting
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Graduate Research University Graduate School 2018 The mpI act of Social and Digital Media on Traditional Agenda Setting Theory in Relation to The Arab Spring Revolutions Arianna Khan Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/graduate-research Part of the Journalism Studies Commons, and the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation Khan, Arianna, "The mpI act of Social and Digital Media on Traditional Agenda Setting Theory in Relation to The Arab Spring Revolutions" (2018). FIU Graduate Research. 1. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/graduate-research/1 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Graduate Research by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL AND DIGITAL MEDIA ON AGENDA SETTING 1 THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL AND DIGITAL MEDIA ON TRADITIONAL AGENDA SETTING THEORY IN RELATION TO THE ARAB SPRING REVOLUTIONS By Arianna Khan Chair: Professor Jessica Matias Committee Member: Dr. Maria Elena Villar Committee Member: Aileen Izquierdo A PROFESSIONAL PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION OF FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY [Spring 2018] THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL AND DIGITAL MEDIA ON AGENDA SETTING 2 Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Literature Review a. The Arab Spring b. Citizen Journalists c. Gatekeepers d. Framing e. -
The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design
The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. -
Shiite Foreign Militias in Syria
Shiite Foreign Militias in Syria Iran's role in the Syrian conflict and the ISIS fight By Aaron Hesse- Research Fellow August 2015 Introduction: This paper seeks to identify and elucidate the role that Iran-backed Shiite foreign fighters play in Syria and to compare how often they target the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham (ISIS) and the Syrian opposition. Shiite foreign fighters inside Syria present a major problem for the Syrian opposition forces due to their generally superior morale and fighting abilities. They also pose a long-term threat to American and Western interests due to their role in expanding the Syrian conflict and increasing its sectarian content. Many of these militias arose in Syria for the stated purpose of protecting Shiite religious shrines.i When ISIS burst onto the scene in summer 2014, the goal of fighting ISIS brutality was added on as a second ostensible purpose of the militias. However, contrary to the prevailing narrative that is based mainly on Iraq, the Iran-backed Shiite militias have been of extremely limited value in the ISIS fight in Syria. This paper will attempt to show that these groups work and perform military duties on behalf of the government of Bashar al-Assad and their benefactors in Iran almost exclusively to target the Syrian rebels. The Iran-backed militias have no real interest in fighting ISIS in Syria. This makes Assad, as well as Iran, unreliable partners in the fight to destroy ISIS. Metrics: This paper will focus on the outsized role that Iran-backed Shiite foreign fighters are playing in Syria. -
Siege Damascus: Role of Syrian Armed Forces in Its Civil
CAPS In Focus 09 Dec 2015 www.capsindia.org SIEGE DAMASCUS ROLE OF SYRIAN ARMED FORCES IN ITS CIVIL WAR Gp Capt Tanmay Sharma Senior Fellow, CAPS The civil war raging in Syria for the last Force came to play a bigger role, gradually becoming the primary military force of the four years has attained major limelight due to the Syrian state. From the early stages, the Syrian large scale deaths and human rights violations government received technical, financial, military which have forced all major countries in the and political support from Russia, Iran and Iraq. world including US, UK, France, Saudi Arabia, In 2013, Iran-backed Hezbollah entered the war Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey and Russia to take in support of the Syrian Army1. In September up active military roles in the conflict. As per the 2015, Russia, Iraq, Iran and Syria set up a joint latest estimates, more than 250,000 Syrians have operation room (information centre) in Baghdad lost their lives and another 11 million have been to coordinate their activity in Syria. On 30 displaced from their homes as forces loyal to September 2015, Russia started its own air President Bashar al-Assad and those opposed campaign on the side and at the request of the battle each other, as well as jihadist militants government of Syria. from Islamic State. The unrest which began in the early spring of 2011 along with the Arab Syrian Arab Army Spring revolution with nationwide protests In the year 2010, International Institute for against President Bashar al-Assad's government, Strategic Studies, London estimated the army’s gradually morphed to an armed rebellion after strength at 220,000, with an additional 280,000 months of military sieges.