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The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. 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Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura ESARQ --- Barcelona The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design Trabajo de investigación para la obtención del Titulo de Doctorado Programa de Doctorado: Historia, Arquitectura y Diseño Director Tesis Doctoral: Dr. Alberto Estévez por Tarek Amin El-Akkad Part I-II Barcelona, Enero 2013 This work is dedicated to my Mother ii Table of Content Part I 1- Introduction ................................................................................ 001 1.1- Justification of the work .............................................. 002 1.2- Proposition and objectives of the investigation......... 003 1.3- Hypothesis ………………………………………………… 004 1.4- Criteria of the methodology ........................................ 006 2- State of the Question ................................................................ 007 3- The Mediterranean ..................................................................... 029 4- Sources from Persepolis............................................................. 042 5- The Umayyads ……….……………………………………………. 048 6- The Fleur-de-Lis …………………………………………………….. 055 7- A Short Iberian History ……….….……………………….……… 067 8- Al-Andalus .................................................................................. 077 8.1- The Great Mosque of Córdoba ..................................... 077 8.2- The Great Mosque of Sevilla ........................................ 090 8.3- The Alhambra ……………………………………………… 097 8.4- Analysis ......................................................................... 106 9- The Cordial Relations with Spain ……………………………… 109 9.1- Granada …………………………………………………… 109 9.2- Castilla and Aragón ……………………………………… 111 10- European Workers in Egypt …………………………………… 133 iii Part II 11- The Monuments in Cairo ……………………….……………… 148 11.1- The Aesthetics …………………………………………… 149 11.2- Ibn Tulun ………………………………………………… 156 11.3- The Fatimids ................................................................ 163 11.3.1- The Mosque of al-Hakim …………………… 164 11.3.2- The Mosque of al-Aqmar …………………… 173 11.3.3- The Mosque of al-Saleh Tala’i ………………. 176 11.3.4- Analysis ………………………………………… 181 11.4- The Ayyubids ............................................................... 184 11.4.1- The Mausoleum of Imam Shafii …………… 184 11.4.2- The Madrasa and Mausoleum of al-Saleh Najm al-Din Ayyub ……………….. 189 11.5- The Bahri Mamluks …................................................. 194 11.5.1-- The Mosque of Baybars …………………… 196 11.5.2-- The Complex of Qalawun ............................ 201 11.5.3-- The Complex of al-Nasir Mohamed………. 229 11.5.4-- The Funerary Complex of Emir Sanjar al-Jawli ………………………… 242 11.5.5-- The Funerary Khanqah of Sultan Baybars al-Jashnakir ……………… 244 11.5.6-- The Mosque of al-Nasir Mohamed at the Citadel …………………………………. 246 11.5.7-- The Funerary Mosque of Emir Ulmas al-Hajib ………………………… 251 11.5.8-- The Mosque of Emir Altinbugha al-Maridani ……………… 252 11.5.9-- The Mosque of Emir Aqsunqur al-Nasiri … 254 11.5.10-The Mosque and Khanqah of Emir Shaykhu al-Umari …………………. 254 11.5.11-The Madrasa of Emir al-Sayfi Sarghitmish …………………. 256 11.5.12-The Complex of Sultan Hassan ……………. 257 11.5.13-The Madrasa of Umm al-Sultan Sha’ban … 273 11.5.14-The Madrasa of Emir Uljay al-Yusufi ……… 274 11.6- The Circassian Mamluks ............................................ 276 11.6.1-- The Complex of Sultan Barquq …………… 278 11.6.2-- The Funerary Khanqah of Sultan Faraj ibn Barquq …………………… 284 iv 11.6.3-- The Funerary Complex of Sultan al-Muayyad Shaykh ……………….. 286 11.6.4-- The Funerary Complex of Sultan Barsbay……………………………….. 289 11.6.5-- The Funerary Complex of Sultan Inal ...….. 292 11.6.6-- The Funerary Complex of Sultan Qaytbay ………………………………. 294 11.6.7-- The Mosque of Emir Yashbak, al-Quba al-Fedawiya ………………………… 301 11.6.8-- The Mosque of Qadi Abu Bakr ibn Muzhir …………............. 302 11.6.9-- The Funerary Mosque of Emir Qijmas al-Ishaqi ………………………. 303 11.6.10-The Funerary Complex of Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri …………………... 304 11.6.11-The Mausoleum of Emir Azrumuk ………… 306 11.6.12-The Funerary Mosque of Emir Qanibay Qara …………………………. 307 11.6.13-The Funerary Complex of Emir Qurqumas ……………………………… 308 11.7- Analysis of Mamluk Design ………………………….. 311 11.8- The Ottoman Decline ………………………………….. 315 11.8.1 The Mosque of Mohamed Ali ……………….. 320 11.8.2- Cairo of Khedive Ismail …………………….. 323 12- Conclusion ............................................................................... 326 13- Bibliography .............................................................................. 333 14- Appendix .................................................................................... 340 14.1- Chronology ................................................................. 340 v Index of Plates Part I (01) Persepolis. www.answers.com/topic/persepolis-recreated-jpg. After Asana Mashouf. (02) Persepolis. www.bible-history.com/past/persepolis_citadel.html. (03) The Great Mosque of Damascus. Courtyard and dome of the treasury. www.archnet.org/library. (04) The Great Mosque of Damascus. Window screen. Slide library RBSCL, AUC. (05) Qusayr Amra. www.archnet.org/library. (06) Qusayr Amra. Floor mosaics in the right alcove. After Almagro. (07) Khirbat al-Mafjar. Slide library RBSCL, AUC. (08) Khirbat al-Mafjar. Floor mosaics. Slide library RBSCL, AUC. (09) a) Lilly flower. b) Fleur-de-lis emblem. c) Type-A mosaic fleur-de-lis from the Great Mosque of Córdoba, after Barrucand. (10) a) Altar tile piece, Church of Vallmull. Museu de Ceràmica, Barcelona. b) Castilla y León imperial robe, Granada. ARTstor. (11) Silk-satin cape, Valladolid. Museu Tèxtil i d‘Indumentària, Barcleona. (12) a) Blazon of Qalawun, Maristan of Nur al-Din Zangi in Damascus. www.archnet.org/library. b) Type-B fleur-de-lis, mihrab squinch, the Great Mosque of Tlemcen. ARTstor. (13) a) Type-B fleur-de-lis, bronze door, Complex of Qalawun. b) Type-B fleur-de-lis, stucco of the façade of the Mausoleum of Qalawun. (14) The Great Mosque of Córdoba. Great mihrab. (15) The Great Mosque of Córdoba. Dome above the mihrab. (16) The Great Mosque of Córdoba. Entrance façade. (17) The Great Mosque of Córdoba. Exterior façade. (18) a) Córdoba, column capital. ARTstor. b) Madinat al-Zahra, typical marble column. (19) The Great Mosque of Sevilla. Patio de los naranjos and the cathedral. (20) The Great Mosque of Sevilla. The minaret. (21) The Great Mosque of Sevilla. Minaret detail. (22) The Alhambra, Granada. Patio de los Leones. (23) The Alhambra, Granada, Geometric designs. (24) The Alhambra, Granada, Stucco wall details. ARTstor. (25) a) Catalan mosque lamp. b) Glass jar, Catalonia. Museu de les Art Decoratives, Barcelona. c) Mamluk mosque lamp. British Museum, London. (26) The Complex of Sultan Hassan. European buildings on the side of the portal. (27) The Mosque of Ibn Tulun. a) Ménsula. b) Wooden ceiling above doorway. (28) a) Sant Vicenç, Cardona. Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona. b) St. Maria Novella, Florence. ARTstor. vi Part II (29) The Mosque of Ibn Tulun. a) Arch of the minaret bridge. b) Arch of the minaret entrance. (30) The Mosque of Ibn Tulun. a) Typical engaged
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