Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Home , Bakassi, Calabar South, Cross River State, Ikom, Obudu, Ogoja

E1138 v6 Public Disclosure Authorized FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

SECOND NATIONAL URBAN WATER SECTOR REFORM PROJECT

CROSS RIVER STATE GOVERNMENT

CROSS RIVER STATE WATER BOARD LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSEMENT

Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT FOR THE REHABILITATION AND EXTENSION

OF THE WATER PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

FOR THE NORTHERN TOWNS OF IKOM, OGOJA & OBUDU

Public Disclosure Authorized

CLIENT; CROSS RIVER STATE WATER BOARD LIMITED 147, NDIDEM USANG ISO ROAD, CALABAR, CROSS RIVER STATE EMAIL: [email protected] TEL.: +234-803-6708465 Public Disclosure Authorized CONSULTANT: EARTHGUARDS LIMITED SUITE 45 GOD’S OWN PLAZA 4 TAKUN CLOSE (BEHIND UNITY HOUSE) Maximizing Resources and Sustaining Development AREA 11, GARKI, ABUJA E-MAIL: [email protected] OFFICE LINE: +234-09-8707469, +234-803-3740948 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

CUDA Cross River State Urban Development Authority EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan PAD Environmental Protection and Assessment Department CRSWBL Cross River State Water Board Limited EMP Environmental Management Plan FCT Federal Capital Territory FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGDs Focus Group Discussions FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FM Frequency Modulation FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FMAWR Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources FPIU Federal Project Implementation Unit HSE Health, Safety and Environment IDA International Development Association LGA Local Government Authority M & E Monitoring and Evaluation NUWSRP National Urban Water Sector Reform Project NUWSRP1 First National Urban Water Sector Reform Project NUWSRP2 Second National Urban Water Sector Reform Project NWRI National Water Rehabilitation Project OP/BP Operation Policy/Bank Policy PAD Project Appraisal Document PCU Project Coordination Unit PHCN Power Holding Company of Nigeria PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PPP Public-Private Partnership PSP Private Sector Partner or Private Sector Participation RAP Resettlement Action Plan ROW Right of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SMWR State Ministry of Water Resources SPIU State Project Implementation Unit SSI Semi Structured Interviewed SWAs State Water Agencies TOR Terms of Reference WHO World Health Organization WTP Willingness to Pay

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand Ca Calcium Cd Cadmium CO Carbon Monoxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand Cr Chromium Cu Copper dBA Decibel DO Dissolved Oxygen ESP Exchange Sodium Percentage Fe Iron HC Hydrocarbon Hg Mercury HB Heterotrophic Bacteria HF Heterotrophic Fungi HUB Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria K Potassium Mg Magnesium N Nitrogen Ni Nickel NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide NO3 Nitrate NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units P Phosphate Pb Lead pH Hydrogen ion concentration PO4 Phosphate SO2 Sulphur Dioxide SPM Suspended Particulate Matter TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOM Total Organic Matter TSS Total Suspended Solids V Vanadium Zn Zinc

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UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS

% Percentage uS/cm MicroSiemens per centimetre atm Atmosphere cfu/ml Colony forming unit per millimetre cm centimeter dBA Measures sound or noise level ft Feet g grammes g/l Grammes per litre g/kg Grammes per kilogramme meq/100g Milliequivalent per 100 gramme in inches km Kilometre m Metre m/s metre per second m2 metre square m3 metre cube mg/kg milligram per kilogramme mg/l milligram per litre mV millivolt mg/m3 milligram per metre cubic ml millilitre mm millimetre mm/hr millimetre per hour mS/cm milliSiemens per centimetre NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units oC Degrees Celcius ppm parts per million ppt parts per thousand s second ton tonne

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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS...... I GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...... II UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS ...... III TABLE OF CONTENTS...... IV TABLE OF FIGURES...... VI LIST OF TABLES ...... VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VIII

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: ...... VIII LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK:...... IX CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND...... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA ...... 1 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK ...... 2 1.4 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY...... 3 CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT AND LOCATION ...... 5

2.1 PROJECT RATIONALE...... 5 2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 5 2.3 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS NECESSITATING THE ESIA...... 5 2.4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA...... 5 CHAPTER THREE: BASELINE DATA OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 21

3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 21 3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMICS ...... 24 3.3. AGRICULTURE...... 33 3.4 TRANSPORT NETWORK...... 33 CHAPTER FOUR: POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 34

4.1 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 34 4.2 NIGERIA REGULATORY FRAMEWORK...... 34 CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 36

5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 36 5.2 POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE LOCATIONS...... 36 5.3 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS...... 36 CHAPTER SIX: MITIGATION PLAN...... 59 6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 59 CHAPTER SEVEN: MONITORING PLAN ...... 63

7.1 MONITORING PLAN...... 63 7.2 MONITORING PROCEDURE: ...... 63

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CHAPTER EIGHT: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 64

8.1 DEFINITION AND INTRODUCTION...... 64 8.2 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ...... 65 8.3 RECOMMENDED CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING...... 66 CHAPTER NINE: PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 81

9.1 INTRODUCTION...... 81 9.2 CONSULTATION STRATEGY ...... 81 9.3 SUMMARY OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ...... 81 APPENDIX 1: DEVELOPMENT OF A WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 89 APPENDIX 2: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 100 APPENDIX 3: LIST OF KEY PERSONNEL/ENUMERATORS...... 102 APPENDIX 4:-QUESTIONNIARE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA FOR CROSS RIVER STATE NUWSRP IN IKOM, OGOJA AND OBUDU ...... 103 APPENDIX 5: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS...... 107 APPENDIX 6: LISTS OF ATTENDANCE IN THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIVE, AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETINGS...... 115 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCEEDINGS ...... 82

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TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1: AN OVERVIEW OF NIGERIAN SHOWING THE PROJECT LOCATIONS IN CROSS RIVER STATE...... 7 FIGURE 2.2: SHOWING THE LOCATION MAP OF IKOM AND THE SETTLEMENTS IN THE AREA...... 8 FIGURE 2.3: TOWNSHIP MAP OF IKOM SHOWING MAJOR ROADS AND STREETS ...... 10 FIGURE 2.4: MAP OF IKOM INDICATING PIPELINE NETWORK ...... 11 FIGURE 2.5: LOCATION MAP OF OGOJA...... 13 FIGURE 2.6: TOWNSHIP MAP OF OGOJA...... 15 FIGURE 2.7: MAP OF OGOJA INDICATING PIPELINE NETWORK ...... 16 FIGURE 2.8: LOCATION MAP OF OBUDU...... 17 FIGURE 2.9: TOWNSHIP MAP OF OBUDU...... 19 FIGURE 2.10: MAP OF OBUDU INDICATING PIPELINE NETWORK ...... 20

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.1: IKOM TREATMENT PLANT & WATER DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS...... 9 TABLE 2.2: OGOJA TREATMENT PLANT & WATER DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS...... 14 TABLE 2.3: OBUDU TREATMENT PLANT & WATER DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS ...... 18 TABLE 3.1: RESULT OF WATER SAMPLES ANALYSIS ...... 21 TABLE 3.2: RESULT OF SOIL SAMPLES ANALYSIS ...... 23 TABLE: 3.3: TEMPERATURE DATA FOR CROSS RIVER STATE...... 24 TABLE: 3.4: RAINFALL DATA FOR CROSS RIVER STATE...... 24 TABLE 3.5: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF CROSS RIVER STATE...... 25 TABLE 3.6: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ATTRIBUTES OF RESPONDENTS...... 26 TABLE 3.7: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES OF RESPONDENTS ...... 29

TABLE 3.8: RESPONDENTS VIEW ON THE CONDITIONS OF INFRASTRUCTURE/AMENITIES IN THEIR COMMUNITY...... 31 TABLE 5.1: IMPACTS DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION FOR THE INTAKE PHASE ...... 38 TABLE 5.2: IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION FOR THE INTAKE PHASE...... 40 TABLE 5.3: IMPACTS DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE FOR THE INTAKE PHASE...... 42 TABLE 5.4: IMPACTS DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION FOR THE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS PHASE...... 43 TABLE 5.5: IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION FOR THE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS PHASE ...... 45

TABLE 5.6: IMPACTS DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANTS 47 TABLE 5.7 : IMPACTS DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION FOR THE WATER STORAGE TANKS...... 48 TABLE 5.8: IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION FOR THE WATER STORAGE TANKS...... 50 TABLE 5.9: IMPACTS DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE FOR WATER STORAGE TANKS ... 51 TABLE 5.10: IMPACTS DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE OF THE PIPELINES...... 52 TABLE 5.11: IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE OF THE PIPELINES...... 54 TABLE 5.12: IMPACTS DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE OF THE PIPELINES ...... 56 TABLE 6.1 MITIGATION HIERARCHY FOR PLANNED PROJECT ACTIVITIES ...... 59

TABLE 6.2: MITIGATION MEASURES OF IMPACTS DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE ...... 60 TABLE 8.1: TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE...... 67 TABLE 8.2: BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITIES...... 68

TABLE 8.3: EMP TABLE PORTRAYING IMPACT, MITIGATION MEASURES, IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION AND MONITORING ...... 69 TABLE 9.1: SUMMARY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS...... 82

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Following the successful implementation of the National Water Rehabilitation Project (NWRP), the Federal Government of Nigeria requested and got support from the World Bank for the implementation of the First and Second National Urban Water Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP1 &2). This project in Cross River state is covered by the Second National Urban Water Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP2).The Second National Urban Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP2) jointly sponsored by the International Development Association (IDA) Credit from the World Bank with counterpart funding from The Federal Ministry of Water Resources and the various State Governments in whose jurisdiction the project will take place. The project is to be implemented in the three (3) Northern towns of Cross River state which are Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja.

The project entails:- ¾ Rehabilitation/Construction of Intake, Weir and Pumping Stations. ¾ Rehabilitation/Construction of Water Treatment Plants. ¾ Construction of Ground Level Reservoirs and Elevated Tanks. ¾ Supply and laying of water Pipelines. ¾ Construction of about 130 water kiosk.

Objectives of the project:

The NUWSRP2’s principal development outcomes are to: • increase reliability and financial viability of selected urban water utilities; • increase access to piped water networks in selected urban areas; and • improve financial viability of the urban water utilities in Cross River state.

Progress towards these principal development outcomes will be measured through:

• the increase in water delivered through existing and extended networks; • improvement in cost recovery, especially the degree to which operating costs are recovered from water sales revenues in Cross River State; and • increase in the number of households having access to the piped water network.

The purpose of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) are to:

i Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects (trunk main installation, distribution network extension and rehabilitation), whether positive or negative and propose effective mitigation measures for the negative impacts; ii Inform the project team and the Cross River State Government and by extension the Nigerian Government of the potential negative impacts of different anticipated sub-projects and relevant mitigation measures and strategies; iii Develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to ensure successful mitigation of all negative adverse impacts, a tangible monitoring indicator and plan and institutional arrangements to execute this plan; and to provide clear instructions to works supervisors and contractors with regard to any measures that need to be implemented in order to limit any potential negative impacts to acceptable levels. iv Identify environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project.

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The need to prepare an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) as part of the rehabilitation and network expansion component of the project is in order to identify potential environmental impacts of the project and recommend mitigation measures where necessary during the construction and operating phases of this project.

Legal and Regulatory Framework:

The ESIA was prepared in line with the World Bank Safeguards Policies and the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Environment standards. Public Consultations:

Summary of public consultations held across the three (3) Northern Towns is shown in the table below:

Town Date Location Number of Major Concerns Participants 8 Cameroun The people expressed concern Street, Old Ikom 9 over cases of typhoid and cholera Town in their community which is being Ikom 18/7/2009 12 Calabar attributed to the lack of portable Street, Ogoja 15 water. Road Chief’s The community wants Cross River Residence 27 State Water Board Limited Obudu 19/7/2009 House, Ukambi (CRSWBL) to engage their youths Chief’s House in in the civil jobs during project 14 Bebwagam implementation. 15/7/2009 Ishibori Town The community expressed doubt 36 Hall with the feasibility of the water Ogoja 16/7/2009 Ntol Aruku project citing that past Udeh’s Palace, 19 governments had failed to Ogboja-Abakpa implement similar promises.

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Potential Environmental and Social Impacts

In the construction, operation and maintenance phases the impacts identified include:

Soil Erosion and Contamination: Trenches will be dug to lay the water pipelines and some vegetation will be lost, and this may lead to erosion of the loose top soils. Public Health: There would be stagnant waters as a result of the civil works which would lead to a breeding habitat for mosquitoes which cause malaria. Disturbance of Activities: Several roadside residential and commercial structures will be affected along the Right of Way (ROW) of the pipeline and this will lead to disturbances to their social and business activities. Disruption of the eco-system: As a result of intake of water from the dams and rivers by the CRSWBL, water level will drop especially during the dry season. This will adversely affect aquatic life and human uses of water. Water Pollution: Disposing of waste/sludge into the river and forest will pollute the river and soil. This will have adverse effect on plants and fishes. Also, the sludge will make the water unsafe for human use. Air Pollution: There will be some increase of dust particles in the atmosphere. This is because of the digging that will be associated with the construction and laying of the pipes. Also burning of generated solid waste will lead to air pollution

Mitigation Measures

Soil Erosion and Contamination: Appropriate erosion protection measures such as construction of embankment or/and an alternate drainage route should be provided. Water Pollution: Disposal of sludge into the river or forest should be avoided, and rather recycled into the treatment process. Public Health: Proper maintenance site and removal of water from ditches especially after rainfall or ground water infiltration. This should be done by the use of water pumps. Disturbance of Activities: Establishment of traffic plans at locations of blockage; civil work activities should be reduced to areas of work site and impact on private property should be avoided as much as possible. Air Pollution: Sprinkling of water during dry periods to prevent dust and burning of waste should be avoided and waste collected should be directed to Cross River State Environmental Protection and Assessment Department (EPAD). Sludge Disposal: Sludge must be dewatered and stabilized and should be disposed of in an approved, secure land landfill or recycled where feasible. Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja Water Production and Distribution systems contains the following elements: • Description of Mitigation Measures: The EMP identified feasible and cost effective measures to reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels. • Description of Monitoring Program: Environmental performance monitoring is designed to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented. It is in compliance with national standards and World Bank Safeguard Policies. • Institutional Arrangements: Responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring are clearly defined. amongst the various stakeholders. • Implementation Schedule and Reporting Procedures: The timing, frequency, and duration of mitigation measures are specified in an implementation schedule, showing links with the overall project implementation plans (PIP).

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Waste Management Plan

The section dealing with sludge and waste management is found in annex 1 of this report. The section includes identification of waste from construction, water treatment and decommissioning of the old facilities. It also identified capacity building and awareness creation need.

The Cost Estimate and Responsibility for the Environmental Management Plan

The total cost for the EMP in the three (3) Northern Towns of Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja is estimated at Eleven Million Nine Hundred and Fifty Nine Thousand, Eight Hundred and Sixty naira only (N11, 959,860).

Budget and Responsibilities

Cost Estimate Cost Estimate in in Item Responsibility Cost Breakdown Nigerian Naira (N) Us Dollars (Us$) Mitigation CRSWBL/EPAD N 1,682,000 $10,512.50 Management CRSWBL 5% of Mitigation N 84,100 $525.60 Cost Monitoring CRSWBL/ EPAD 25% of Mitigation N 420,500 $2,628.10 Cost Training & CRSWBL/EPAD/ N 1,437,600 $ 8,985.00 Capacity CONSULTANT Building Sub- Total N 3,624,200 $22,651.30 Contingency 10% of Sub- Total N 362,420 $2,265.10 Total per Town N 3,986,620 $24,916.40 Total for three 3* Total per Town N 11,959,860 $74,749.13 (3) Towns

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background The Federal Government of Nigeria requested and got support from the World Bank for the implementation of the First and Second National Urban Water Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP1 &2). This project in Cross River state is covered by the Second National Urban Water Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP2).The Second National Urban Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP2) jointly sponsored by the International Development Association (IDA) Credit from the World Bank with counterpart funding from The Federal Ministry of Water Resources and the various State Governments in whose jurisdiction the project will take place. The project is to be implemented in the three (3) Northern towns of Cross River state which are Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja.

The project entails:- • Rehabilitation/Construction of Intake, Weir and Pumping Stations. • Rehabilitation/Construction of Water Treatment Plants. • Construction of Ground Level Reservoirs and Elevated Tanks. • Supply and laying of water Pipelines. • Construction of about 130 water kiosk.

The project will be implemented in various locations within the three northern towns of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu.

Progress toward these principal development outcomes will be measured through: (i) The increase in water delivered through existing and extended networks; (ii) Improvement in cost recovery, especially the degree to which operating costs are recovered from water sales revenues in Cross River State; and (iii) Increase in the number of households having access to the piped water network.

In compliance with the regulation of the federal government of Nigeria and the World Bank Safeguard Policies, (Operation Policy 4.01 : Environmental Assessment); the rehabilitation and network expansion component of the project, requires that an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) be prepared in order to identify potential environmental impacts of the project and avoid, or provide early mitigation measures.

A complete description of the World Bank’s Safeguard policies can be found on the World Bank’s official web site www.worldbank.org which has been summarized in Appendix 1.

1.2 Objectives of the ESIA The goal is to improve decision making and to ensure that sub-project activities (supply and laying of water supply pipes; installation of house connection, including pipes, accessories, conventional and pre-payment water meters) being considered under the project are environmentally sound and sustainable.

In specific terms, the objective of the ESIA is to: • Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects (trunk main installation, distribution network extension and rehabilitation), whether positive or negative and propose effective mitigation measures for the negative impacts;

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• Inform the project team and the Cross River State Government and by extension the Nigerian Government of the potential negative impacts of different anticipated sub-projects and relevant mitigation measures and strategies;

• Develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to ensure successful mitigation of all negative adverse impacts, a tangible monitoring indicator, budget, time table, plan and institutional arrangements and responsibilities to execute this plan; and to provide clear instructions to works supervisors and contractors with regard to any measures that need to be implemented in order to limit any potential negative impacts to acceptable levels.

• Identify environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project.

1.3 Scope of Work

The Consultant shall:

• Study and familiarize himself with the provisions of ESMF and RPF prepared by the Federal Ministry of Water Resources for the implementation of project activities in the participating states.

• Undertake field visits to each of the three towns and possible project sites Prepare a an ESIA report.

• Ensure that each report mentioned in (b) above covers the entire project schemes of Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja.

• Study and review Engineering and Technical Designs for planned investments to identify assess and quantify to the extent possible, all environmental and social impacts and risks in the project schemes.

• Provide detailed and tangible mitigation measures to reverse these adverse impacts or manage them within acceptable limits according to existing law in Nigeria and World Bank Safeguard Policies.

• Develop an Environmental and Social Management Process to ensure successful mitigation of all adverse impacts, a tangible monitoring plan and institutional arrangements to execute this plan.

• Assess further the State Water Board’s capacity to manage the sub-project’s Environmental and Social issues and propose measures on how to reinforce their capacity, for example, by establishing an Environmental Unit, and providing technical training.

• Suggest Capacity Building and Technical Assistance requirements in relation to safeguard and awareness needs in the public and private sectors to be implemented under the proposed sub-project.

• Develop a suitable maintenance plan with estimates of costs to ensure sustainability of mitigation measures.

• Prepare outline reports that are concise but detailed and thorough to include all significant Environmental and Social Impacts. The reports should focus on identifying impacts, mitigating them in the Technical Designs, during construction, operation and sustainable through an effective maintenance plan.

• Submit six (6) separate Reports to the Cross River State Water Board Limited (CRSWBL).

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1.4 Study Approach and Methodology

The ESIA will be prepared in accordance with:

• World Bank Safeguard Policy- Operational Policy (OP/BP 4.01): Environmental Assessment, and • Nigerian Government - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992

A data collection procedure includes desk research, stakeholder consultation and field visits.

'HVN5HVHDUFK The desk research is based on: • Review of available literature and other strategic planning documents at the national and state level. This include: o Project Appraisal Document (PAD) of the NUWSRP2, o the Harmonized Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) of the National Urban Water Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP), o the general environmental management conditions for construction contracts, engineering and technical designs, work requirements of the treatment plants and other extension/densification of Cross River water distribution system, o baseline information relating to the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment of Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja, and the entire Cross River State (including the climatic conditions), o the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, numerous relevant Federal, State, and local laws, regulations, decrees, acts, and guidelines, o World Bank Safeguard Policies especially Environmental Assessment Safeguard Policy (OP 4.01).

6WDNHKROGHU&RQVXOWDWLRQ Stakeholder Consultation was carried out in the three towns. Specifically, stakeholder consultation was carried out in the following locations: A summary of proceedings of the stakeholders’ consultation is contained in Chapter Nine.

)LHOG9LVLWV This involved visits to all the existing and proposed project sites including sites for: ¾ Rehabilitation/Construction of Intake, Weir and Pumping Stations. ¾ Rehabilitation/Construction of Water Treatment Plants. ¾ Construction of Ground Level Reservoirs and Elevated Tanks. ¾ Supply and laying of water Pipelines. ¾ Construction of about 130 water kiosk.

&ROOHFWLRQRI'DWDIURP+RXVHKROGVDQG%XVLQHVV2IILFHV Semi Structured Interview (SSI) questionnaire, a tool of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was used for data collection from the respondent. Details of the data collected and analyzed can be seen in chapter 3.

A sample of the SSI Questionnaire used for the field study is presented in Appendix 3. Field Interviewers/Enumerators

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The instrument was administered by well-trained and tested research assistants and enumerators, under close supervision. Field enumerators were recruited based on the following criteria: ¾ Graduate from a higher institution; ¾ Ability to speak the local language; ¾ Familiarity with the project area.

Training was held for all field enumerators and supervisors by the experts in the consulting firm. The training included: ¾ Detailed explanation of the entire project; ¾ Lecture on the importance and how to administer the questionnaires; ¾ Field practices/ reconnaissance survey using the SSI; ¾ Cross Checking of questionnaire filled by the research assistants enumerators during the field practice to ascertain their ability to administer the SSI. The names and spoken language of the enumerators recruited is listed in Appendix 2

Pre-Field Preparations

In preparing for the survey, proper planning was done so as to minimize field repeats and avoidable errors; the assignment was carried out in the most efficient and result-oriented manner possible. To this end, the consultant has explored ways to avoid the problems encountered during the pilot testing of instrument and reconnaissance visits. For example, the assistance of the zonal officers was sought in locating the exact route of the pipe line.

Quality Control Measures

The need to ensure the credibility of services rendered and that agreed field protocols are observed cannot be over emphasized, hence stringent service delivery quality control measures was actively enforced on and off the field with or without the presence of our client. High quality in SSI questionnaire administration/interviews, data coding and entry, data processing and analysis and reporting was maintained. Quality is ensured through close supervision and constant monitoring of field interviews, cross-verification of responses from the field and validation review of outputs of data entry and data analysis.

&ROOHFWLRQRI:DWHUDQG6RLOVDPSOHV Soil samples were collected at random from the project sites and sent to the geological laboratory for analysis to determine the chemical nutrients and composition. This will help in the environmental management of the areas.

Water samples were also collected from the nearby watercourses: rivers, well and boreholes from where domestic water utilization is harvested. This was also properly labeled and taken to the geological laboratory for analysis.

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CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT AND LOCATION

2.1 Project Rationale The Cross River State Government considers the provision of potable water as a critical element in its policy for sustainable economic development and poverty reduction. The project’s principal development outcomes are: (i) Increased reliability and financial viability of selected urban water utilities; (ii) Increased access to piped water networks in selected urban areas; and (iii) Improve financial viability of the urban water utilities in the selected urban areas of Cross River State. Progress toward these principal development outcomes will be measured through: • The increase in water delivered through existing and extended networks; • Improvements in cost recovery, especially the degree to which operating costs are recovered from water sales revenues in Cross River State; and • Increase in the number of households having access to the piped water network.

2.2 Project Components The National Urban Water Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP) has four components which include: • Rehabilitation and Network Expansion, • Public-Private Partnership (PSP) development, • Service Sustainability and Project Management and, • Institutional development and Policy Reform. This study is concerned with the first component (Rehabilitation and Network Expansion) and its details are dealt with in the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) which is an accompanying document to this ESIA. However this ESIA is being prepared for Cross River State based on the details of the first component stated above

2.3 Description of Works Necessitating the ESIA The project aims to rehabilitate and extend water networks for the Cross River State Water Supply Scheme. The activities will entail civil works and distortion of vegetation, soil layers and surface ground watercourse among others, which will have some adverse impacts on the environment. This triggers World Bank Operation Policy (OP. 4.01): Environmental Assessment.

Moreover, since the activities are site specific, (covering or affecting specific areas), and not having adverse effect on more than 200 indigenous people, the project is under Environmental Assessment category B based on the World Bank classification and also, consistent with the Federal Ministry of Environment classification for EIAs.

2.4 General Description of Study Area Nigeria is situated in West Africa and bordered to the North by Niger Republic; North East by Chad; West by Benin; East by Cameroon and South by the Atlantic Ocean. The land mass of Nigeria is 923,768 sq km, and lies between latitudes 40 00’ N and 140 00’ N, and longitudes 20 50’ E and 140 45’ E. Cross River State is a coastal state in South Eastern Nigeria, created in May 1967 from the former Eastern Region. The State occupies 20,156m2 and has a population of 2,888,960 inhabitants (2006 population census). It shares boundaries with Benue State in the north, Enugu and Abia States to the west, Cameroon Republic to the east and Akwa-Ibom and the Atlantic Ocean to the south.

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The 3 Local Government Areas of project influence are:

Ikom: bordered to the North by Boki and Ogoja,, West by Obubra, South by Akamkpa and East by Ekok in the Republic of Cameroun;

Ogoja: bordered to the North by Yala and Bekwara, West by Yala, South by Ikom and East by Boki and Obudu;

Obudu: bordered to the North by Tiv in Benue State, West by Ogoja and Bekwara, South by Boki and East by Obanliku.

Figure 2.1 on page 18 shows the map of Nigeria indicating Cross River state; and specifically indicating the 3 local government areas of project influence.

0DMRU/DQJXDJHV Major languages spoken in the 3 project Local Government Areas are:

• Ogoja: Nkome and Ejagham. • Ikom: Bekwara and Nkome • Obudu: Bekwara

(FRQRP\ The Cross River State economy is predominantly agricultural based and is sub-divided into two sectors: • The public sector: run by the Cross River State Government and features large plantations and demonstration farms. • The private sector: dominated by local subsistence farmers

The main crops are cassava, rice, plantain, banana, yam maize and palm produce.. Major livestock in the State are goats and sheep while organized cattle ranching takes place at the Obanliku at the Obudu Cattle Ranch.

2.4.3 7RXULVP The outstanding tourist events and places in Cross River include: • the soaring plateaus of the mountain tops of Obudu; • the rainforest of Afi, from the Waterfalls of Agbokim; • the spiraling ox-bow Calabar River; • the Tinapa Business Resort; • Calabar Marina; • the Ikom Monoliths; • the Mary Slessor tomb; • the Calabar drill Monkey Sanctuary, and • the Kwa and Agbokim Waterfalls.

6 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Figure 2.1: An overview of Nigerian showing the Project Locations in Cross River State

'HVFULSWLRQRI,NRP7RZQ

• Location: Situated between latitude 50.00 and 5 0. 15 North and longitude 8.14 to 8.25 East.; and is about 210 kilometers from the Cross River State Capital. • Area: 480 km 2. • Population: about 160,000 people (2006 population census) • Major Clans in the town: o Ikom central, o Oche Rore, o Agbokim, o Mgbabor, o Ajinjikpo and o Ikon South, • Vegetation: The landscape of Ikom is characterized by riverine tropical forest, and the mosaic forest vegetation.

7 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes • Occupation: The people of Ikom are predominantly farmers and produce mainly cocoa banana, plantain and food crops such as cassava, yam, maize and plantain.

Figure 2.2 below shows the various settlement locations and key project features in Ikom. The features most notably indicated are the existing and new treatment plants; existing and new pumping stations and the ground level reservoirs at Ikabokun Hill. Also the River Cross is indicated as the source of raw water.

Figure 2.2: Showing the location map of Ikom and the settlements in the area

The water supply system process for Ikom is as follows:

• Surface water abstraction from River cross by means of intake raw water pumping station;

• Raw water pipeline;

• Treatment plant;

• Underground water reservoir;

• Treated water pumping station;

8 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes • Transmission pipelines and storage; and

• Gravity pipeline distribution system

Detail characteristics of the Water Supply Process can be seen in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Ikom Treatment Plant & Water Distribution Characteristics ITEM DESCRIPTION RESULT Raw water source River Cross Inlet Pipe size (mm) ND600 Inlet Pipe size length (m) 1475 Metal Ductile Iron Type of Raw Water/Inlet Pipe UPVC PVC Capacity of Raw Water/Intake Tank 5000m3 NA Capacity of Treatment Plant (m3/day) Stage 1 9,300 Stage 2 24,860 Thickened Sludge Disposed back into the River Sludge Disposal Partially Clarified Sludge to be recycled Treated Water Storage Tank Capacity 2,500 2500 • Ikabokon Ground Level Reservoir 150 • Okuni Elevated Water Tank 500

Size of Distribution Pipe: Steel (mm) Varies from 75 to 400 Size of Distribution Pipe: PVC (mm) 3,510 Length of Distribution Pipeline (m) Metal 500 UPVC NA Type of Pipe for Distribution PVC varies from 75 to 315

9 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Figure 2.3: Township Map of Ikom showing Major Roads and Streets

10 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Figure 2.4 below is the map indicating pipeline network of Ikom town for the proposed water project.

Figure 2.4: Map of Ikom indicating Pipeline Network

11 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

'HVFULSWLRQRI2JRMD7RZQ

• Location: Situated between 60 40’N, 80 48’E / 6.6670N, 8.80E; • Area: 420km2.

• Population: 171,901 people (2006 population census) • Major Clans in the town: o Mbube, o Boki, o Iyale, o Ishibori, o Igoli, o Abuochichi, o Ugaga, o Okuku. • Vegetation: The landscape of Ogoja is characterized by riverine tropical forest, and the mosaic forest vegetation. • Occupation: The people of Ogoja are predominantly farmers and produce food crops such as cassava, yam, maize and plantain.

Figure 2.5 below is the location map of Ogoja town showing the layout of the proposed water scheme.

12 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Figure 2.5: Location Map of Ogoja

The water supply system process for Ogoja is as follows:

• Surface water abstraction from River Aya by means of intake raw water pumping station;

• Raw water pipeline and access road;

• Treatment plant;

• Clear water reservoir;

• Treated water pumping station;

• Transmission pipelines and storage; and

• Gravity pipeline distribution system to the consumers.

Detail characteristics of the features are captured in Table 2.2.

13 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 2.2: Ogoja Treatment Plant & Water Distribution Characteristics ITEM DESCRIPTION RESULT Raw water source River Aya Inlet Pipe size (mm) ND500 Inlet Pipe size length (m) 900 Metal Ductile Iron Type of Raw Water/Inlet Pipe UPVC PVC Capacity of Raw Water/Intake Tank 10,000m3 Stage 1 8,144 Stage 2 17,480 Disposed back into the Thickened Sludge Sludge Disposal River Partially Clarified Sludge To be Recycled Treated Water Storage Tank Capacity 6WDJH P 6WDJHP Ogboja 300 300 + 300 Igoli 1000 700 + 300 + 700 Ugaga 250 250 + 200 Army Barracks 450 450 + 300 Okuku 200 200 + 100 Ugboro 150 150 Ukpah 150 150 Abouchichi 200 200 +200 Size of Distribution Pipe: Steel (mm) 500 Size of Distribution Pipe: PVC (mm) Varies from 75 to 400 Length of Distribution Pipeline (m) 3,510 Metal 500 Type of Pipe for Distribution UPVC NA PVC varies from 75 to 315

Figure 2.6 below is the township map of Ogoja town showing the various communities, roads and streets covered in the project

14 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Figure 2.6: Township Map of Ogoja

Figure 2.7 below is the map indicating pipeline network of Ogoja town for the proposed water project.

15 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Figure 2.7: Map of Ogoja indicating Pipeline Network

'HVFULSWLRQRI2EXGX7RZQ • Location: located between latitude 50 00 and 50 15N and longitude 8.14 to 8.25E; • Area: 420km2. • Population: 160,000 people (2006 population census) • Major Clans in the town: o Buogbong, o Babub, o Ohong, o Buahuan, o Ukambi, o Atekpe, o Amunga, o Bayayam.

16 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

• Vegetation: The landscape of Obudu is characterized by riverine tropical forest, and the mosaic forest vegetation. • Occupation: The people of Obudu are predominantly farmers and produce food crops such as cassava, yam, maize and plantain.

Figure 2.8 below is the location map of Obudu town showing the layout of the proposed water project.

Figure 2.8: Location Map of Obudu

17 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

The water supply system process for Obudu is as follows:

• Surface water abstraction from Obudu Dam by means of existing valve chamber;

• Raw water pipeline and access road;

• Treatment plant;

• Clear water reservoir;

• Treated water pumping station;

• Transmission pipelines and storage; and

• Distribution to the consumers through elevated water tank by gravity and a booster pump station

Detail characteristics of the features are captured in table 2.3.

Table 2.3: Obudu Treatment Plant & Water Distribution Characteristics ITEM DESCRIPTION RESULT Raw water source Obudu Dam Inlet Pipe size (mm) ND500 Inlet Pipe size length (m) 360 Metal Ductile Iron UPVC PVC Capacity of Raw Water/Intake 10,000m3 Tank

Capacity of Treatment Plant Stage 1 3,000 (m3/day) Stage 2 6,550 Disposed back Thickened Sludge Sludge Disposal into the River Clarified Sludge Recycled Treated Water Storage Tank Stage 1 Stage 2 Capacity Existing 450 Animal Junction 1 250 250 Animal Junction 2 700 Utuhu 75 75 Ukwelobudu 75 75 Kakum 120 120 Size of Distribution Pipe: Steel 500 (mm) Size of Distribution Pipe: PVC Varies from 75 to 400 (mm) Length of Distribution Pipeline (m) 3,510

Type of Pipe for Distribution Metal 500

Figure 2.9 below is the township map of Obudu town showing the various communities, roads and streets covered in the project

18 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Figure 2.9: Township Map of Obudu

19 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Figure 2.10 below is the map indicating pipeline network of Obudu town for the proposed water project.

Figure 2.10: Map of Obudu indicating Pipeline Network

20 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

CHAPTER THREE: BASELINE DATA OF THE STUDY AREA

3.1 Physical Environment

*HRORJ\ The Coastal Plain is generally characterized by sandstones with lenses of clay and gravel. The major aquifers are mainly sandstone.

'UDLQDJH Cross River State is blessed with abundant surface water (natural lakes, artificial reservoirs ponds, small perennial streams, springs and rivers) and ground water. The vast majority of the rural people obtain water for domestic use from the rivers, streams and wells. Ground water resources may vary depending on the location. On the coastal plain, in Akpabuyo, Calabar Municipality and part of Odukpani, there are excellent aquifers. Calabar and the other towns of Ogoja, Obudu, Ikom and Obubra are served by piped water from rivers and boreholes manned by the Cross River State Water Board Limited. From its name it is apparent that Cross River State occupies the catchment of River Cross which crosses down the Cameroon Mountain, across the flat-lying Cross River Basin, into vast estuary located along the Southern Nigeria- Cameroon boarder.

$QDO\VLVRI6XUIDFHDQG8QGHUJURXQG:DWHU6DPSOHV

Table 3.1 shows the result of water samples analysis collected in critical sites across the project areas. Parameter Ikom Ogoja Obudu FEPA/WHO Stream Borehole River Cross Well Borehole Aya Borehole Obudu Limit Stream River pH 5.5 4.0 5.5 5.0 4.0 7.7 4.5 5.0 6-9 4.8 NA 3.9 2.9 NA NA NA 4.7 6.8 (surface H2O) Dissolved Oxygen NA 3.4 NA NA 3.4 NA 2.3 NA 7.5 (underground H2O) Total Dissolved 12 NA 10 70 NA 15 44 57 2000 (surface H2O) Solid NA 18 NA NA 37 NA NA NA 1.0 (underground H2) Total Hardness 17.2 17.2 42.8 51.36 34.24 NA 17.2 136.97 200

1.72 NA 1.0 1.2 NA 1.8 NA 0.5 20 (surface H2O) Iron NA 0.3 NA NA 1.3 NA 1.8 NA 1.0 (underground H2O) 5.4 NA 3.2 NA NA NA NA 5.2 30.0 (surface H2O) BOD NA 0 NA 10 4.8 NA 0.4 NA 0 (underground H2O) 41.8 NA 0.01 NA NA NA NA 49.8 80 (surface H2O) COD NA 0.006 NA 20 30 NA 0.008 NA 7.5 (underground H2O) 6DOPRQHOODÃVSÃ Present Present Present Present Present NA Present Absent NIL

6KLJHOODÃVSÃ Present Present Present Present Absent NA Absent Present NIL

(Ã&ROLÃ Present Absent Absent Present Absent NA Absent Absent NIL COLIFORMS Present Present Present Present Present NA Present Present NIL

Table 3.1: Result of Water Samples Analysis 6RXUFH )LHOG6XUYH\

21 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

The result shows as follows:

+\GURJHQLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ S+ Ã Borehole water in Ikom and Ogoja are the most acidic, while the Aya River in Ogoja is neutral, with a value of 7.7 which are within the FEPA/WHO permissible limit of 6-9.

Ã'LVVROYHG2[\JHQ '2 Well water at Ogoja has the lowest Dissolved Oxygen, Borehole has the lowest Dissolved Oxygen. in Obudu. None of the water sources fall within the FEPA/WHO limit of 6-8 (surface water) and 7.5 (underground water).

%LRFKHPLFDO2[\JHQ'HPDQG %2' Ã All the sources fall within the FEPA/WHO limit of 30, and Ikom stream has the highest value of 5.4, while for the underground water, all the sources exceed the FEPA/WHO limit of 0.

7RWDO'LVVROYHG6ROLGV 7'6 Ã All the sources of water had a TDS value below the FEPA/WHO (2000) level which is permissible; with Obudu River having the highest value of 50, while for the underground water, the boreholes at Ikom and Ogoja had value of 3.4 which is the highest, but still falls within the FEPA/WHO permissible limit of 7.5

7RWDO+DUGQHVVÃ Obudu River has the highest value of 136.97, which is within the FEPA/WHO and Obudu Borehole all had the lowest values of 17.2.

,URQÃ Aya Stream had the highest prevalence of Iron with a value of 1.8, while Obudu River had the lowest value of 0.5, they all fall within the FEPA/WHO limit of 20. All the underground water sources in the 3 towns exceeded the FEPA/WHO limit of 1.0, except for Ikom Borehole.

&KHPLFDO2[\JHQ'HPDQG &2'

All the sources of water falls within the FEPA/WHO limit of 80; but Obudu River has the highest value of 49.8 (surface water). Ikom Borehole has the lowest value of 0.006, while Ogoja Borehole has the highest value of 30 and exceeds the FEPA/WHO limit of 7.5.

6DOPRQHOODVSÃ Salmonella sp is present in all the water sources sampled except Aya River and Obudu River. This is not permissible in the FEPA/WHO standards because, it is a major cause of typhoid.

6KLJHOODVSÃ Shigella sp was found absent in Ogoja Borehole, Aya Stream in Obudu and the Borehole in Obudu. It is safe for Shigella to be absent in water because it is the main cause of dysentery.

(FROL

E-coli was found in both the Ikom Stream and the Ogoja River while it is absent in the other sources of water. FEPA/WHO advocates that E.Coli be absent in water for it to be assessed as safe.

22 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

6RLOVDQG6RLO(URVLRQ

$QDO\VLVRI6RLO6DPSOHV

Table 3.2 shows the result of soil samples analysis collected from across the project sites.

Table 3.2: Result of Soil Samples Analysis Parameters Ikom Ogoja Obudu FEPA Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 1 Sample 2 Soil from a Limits farm near Soil from Soil from Soil from Soil from Obudu a farm farm land farm land farm land proposed land near near stream near diesel water intake River house Cross Temperature (Oc) 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.3 28.3 40 pH 5.87 5.52 6.24 6.35 5.92 6-9 Chloride 25.2 77.5 7.5 2.568 44.24 2000 Phosphate 9.9 13.1 5.9 30.8 28.6 5 Phosphorus 3.3 4.3666 1.9666 10.2666 9.5333 1 Nitrate 4.35 7.22 2.18 15.80 13.45 54 Sulphate 137.4 385.5 55.7 1.467 1.292 500 Calcium 115.3 163.3 55.9 1.157 184.1 - Manganese 2.790 4.882 0.590 2.126 1.827 5 Potassium 15.9 22.3 10.2 2.170 55.0 - Magnesium 9.93 0.588 3.37 1.160 1.045 - Cadmium 1.758 1.150 0.393 2.131 1.830 0.01 Iron 0.414 0.488 0.422 1.848 1.212 3 Copper 2.074 3.241 0.866 1.159 1.050 0.05 Aluminum 0.020 0.042 0.093 0.140 0.088 5 6RXUFH)LHOG6XUYH\

+\GURJHQLRQ&RQFHQWUDWLRQ S+ Farm land soil in Ikom is the most acidic because it has the lowest pH value of 5.52, while the least acidic is the soil from the farm near the diesel house with a pH of 6.35. The FEPA permissible limit is 6-9.

3KRVSKDWH This is one of the major components of fertilizer and appears highest in the soil from the farm near the diesel house with a value of 30.8. This is more than the FEPA limit of 5.

1LWUDWH All the values obtained from different soil samples were far below the FEPA limit of 54, but the soil from the farm near the diesel house still has the highest nitrate value with a value of 15.80.

3RWDVVLXP Highest potassium values of 55 were recorded from the soil collected from a farm land near the proposed water intake. This is the highest value, while the lowest potassium value was 2.17 recorded from the soil collected from a farm near the diesel house in Ogoja.

&DGPLXP Cadmium is a harmful metal, and FEPA sets the limit at 0.01. At a glance, it is obvious that all the soil samples exceeded the FEPA limit, with the soil from the farm near the diesel house having the highest value of 2.131 and the Soil from farm land near the stream having the lowest value of 0.393.

,URQ All the soil samples analyzed have values lower than the FEPA limit of 3. The soil picked from farm near the diesel house has the highest value 1.848, and fall within the FEPA limit.

23 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

$OXPLQXP Soil from a farm land near River cross has the lowest value of 0.020, while the Soil from farm land near diesel house has the highest value 0.140, which fell within the FEPA limit of 5.

9HJHWDWLRQ The vegetation of Cross River State is made up of tropical forest and the mosaic forest vegetation for most part of the southern areas which also extends to Ikom and Obudu, in the north, while Ogoja has a combination of savannah and forest vegetations.

&OLPDWH The state is situated in the tropical rain forest belt, characterized by monsoon rains, with dry periods in the part and a periodically dry savannah climate in the northern part. In Calabar the annual rainfall was about 3,300 mm, of which about 70% occurred during the months of June to October; the mean daily maximum and minimum temperature varies between 21.oC to 32oC in January and 25.05oC and 27.4oC in July and August respectively; the relative humidity ranges between a maximum of 98% throughout the year and a minimum of 60% in February; the average monthly evaporation ranges between 4.3 mm/day in February and 2.3 mm/day in July.

Table: 3.3: Temperature Data for Cross River State Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Temp. in 21.05 33.15 32.00 31.00 30.15 29.15 27.00 25.05 28.00 29.5 30.00 32.00 Celsius 6RXUFH1LJHULDQ0HWHRURORJLFDO$JHQF\$EXMD

Table: 3.4: Rainfall Data for Cross River State Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Rainfall 200 300 400 600 700 800 1401 1000 700 600 300 0 (mm/month) 6RXUFH1LJHULDQ0HWHRURORJLFDO$JHQF\$EXMD

3.2 Socio-Economics

3RSXODWLRQ6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQ Cross River State has a total population of 2,888,966 people with 1,492,565 Males and 1,396,501 Females spread across the 18 local government areas of the state. Table 3.5 shows the population distribution of the state based on the local government areas and sex type.

According to the 2006 Census for the three Northern Towns that this project would be implemented,

• Ogoja LGA has the highest population with One Hundred and Seventy One , Nine Hundred and One (171901) persons, • Ikom LGA with One Hundred and Sixty Two Thousand, Three Hundred and Eighty Three (162,383) persons • Obudu LGA has the least with One Hundred and Sixty Thousand One hundred and Six (160,106) persons.

24 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 3.5: Population distribution of Cross River State LGA POPULATION MALE FEMALE Yala 210,843 107,310 103,533 Bakwara 105822 54585 51237 Ogoja 171901 89805 82096 Obanliku 110,324 53,710 56,614 Obudu 160106 83479 76,627 Boki 186141 97926 88215 Etung 80196 42636 37560 Ikom 162,383 83,009 79,374 Obubra 172444 89375 83069 Yakurr 196450 100399 96051 Abi 144802 73976 70926 Biase 169183 89737 79446 Akamkpa 151125 79443 71682 Odukpani 192444 103526 88918 Calabar South 191630 95399 96231 Calabar Municipal 179392 91208 88184 Akpabuyo 271395 140329 131066 Bakassi 32385 16713 15672 6RXUFHÃ1DWLRQDOÃSRSXODWLRQÃ&HQVXVÃÃ

25 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

6RFLR'HPRJUDSKLF$WWULEXWHVRI5HVSRQGHQWV

A random sampling survey was carried out in the communities within the three (3) project towns. Semi Structured Instrument (SSI) was administered to a total of 416 respondents. This comprised of 169 for Ogoja, 132 for Ikom and 115 for Obudu. A detail of the analysis is contained in Tables 3.6.

Table 3.6: Socio-Demographic Attributes of Respondents Item Category Percentage (%) Overall Mean

Ikom Obudu Ogoja As a Proportion of sample 31.8 27.6 40.6 Male 63.6 81.7 74 73.1 Sex Female 46.4 18.3 26 26.9 below 20 yrs 6 8 5 6.3 20- 29 yrs 16 22 15 17.7 30 - 39 yrs 23 18 24 21.7 Age 40 – 49yrs 14 20 12 15.3 50-59yrs 29 30 23 27.3 60yrs -above 12 2 21 11.7 Christianity 98.5 72.2 96.4 89 Islam 1.5 5.2 0 2.2 Religion Traditional 0 2 0 0.7 Others 0 20.6 3.6 8.1 Single 28.3 20 12.6 20.3 Married 70 78.3 80.7 76.3 Marital Status Divorced 0 0 1.2 0.4 Widow 0.07 1.7 4.2 1.99 below 1 yr 0 0 1 0.3 1-2 yrs 1.4 20.9 4.2 8.8 Years lived in the community 3-4 yrs 10.6 38 7.2 18.6 5 yrs and above 88 41.1 87.6 72.2 1 person 4 0.08 2.4 2.2 2 persons 3 9.5 3.6 5.4 3 persons 11.9 12 11.4 11.8 4 persons 14.9 10.4 10.2 11.8 Size of Household 5 persons 7.5 11.3 8.4 9 6 persons 7.5 15.7 15 12.7 7 persons 4.5 6.9 12.6 8 8 and above 46.7 34.1 46.4 42.4 persons

4.2 No Schooling 6.6 6 0 FSLC 21.7 15.6 10.4 15.9 WASC/GCE 28.3 27.8 39.5 31.9 Highest Educational Qualification TCH/OND 13.8 18.2 24.6 18.8 HND/DEGREE 21.7 20.8 23.8 22.1 MSc/PhD 3 3.5 0 2.2 Islamic Study 0 0 0 0 6RXUFH )LHOG6XUYH\

26 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

*HQGHU

Table 3.5 shows that about 73% of the respondents in the 3 towns are males while 27% are females. About 63.6% are for males in Ikom as against 46.4% for females. About 81.7% account for the number of males in Obudu while 18.3% are females. The number of males to females is represented by 74% to 24% respectively in Ogoja.

The general disproportionate in female representation is rooted in household/community Cultural practices in which females especially married women are not permitted to grant interview.

$JH

The overall mean result shows that about 6.3% of the respondents are below 20 years but not less than 16 years old; about 17.7% fall between 20 and 29 years old, while 21.7% are between 30 and 39 years old. Respondents under 40 and 49 years old are 15.3%, those between 50 and 59 years old are 27.3% while those that 60 years and above are 11.7%.

Among the 3 project towns, Ogoja has the highest percentage of old people (60 years and above) while Obudu has the least. In terms of the representation of the youths, Obudu has the highest (8%), while Ogoja has the least (5%).

The overall picture shows a good representation of all age brackets necessary in field-level survey.

5HOLJLRQ The overall mean result shows that Christianity is the dominant religion in the 3 towns. The practices of other religions are done by a few, and the percentage of representation is as follows: • Traditional worshippers: 0.7%, • Moslems: 2.2% • Others (not identified): 8.1%

The highest number of Christian worshippers is found in Ikom (98.5%) while Obudu is highest in the number of non-Christians.

0DULWDO6WDWXV Table 3.5 shows that the married persons are predominant among the respondents in all the project towns (76.3%), followed by single persons (20.3%) while divorced persons is least (0.4%).

The highest number of the married, widows and divorced persons are found in Ogoja while Ikom is the highest in the number of single

The above result implies that the majority of the respondents have lived in their communities long enough to provide valid information on the socio-economic conditions of their areas.

27 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

+RXVHKROG6L]H Table 3.5 shows a homogenous distribution pattern of household size in the 3 project towns. It shows that the majority of the households (42.4%) across the 3 towns have about 8 or more people living in their households. Households with 5 to 7 persons account for about 29.7%, while small households with 1 – 4 persons account for 27.9%. The outcome shows that there is a predominantly large household size in the 3 project towns.

This implies high consumption of goods, and particular high need for water consumption in the project towns. It can also explain the reason for poverty in the area.

+LJKHVW(GXFDWLRQDO4XDOLILFDWLRQ Table 3.5 shows that Ogoja has highest number of persons with educational qualifications than Obudu and Ikom. The percentage of educational qualification of the people of Ogoja can been seen as follows: • WASC/GCE (39.5%), • TCH/OND (24%), and • HND/Decree (23.8%). However, Ikom has the number of people who attended primary school (21.7%).

On the overall, WASC/GCE holders were the most in the 3 project towns (31.9%) followed by HND/Degree holders (22.1%). Those who did not go to school at all are 4.2% across the 3 project towns.

28 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

3.2.3. Socio-Economic Attributes of Respondents

Table 3.7 shows the various parameters of socio-economic considered in the study and their attributes while the overall mean is provided for indicative analysis.

Table 3.7: Socio-Economic Attributes of Respondents Item Category Percentage (%) Overall Mean Ikom Obudu Ogoja Farming 30.5 93.1 75.4 66.3 Snr Mgt Publ Sector staff 1 12.2 4 5.7 Jnr Mgt Publ Sector Staff 2 14 22 12.7 Occupation Private Sector Employee 0 5 1.6 Self Employed/Business 34 6 32.3 24.1 Student 15.7 24.3 5.3 15.1 Unemployed 11.9 19 7.8 12.9 0 - N 9,900 5 0.08 12.6 5.9 N 10,000 - N 100,000 23.9 5.2 37.7 22.3 Annual Income N 101,000 - N 499,000 30.6 26.9 31.1 29.5 N 500,000 - N 999,000 38 37.4 8.9 28.1 N 1,000,000 and above 0 28.7 1 9.9 None 55 16.5 59.8 43.8 N100-N300 0 3.4 11.3 4.9 N400 - N500 0 6 6.5 4.2 Amount Spent Monthly on Water Bill N600-N1000 1.7 7.7 3.1

N1100-N3000 38.8 41.7 13.2 31.2 N3100-N5000 2.2 22.6 1.7 8.8 N5100-N9000 2.1 8.6 0 3.6 N10,000 and Above 0 0 0 0 Willingness to pay for Water Yes 98.5 97.4 96.4 97.4

No 1.5 2.6 3.6 2.6 N200 1.5 8.7 4.2 4.8 N300 41.8 52.2 31.9 42

N500 38.8 16.5 42.8 32.7 Amount willing to pay per month N1000 8.2 9.6 5.2 7.7 N1500 3 0 3.6 2.2

N2000 1.5 0 0.06 0.52 N3000 0.7 0 0 0.23 N5000 0.5 0 0 0.16

N10,000 0 0 0 0 6RXUFH )LHOG6XUYH\

29 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Ã 2FFXSDWLRQ In terms of occupation, the survey shows that farming is the economic main-stay (66.3%) for the people of northern Cross River State. This is followed by self employment (24.1%) while unemployment level is least and represented by 12.9%. Those in the public employment constitute about 20.9% and this includes 12.7% for junior staff and 5.7% for senior management staff.

Unemployment is least in Ogoja (7.8%) and highest in Obudu (19%) while the population of farmers is more in Obudu (93.1%) and lowest in Ikom (30.5%).

Ã $QQXDO,QFRPH The survey shows the overall mean annual income in the 3 project towns as: 5.9% for those within N0 to N9,900, 22.3% for those earning N10,000 to N100,000 and 9.9% for people earning N1,000,000 and above.

However, concentration of income earners for the three (3) towns were within N101,000 and N999,000 per annum (Table 3.7). This makes the area a low income earning place and can be classified as a low living standard area.

Ã $PRXQW6SHQW0RQWKO\RQ:DWHU&RQVXPSWLRQ Majority of the people of the area 31.2% spend about N1100 to N3,000 monthly for water consumption (Table 3.7) while 43% of the people drink from Well and Streams and do not have to spend on water bill. The highest amount spent on water consumption for about 3.6% of the community is between N5000 and N9000 monthly.

In terms of the individual towns, Obudu spend more on water bill, with 41.7% spending between N1,100- N3,000 while 22.6% part with between N3,100 and N5,000 monthly. Ogoja spend the least on water bill as the highest population (59%) drink from stream, followed by 13.2% who spend between N1,100 and N3,000 on water bill monthly.

Ã :LOOLQJQHVVWR3D\ Table 3.7 shows that for the 3 towns, 97.4% are willing to pay for water bill if provided with pipe- borne-water in the 3 towns.

Ã $PRXQW:LOOLQJWR3D\ The highest number of respondents across the three (3) towns (42%) would prefer to pay N300, while 32.7% is the proportion of those willing to pay a maximum of N500. The highest amount for which about 0.16% of the respondents might pay for water bill per month is N5,000.

Obudu indicated the highest level of willingness (52.2%) to pay the sum of N300 while Ogoja tops the list for N500 with 42.8%. The highest amounts of N3,000 and N5,000 only occurred in Ikom.

3.2.4 Conditions of Infrastructure/Amenities in the Community

The sampled opinion of the respondents on the conditions of infrastructure/amenities in their communities is presented in Table 3.8

30 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 3.8: Respondents View on the Conditions of Infrastructure/Amenities in their Community

Category Percentage (%) Overall Mean Item Ikom Obudu Ogoja Excellent 8.2 0 8.4 5.5 Very Good 11.2 0 19.2 10.1 Road to the community Good 29 47.8 26.3 34.4 Fair 49.3 49.6 18 39 Poor 0.07 1.7 25.7 8.6 Excellent 3 0 3.6 2.2 Very Good 4.5 0 8.4 4.3 Road within the community Good 38 29.6 19.2 28.9 Fair 48 53.9 32 44.6 Poor 5..5 15.7 35.3 18.8 Excellent 0 5 0.05 1.7 Very Good 6.7 18 18 14.2 Schools in the Community Good 25.3 65 12 34.1 Fair 30.6 10 4.8 15.1 Poor 36.7 2 0 12.9 Excellent 0 0 3.6 1.2 Very Good 1.5 0 8.4 3.3 Public Health Institution Good 23.9 0 37 20.3 Fair 34.3 18 30.5 27.6 Poor 39.6 80.8 0 40.1 Excellent 0 0 0 0 Very Good 1.5 9.6 1.8 4.3 Portable water Good 15.7 10.4 3.6 9.9 Fair 14.9 40 9.6 21.5 Poor 64.2 38.2 81.4 61.2 River 24 0 7.8 10.6 Commercial Borehole 67 69 32 56 Pond 2 10 7.2 6.4 Source of Domestic water Private borehole 1 3 12.6 5.5 Public pipe-borne water 0 0 0 0 Well 5 21 24.6 16.9 Water Vendor 0 0 13.2 4.4 Excellent 0 0 0 0 Very Good 0 0 0 0 Condition of Energy/Power Good 3 8 4.2 5.1 Fair 20 20 3.6 14.5 Poor 76 78 67 73.7 Hurricane Lamp 7 10 5.6 7.5 Source of Energy/Power Private Generator 30 36 48 38 63 46.8 54.6 PHCN (National Grid) 54 31 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Firewood 79 68 44.3 63.8 Charcoal 0 2 3 1.7 Type of fuel used for cooking Kerosene/Oil 19 30 36.5 28.5 Gas 2 0 1.8 1.3 Electricity 2 0 0 0.6 Pit 45 38 50.9 44.6 Type of toilet facility in use Bush 13 54 7.2 24.7 Water closet 42 8 32.9 27.6 Private open dump 16 8.7 3 9.2 Public open dump 0 0 0 0 Method of disposing household refuse Organized collection 72 53 76.6 67.2 Bush 12 37.4 1.8 17

Some of the findings in the Table 3.8 are:

• The conditions of public health institutions in the area are generally poor. This depict either of the absence/scarcity of health institutions or the poor functional state of the facilities. • Most part of the areas in Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja are connected to the national grid. However, majority of the respondents (73.7%) stated that power supply is in critical poor state. • Commercial borehole constitutes a major source of domestic water (used by 56% of the respondents). • Well water and River water are the sources of water for many in the 3 towns.

3.2.4.1 Condition of Road to the Community According to the survey (Table 3.8), there is little gap (49.6% and 47.8%) for respondents from Obudu who perceive the condition of the road to their community as being fair and good respectively. The situation in Ogoja is 39% for fair and 34.4% for good while Ikom is 49.3% in favor of fair condition and 29% for good condition.

The above infers that the road in to the area is not critically in bad condition but can be improved upon.

3.2.4.2 Condition of Road within the Community The conditions of the roads within the communities are apparently the same for the 3 towns, as majority of the respondents in each town view the condition as either fair or good.

3.2.4.3 Condition of Schools in the Community Majority of the people in Obudu (65%) stated that the condition of the schools in their community are good, more people in Ogoja (18%) stated that the schools in the community are in very good condition while more number of people in Ikom (36.7%) went for “poor” in describing the condition of schools in their community.

The overall mean result for the three (3) towns shows that the schools in the project area are in good conditions (34.1%).

32 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

3.2.4.4 Condition of public health institution in the Community Regarding the condition of public health Institution in the communities, the highest numbers of respondents in Ikom (39.6%) believe that the health institutions are in poor conditions, 80.8% said same in while 30.5% said the health institutions are in fair conditions in Ogoja.

The overall mean for the 3 towns show that the public health institution is relatively poor for the 3 communities (40.1%).

3.2.4.5 Condition of portable water in the Community

Table 3.8) gave the evidence that there is no or poor state of portable water in the three (3) project towns. However, the highest number of people in Ogoja indicated “poor state” of drinking water, followed by 64.2% for Ikom and 38.2% for Obudu.

3.2.4.6 Method of Domestic waste Disposal

Table 3.8 shows that majority of the people in the project areas dispose their domestic waste via the organized collection medium provided by the Cross River State Urban Development Authority. The percentage of those that dispose their waste through the publicly organized collection medium is 72% for Ikom, 53% for Obudu and 76.6% for Ogoja.

The number of those that dispose via bush is more in Obudu (37.4% and least in Ogoja (1.8%).

3.3. Agriculture The state is one of the most richly endowed agricultural lands in Nigeria. Natural rubber, pineapple and palm oil are already established plantation products and the main raw materials export in the state. Cocoa, soya beans, food crops such as cassava, yam, rice, plantain, banana and maize are produced in abundant quantities.

3.4 Transport Network Cross River State enjoys excellent road network with the rest of Nigeria. It has a direct road link with the middle belt and the north-eastern part of the country. Its location on the south-eastern extremity of the country, almost entirely isolated by rivers, warrants the maintenance of good road networks.

The two major road transportation arteries are the east-west Ikang-Calabar-Itu road and the north- south Calabar-Ikom-Yola road which are both currently in a state of disrepair. Cross river towns have good intra-city transportation, in addition to a good system of inter-city and inter-local government transportation. Sometimes canoes, tree trunks and ropes are the only means used by the local people to cross large rivers in remote settlement.

33 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

CHAPTER FOUR: POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

The following policy and regulatory frameworks guided the preparation of this ESIA:

4.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank has ten (10) Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse negative effects of development projects, and improve decision making. Details on the World Bank Safeguard Policies are presented in Appendix 1. With respect to this report, the following World Bank safeguard policy applies: • Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01) The above-mentioned policy is reviewed below with regards to its applicability and implication.

OP/BP4.01: Environmental Assessment

This is a process whose breath, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. It evaluates a project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving projects selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The World Bank favours preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible.

Environmental Assessment takes into account the following: • natural environment; • human health and safety; • social aspects, and • trans - boundary and global environmental aspects.

4.2 Nigeria Regulatory Framework

With regards to management of the bio-physical environment throughout Nigeria, the overall responsibility was held by the now defunct Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which was absorbed into the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) in 1999. The State Environmental Protection Agencies or, as the case may be, State Ministries of Environment performs this function at state and local levels.

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The Federal Ministry of Environment’s mandate includes the establishment of federal water quality standards and effluent limitations, protection of air and atmospheric quality; protection of the ozone layer; control the discharge of hazardous substances; inter alia and ensures that all major development projects in Nigeria are subject to mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) pursuant to EIA Act. No. 86 (Decree No. 86) of 1992.

In the FMEnv, there is an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Division, headed by a Director, to take all responsibility for EIA related issues. Also the EIA division in the FMEnv is the Impact

34 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) branch, with a special responsibility for monitoring the implementation of Environmental Management Plans (EMP) contained in the approved EIAs.

As contained in FEPA Acts 58 of 1988 and 59 of 1992. FME has put in place statutory documents to aid the monitoring, control and abatement of industrial waste. The statutory documents currently in place include:

ƒ National Policy on the Environment 1999 ƒ National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitations) Regulations (S.1.8) 1991 ; ƒ National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) (S.1.9) 2004; ƒ National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulations (S.1.15) 1991; ƒ Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991; ƒ Sectoral Guidelines for EIA 1995 ƒ Harmful Wastes (Criminal Provisions) Decree No. 42, 1988; ƒ National Policy on the Environment, 1989; ƒ Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines 1995; ƒ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992; and ƒ Environmental Impact Assessment (Amendments) Act 1999. ƒ National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality 1999 ƒ National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (EMS) 1999 ƒ National Guidelines on Environmental Audit in Nigeria 1999

These statutory documents clearly state the restrictions imposed on the release of toxic substances into the environment and the responsibilities of all industries whose operations are likely to pollute the environment. Such responsibilities include provision of anti-pollution equipment and adequate treatment of effluent before being discharged into the environment.

FME also has put in place procedural and sectoral guidelines detailing the EIA process including a categorization of environmental projects into Categories I, II and III (referred to by the World Bank as categories A, B and C respectively). These guidelines require that a complete EIA be performed for Category I projects. Category II projects may not require an EIA depending on the screening criteria, while Category III projects do not require an EIA. The Sectoral guidelines on infrastructural development apply to this project. This water pipeline rehabilitation and installation project is classified as a category II project.

EIA’s are then submitted to the EIA Division of the FME for approval and monitoring of the project during implementation and operation based on an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in the EIA.

35 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

5.1 Introduction

This section presents an analysis of the potential positive and negative impacts of the proposed project activities.

The following sections list only the main impacts identified, specifying these as much as possible according to the various infrastructural developments anticipated.

5.2 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts in the Locations

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Increase in Business Opportunities and Employment: ƒ Local subcontracts from the contractor during the project. ƒ Demand for labour for digging the trenches where pipes will be laid, ƒ Increased demand for food, drinks, and manufactured consumer products especially telephone card from the construction workers.

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Social and Health Benefits: ƒ Water would become available for the people in the areas thus distance to source of water will be shortened ƒ It will prevent or minimize time wastage by households in fetching water. ƒ Reducing workload of households members, especially women, involved in fetching water. In addition, ƒ The incidence of water borne diseases especially diarrhea among children would be reduced. This will help reduce child mortality. ƒ General improvement in sanitation will also lead to a healthy environment.

National Development: ƒ The project will alleviate poverty, ƒ It will enhance revenue generation of government. ƒ Improve economic well-being and health conditions of the people and will ƒ Contribute to the attainment of the millennium development goals.

5.3 Potential Negative Impacts

An identification of potential impacts during the respective project phases is presented in tabular format in Table 5.1, and 5.2. Furthermore a rating of potential impacts is presented. It is noted that this rating is based on information that was gotten from the field survey.

Impact significance has been categorized into three classes; ¾Low ¾Medium ¾High The criteria applied for the three classes are largely based on the expected magnitude of change caused by the project in combination with value/sensitivity of the receptor/resource.

36 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

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An impact of low significant, hereafter referred to as a ‘minor impact’ is one where an effect will be experienced, but the impact magnitude is sufficiently small and well within accepted standards, and/or the receptor is of low sensitivity/ value.

An impact of medium significance hereafter referred to as a moderate impact’, will be within accepted limits and standards. Moderate impacts may cover a broad range, from the threshold below which the impacts is minor, up to a level that might be just short of breaching an established (legal) limit.

An impact of high significance, hereafter referred to as a ‘major impact’ is one where an accepted limit or standard may be exceeded, or large magnitude impacts occur to highly valued/sensitive resource/receptors.

The actual impact significance rating depends on a lot of factors, including: ¾The magnitude of the impact; ¾The sensitivity and value of the resource or receptor affected; ¾Compliance with relevant laws, regulations and standards; ¾Views of stakeholder; and ¾Likelihood of occurrence.

The various types of impacts that may be identified are presented for each of the project phases (construction, and operation and maintenance.).

37 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 5.1: Impacts During Pre-Construction For The Intake Phase PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machines such as generators , and also from dusts Moderate being raised during clearing of bushes and felling of trees Burning of demolition and uprooted trees and grasses will also contribute to pollution.

(b) Water pollution Accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals may flow into surface waters leading to water Low pollution. Also project activities may lead to turbidity in surface watercourses due to run off of sediments resulting from increased erosion. Although this will be minimal since most of the project sites are not close to water bodies or water courses

Leaching of the fuels from the machines and automobiles into the underground water will result into water pollution. (c) Soil pollution Soil pollution may occur as a result of accidental spillage of fuels such as diesel. In addition, there may be fuel, Moderate lubricants and other chemical leakages from improper storage facilities.

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines Low (in the case of burrowing) etc.

2. SOCIAL Constructions sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and Moderate obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The use of heavy equipment is expected to (a) Safety of the public be limited. On the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks. Moderate Furthermore, exposed trenches pose landslide hazards to humans and animals alike. The risk of such is common in the case of clearing works near frequented public buildings such as schools and religious centers. The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. However, Low (b) Visual amenities pipeline constructions in this project will take place in semi-urban and rural areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Moreover, the impact is location specific and temporal. The proposed construction of water intake tanks may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes Moderate (residential, agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures). Low (c) Land take The impact would be negligible, since most of the pipes will be laid along existing ROWs and all persons that could be affected by the project have been appropriately settled by the Cross River Sate Government.

38 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as malaria, which poses a health concern to residents. (b) Health problems from In the case of badly managed construction camps and work sites public health problems may occur, although Low construction camps and in this case it is not expected that large construction camps will be established, or that work sites will be large sites, and imported labour enough to cause important hazards to the general populace. Also, in view of the magnitude of works, the number of imported labourers may be quite low.

(c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; Low and safety working on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Water pipeline construction for the network extension and rehabilitation of water will entail clearance of the Moderate vegetation from site and the usage of heavy equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. Nevertheless most of the pipeline construction activities will take place along existing roads and not undulating landforms thereby reducing erosion impact to a minimum. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and As the construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed new pipeline extension which Moderate fauna may lead to habitat destruction of natural existing fauna. Although most of the new pipeline extension work will occur along existing roads or ROWs with less bushes and shrubs removal making vegetation impact to be low due to low ecological value. Some economical tree will be affected

6. SOLID WASTE GENERATION (a) Waste generation Waste will be produced by the removal of structures and vegetation in the right of ways of the pipelines. Moderate

Old, ruptured pipes will be removed from the pipelines for replacement. This will constitute massive solid Moderate waste which will deface the landscape of the areas if not well managed.

39 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 5.2: Impacts During Construction For The Intake Phase CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machineries such as generators etc. Moderate

Burning of demolition wastes such as trees, paper, etc. will also contribute to pollution. These pollution rates will also be minimal as construction would not be on a large scale and will be short term. Moderate As laying of the extension pipes will require the removal of top soil (i.e. digging in other to lay the pipes), there will be a substantial release of fine sand particles during removal and replacement or closure of earth which brings about dust particles especially, during the dry season. (b) Water pollution Accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals may flow into surface waters leading to water Low pollution. Also project activities may lead to turbidity in surface watercourses due to run off of sediments resulting from increased erosion. Although this will be minimal since most of the project sites are not close to water bodies or water courses

(c) Soil pollution Soil pollution may occur as a result of accidental spillage of fuels such as diesel. In addition, there may be fuel, Moderate lubricants and other chemical leakages from improper storage facilities.

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines Low (in the case of burrowing) etc.

The proposed pipeline extension may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes (residential, Moderate agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures). Low (c) Land take The impact would be negligible, since most of the pipes will be laid along existing ROWs and all persons that could be affected by the project have been appropriately settled by the Cross River Sate Government.

40 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as malaria, which poses a health concern to residents. (b) Health problems from In the case of badly managed construction camps and work sites public health problems may occur, although Low construction camps and in this case it is not expected that large construction camps will be established, or that work sites will be large sites, and imported labour enough to cause important hazards to the general populace. Also, in view of the magnitude of works, the number of imported labourers may be quite low.

(b) Access due to In certain areas where the pipeline extensions require the creation of new ROW’s through forest land. This Low construction of pipeline might result in improved access to natural sites previously less accessible. ROW’s through bush and forest land 6. WASTE GENERATION (a) Waste generation Waste will be produced by the removal of structures and vegetation in the right of ways of the pipelines. Moderate

41 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 5.3: Impacts During Operation And Maintenance For The Intake Phase OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION 1. SOCIAL (a) Livelihoods Given that water is constantly taken from the river/dams, resulting in reduction in the water level especially during dry season, fishing and irrigation will be drastically affected. (b) Water available for Since water intake depends on river/dams which reduce during dry seasons, there will be shortage of water distribution during this distribution period.

2. FLORA AND FAUNA (c) Eco-system The indigenous flora and fauna are negatively affected by the reduction in the water level.

42 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 5.4: Impacts During Pre-Construction For The Water Treatment Plants Phase PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machines such as generators , and also from dust Moderate being raised during clearing of bushes and felling of trees Moderate Burning of uprooted trees and grasses will also contribute to air pollution

(b) Water pollution Leaching of the fuels from the machines and automobiles into the underground water will result in underground Low water pollution.

(c) Soil pollution Soil pollution may occur as a result of accidental spillage of fuels such as diesel. In addition, there may be fuel, Low lubricants and other chemical leakages from improper handling.

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines Low (in the case of burrowing) etc.

2. SOCIAL Constructions sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and (a) Safety of the public obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. On the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks. Low The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. However, Low (b) Visual amenities treatment plant constructions in this project will take place in secluded areas within semi-urban and rural areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Moreover, the impact is location specific and temporal. (c) Land take The proposed construction of Treatment Plants may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes Low (residential, agriculture, business etc), which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures).

43 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes which causes Malaria. (c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; Low and safety working on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Construction of the treatment plant will entail clearance of the vegetation from site and the usage of heavy Moderate equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and Construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed treatment plant, which may lead to Moderate fauna habitat destruction of natural existing fauna.

44 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 5.5: Impacts During Construction For The Water Treatment Plants Phase CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machineries such as generators etc. Moderate

Burning of wastes such as trees, paper, etc. will also contribute to pollution.

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines Low (in the case of burrowing) etc. 2. SOCIAL Constructions sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and Moderate obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. (a) Safety of the public Furthermore, exposed trenches pose landslide hazards to humans and animals alike. The risk of such is common in Moderate the case of construction works near frequented public buildings such as schools and religious centers.

(b) Aesthetic The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. Low

The proposed Treatment Plants may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes (residential, Low agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. (c) Land take because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures).

45 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes which cause malaria. (c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; heavy Low and safety lifting, storage, handling of wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Water Treatment Plant construction will entail clearance of the vegetation from site and the usage of heavy Low equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and As the construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed new treatment plant which Low fauna may lead to habitat destruction of natural existing fauna.

(b) Access due to In certain areas where the Water Treatment Plant require the creation of new ROW’s through forest land, this construction of Water might result in improved access to natural sites previously less accessible. Low Treatment Plants ROW’s through bush and forest land 6. SOLID WASTE GENERATION (a) Waste generation Waste will be generated from the left over concrete and iron rods used during the construction of the water Moderate treatment plants.

46 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 5.6: Impacts During Operation and Maintenance Phase for Water Treatment Plants OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Same as in construction phase number (ii) Low

The water treatment plant will lead to increased water consumption and therewith wastewater production. Moderate (b) Water pollution Due to storage and use of diesels and other lubricants, fuels and lubricants can mistakenly spill into the

underground water resulting in water pollution. The chances of soil pollution during this phase are possible with leakages of fuels and lubricants. Moderate

(c) Soil pollution Disposal of waste/sludge into the adjacent forest will result in soil pollution thereby, affecting the use of Moderate the land.

2. HEALTH

(a) Public health risks as a result Disposal of waste/sludge into the river will result in pollution of the soil and water, thereby, resulting in Moderate

health problems.

(b) Occupational health safety During this face of the project, maintenance staff may have to run different shifts including night ones. Low This may result in accidents and dangers.

3. WASTE GENERATION

(a) Solid waste generation Waste will be produced by human maintenance activities such as retune clearance of grasses, solid Low waste from empty and /or obsolete chemicals containers. The amounts of waste produced will be much more limited than during the construction phase.

(b) Sludge As a result of the extended distribution system visa-viz the high expected water consumption rate, Moderate increase quantity of sludge will be generated from the treatment plant activities.

7. ENERGY CONSUMPTION (a) Energy consumption The use of energy for the distribution of water will be required. The relative increase in energy Low consumption as a result of the extensions to the pipeline distribution system is, however, not expected to be substantial.

47 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

Table 5.7 : Impacts During Pre-Construction For The Water Storage Tanks PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machines such as generators , and also from dust Moderate being raised during clearing of bushes and felling of trees Moderate Burning of uprooted trees and grasses will also contribute to air pollution

(b) Water pollution Leaching of the fuels from the machines and automobiles into the underground water will result in underground Low water pollution.

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines (in Low the case of burrowing) etc.

2. SOCIAL Constructions sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and Low obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The use of heavy equipment is expected to be (a) Safety of the public limited. On the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks. Low

The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. However, Low (b) Visual amenities treatment plant constructions in this project will take place in secluded areas within semi-urban and rural areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Moreover, the impact is location specific and temporal. (c) Land take The proposed construction of Treatment Plants may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes Low (residential, agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures). 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated ditches Moderate etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as malaria, which poses a health concern to residents. (c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working on Low and safety and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

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PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Water pipeline construction for the network extension and rehabilitation of water will entail clearance of the Moderate vegetation from site and the usage of heavy equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. Nevertheless most of the pipeline construction activities will take place along existing roads and not undulating landforms thereby reducing erosion impact to a minimum. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora As the construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed new pipeline extension which Moderate and fauna may lead to habitat destruction of natural existing fauna. Although most of the new pipeline extension work will occur along existing roads or ROWs with less bushes and shrubs removal making vegetation impact to be low due to low ecological value. Some economical tree will be affected

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Table 5.8: Impacts During Construction For The Water Storage Tanks CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution may result from EXCAVATION equipments (vessels, pumps) as well as road transportation. It is Moderate expected that such impacts will be limited and transient. Moreover, human receptors in the vicinity of the reservoir are generally distant. (b) Water pollution Underground water pollution may result from the spillage of fuels from heavy automobiles conveying Moderate equipments to the site and machines used for excavation

(c) Soil pollution There will be soil pollution from the spillage of diesels from automobiles conveying equipments to the site and Low generators used on the site

(d) Noise pollution Noise pollution may result from the dredging works. In the surroundings of the storage tanks, human receptors Moderate in the vicinity of the storage tanks are generally distant. The impacts would therefore be mainly on wildlife in the area, since the shore lines of the storage tanks are not habitable.

CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 2. SOCIAL Construction sites, in particular excavation, as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and obstructions of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The use of heavy equipments is expected to Moderate (a) Safety of the public be limited. However, on the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks.

Furthermore, exposed trenches pose fall hazards to humans and animals alike. The risk of such is particularly important in the case of construction works near frequented public buildings. Construction sites, if mot well managed, have impacts on the aesthetics of the surroundings. In the case of the Low (b) Visual amenities project, all pipelines constructions takes place in the rural and semi-urban areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Furthermore, the impact is temporary and location-specific.

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Table 5.9: Impacts During Operation And Maintenance Phase For Water Storage Tanks OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION 2. SOCIAL

(a)Disturbance and interruption During maintenance, movement and other social activities within the area may be affected. Moderate of social activities

3. HEALTH Moderate Lack of maintenance of the storage tanks may result in accumulation of silts and algae over a long period (b) Public Health of time resulting in the clogging of the water pipe.

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Table 5.10: Impacts During Pre-Construction Phase Of The Pipelines PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machines such as generators , and also from dust Moderate being raised during clearing of bushes and felling of trees Moderate Burning of uprooted trees and grasses will also contribute to air pollution

(b) Water pollution Leaching of the fuels from the machines and automobiles into the underground water will result in Low underground water pollution. Low Accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals may flow into surface waters leading to water pollution. Also project activities may lead to turbidity in surface watercourses due to run off of sediments resulting from increased erosion. Although this will be minimal since most of the project sites are not close to water bodies or water courses

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines Low (in the case of burrowing) etc.

2. SOCIAL Constructions sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and Low obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The use of heavy equipment is expected (a) Safety of the public to be limited. On the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks. Low

The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. Low (b) Visual amenities However, treatment plant constructions in this project will take place in secluded areas within semi-urban and rural areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Moreover, the impact is location specific and temporal. (c) Land take The proposed construction of Treatment Plants may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes Low (residential, agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures).

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PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE

TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING

3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as malaria, which poses a health concern to residents. (c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; Low and safety working on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks 4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Water pipeline construction for the network extension and rehabilitation of water will entail clearance of Moderate the vegetation from site and the usage of heavy equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. Nevertheless most of the pipeline construction activities will take place along existing roads and not undulating landforms thereby reducing erosion impact to a minimum. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and As the construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed new pipeline extension Moderate fauna which may lead to habitat destruction of natural existing fauna. Although most of the new pipeline extension work will occur along existing roads or ROWs with less bushes and shrubs removal making vegetation impact to be low due to low ecological value. Some economical tree will be affected

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Table 5.11: Impacts During Construction Phase Of The Pipelines CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution may result from construction activities, in particular in the form of emissions from vehicles and construction equipment. It is expected that such impacts will be limited, relatively short-term, transient and relatively low in magnitude (b) Water pollution Water pollution may result from wastewater produced by construction camps and by accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals used in the process. Furthermore, runoff of sediments resulting from increased soil erosion and from dust an sand at construction sites may lead to increased turbidity in surface watercourses. In Moderate cases, excavated trenches may need to be kept dry through pumping out of (ground) water. The ground water will need to be disposed off, but may be contaminated or high in suspended solids. (d) Noise pollution Noise pollution may result from construction activities, in particular from heavy vehicles and construction equipments. In particular in the semi-urban and rural environment in which most activities will take place, such noise pollution may constitute a nuisance to the population. It is, however, expected that works will progress relatively fast, and generally not last for too long. 2. SOCIAL Construction sites, in particular excavation, as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and Moderate obstructions of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The use of heavy equipments is expected to (a) Safety of the public be limited. However, on the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks. Furthermore, exposed trenches pose fall hazards to humans and animals alike. The risk of such is particularly important in the case of construction works near frequented public buildings. Construction sites, if not well managed, have impact on the aesthetics of the surroundings. In the case of the Low (b) Visual amenities project, all pipelines construction takes place in rural and semi-urban areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Furthermore, the impact is temporary and location-specific (c) Land take Although the majority of proposed pipelines will be along existing roads and in existing ROW’s, the proposed Moderate pipelines extension may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes (residential, agriculture, businesses, etc,) and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be clear of structures).

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TYPE OF DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING IMPACT 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Public health problems may occur in the case of badly managed construction camps and work sites. In the case of Moderate the proposed works, it is not expected that large (c) Occupational Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working on Low health and safety and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion and The construction of the water distribution network (pipelines) requires the clearance of sites from vegetation, as well Contamination as the execution of excavation works using heavy equipments. Inappropriate construction practices and soil protection measures may induce or accelerate erosion, leading to soil instability and landslides in hilly areas, with possible water pollution due run-off to surface waters. Fortunately, the majority of construction which is related to pipe laying takes place along existing roads, and not on hill slopes. Nevertheless, it may be anticipated that the Moderate clearing of vegetation in the ROW will lead to temporary increase in soil erosion, until re-vegetation has occurred.

Furthermore, contamination may occur as a result of accidental or structural spillage of fuels, lubricants chemicals, sanitary waste water, etc, as well as from leakages from inadequate protected solids waste storage facilities and sites. Good construction practices would however, largely avoid any such risks. Disturbance and Construction activities for the water distribution network may only be temporary, but construction activities may be Moderate interruption of spread over a long period of time. Without adequate planning and communication of activities, construction commercial and activities may cause traffic disruptions and congestion, resulting in temporary disturbance and interruption of social activities commercial and social activities. This is particularly the case in the high density semi-urban environments.

Construction activities may furthermore cause damage to other infrastructure (roads, sewerage pipes, drains, buildings etc.), and therewith lead to short-term disruption of certain public services. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on Certain stretches of the proposed pipeline extensions may require the removal of natural vegetation, leading to Moderate flora and fauna potential habitat loss of its associated fauna. However, the majority of proposed construction works will be along roads and in existing ROWs. Although clearances of bushes and shrubs will therefore not be fully unavoidable, the actual impacts’ on vegetation are expected to be low.

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Table 5.12: Impacts During Operation And Maintenance Phase Of The Pipelines OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING Induced access due to Where the pipeline extensions would require the creation of new ROW’s through forest land, this might result in construction of pipeline improved access to natural sites previously less accessible. All construction will, however be long existing roads. ROW’s through bush and forest land Energy Consumption Operation of a water distribution system may involve the use for pumping. The relative increase in energy consumption as a result of the pipelines, distribution system is, however, not expected to be substantial Air pollution Same as construction phase.

Noise Pollution Same as in the construction phase Moderate

Water pollution Water pollution may result from the accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals used in the process. Furthermore, runoff of sediment resulting from increased soil erosion and from dust and sand at construction sites may lead to increased turbidity in surface watercourses. In cases, excavated trenches may need to be kept dry through pumping out of ground water. The pumped water will need to be disposed off, but may be contaminated or high in suspended solids.

Another issue related to water pollution is related to the fact that the extended distribution system will lead to increased water consumption and therewith wastewater production. This may, in turn, increase water pollution, since wastewater treatment facilities are in most cases absent. The impact is largely restricted to pipeline extensions.

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TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 2. SOCIAL Piped water distribution systems are particularly sensitive to operational failures. Since drinking water is treated Moderate before entering the network and not at the actual distribution point in the houses, anything happening to the water in between will directly pose public health risks. Accidental ruptures of pipelines and structural degradation of pipelines as a result of ageing and poor maintenance, accompanied by low pressure in the pipes will allow the intrusion of potentially polluted groundwater into the drinking water distribution system. Another issue may be the realization of branched connections (e.g. for new areas or to households),if not done in a proper manner. Parts of such connections may be illegal. Particularly sensitive may be the impact in the case of or other areas of high level Nuisance and public health pollution such as landfills and industrial zones. risks as a result of incidental Furthermore, accidents and leaks due to ruptures of pipelines may cause flooding with consequential effects, in and structural (institutional) particular in terms of disturbance of socio-economic activities. Flooding may also have its impact on insects and operational failures of the waterborne disease vectors, as well as public health risk due to overflowing of drainage systems and open sewers distribution network and is particularly hazardous in the vicinity of concentrated pollution sources such as landfills and industrial zones

A third source of nuisance and public health risk is related to the fact that it may be expected that water consumption will increase as a result of the extended distribution system. Therewith, the production of wastewater will also increase. Since sanitary facilities in most areas are very basic, and centralized collection and treatment facilities do not exist, this may result in increased public health risks. In relative terms the increase in water production is not expected to be substantial, but local effects may be observed. The area of project activities is largely in the rural and semi-urban areas, and has consequently been greatly affected Low Loss of wild lands, forests by human habitation. None of the project areas is of exceptional ecological value. and wildlife habitat. Soil erosion and Inspection and maintenance works for the water distribution network (pipelines) requires the clearance of sites Moderate contamination from vegetation, as well and the excavation works, possibly using heavy equipments. Inappropriate construction practices and soil protection measures may induce or accelerate erosion, leading to soil instability and landslides in hilly areas, with possible water pollution due to run-off to surface waters. Fortunately, the majority of the proposed pipelines is along existing roads. Nevertheless, it may be anticipated that clearing of vegetation on the ROW will lead to temporary increase in soil erosion, until revegetation has occurred.

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TYPE OF DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING IMPACT 3. HEALTH (a) Public Same as in construction phase but lower scale health problems from construction camps and Moderate sites, and imported labour

(c) Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working on Occupational and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working health and under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks Low safety

Disturbance Maintenance activities for the water distribution network may only be temporary, but without adequate planning of and activities, construction activities may cause traffic disruptions and congestion, resulting in disturbance and interruption of interruption of commercial and social activities. The impact will be highest in areas of higher population density, and commercial less important in low density areas Moderate and social activities Maintenance activities may furthermore cause damage to other infrastructure (roads, sewerage pipes, drains, buildings, etc), and therewith lead to short-term disruption of certain public services. 4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Inspection and maintenance works for the water distribution (pipelines) requires the clearance of sites from and vegetation, as well as the execution of excavation works, possibly using heavy equipment. Inappropriate construction Contamination practices and soil protection measures may induce or accelerate erosion, leading to soil instability and landslides in Moderate hilly areas, with possible water pollution due to run-off to surface waters. Fortunately, the majority of the proposed pipelines is along existing roads. Nevertheless, it may be anticipated that clearing of vegetation on the ROW will lead to temporary increase in soil erosion, until revegetation has occurred. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on Inspection and maintenance works may require the removal of the vegetation, leading to potential habitat loss of its flora and fauna associated fauna. However, the majority of proposed pipelines will be along roads and in existing ROW’s. although clearance of bushes and shrubs will therefore not be fully unavoidable, the actual impact on the vegetation is Moderate expected to be low.

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CHAPTER SIX: MITIGATION PLAN

6.1 Introduction

Environmental mitigation consists of measures that can reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with implementation (construction, expansion) of the project. Mitigation measures have been identified that would reduce both existing and potential impacts associated with existing facilities and upgrading/new construction.

For each of the identified impacts specific mitigation measures may be defined. The general rule in designing such measures is:

ƒAvoidance of major impacts: major impacts are generally considered unacceptable, certainly ones that would endure into the long-term or extend over a large area; and

ƒReduction of major and moderate impacts to as low as reasonably practicable by planning, designing and controlling mitigation measures. This Implies that mitigation measures will be applied up until the limitations of cost-effectiveness and practical application are reached. The limitations are established by best international practice.

ƒImplementation of good contractor practices for impacts rated as minor, in order to ensure that

impacts are management within good reason.

Table 6.1 Mitigation Hierarchy for Planned Project Activities

Avoid at Source; Reduce at Source Avoiding or reducing at source is essentially ‘designing’ the project so that a feature causing impact is designed out (e.g. pipeline re-route) or altered (e.g. reduced working width). Often called minimization.

Abate on Site This involves adding something to the basic design to abate the impact- pollution controls fall within this category. Often called end-of-pipe.

Abate at Receptor If an impact cannot be abated on-site then measures can be implemented off-site. An example of this would be to instruct authorities in affected schools to increase the level of supervision of their pupils during the period of civil works.

Repair or Remedy Some impacts involve unavoidable damage to a resource, e.g. agricultural land during pipeline construction. Repair essentially involves restoration and reinstatement type measures.

Mitigation measures related to construction of water treatment plants and extension of the distribution network.

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Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures of Impacts During Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation and Maintenance Phase PRE-CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE. POTENTIAL DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE IMPACT 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution ¾ Periodic maintenance of vehicles and equipment according to repair revision programme. ¾ Use of good quality lubricants and fuel. ¾ Sprinkling of water during dry periods to prevent dust. ¾ Burning of wastes at site should be avoided to reduce air pollution. (b) Water pollution ¾ Waste should be stored temporarily in storage containers and disposed off at sites approved by the authority. ¾ Sludge can be re-used/recycled into the water treatment system. ¾ Solid wastes, fuels or oils should not be disposed off into water flows. ¾ Fuel storage tanks should be leak-proof and checked daily. The tanks should be installed in a bounded area and should be replaced in cases of leakage. ¾ Parking areas for motor vehicles should be on paved concrete surfaces. ¾ Fuelling, maintenance and cleaning of motor vehicles should be done in workshop with necessary leakage preventive methods. ¾ Where civil works take place adjacent to a watercourse, preventive methods must be put in place to avoid silt from falling into the watercourse. (c) Soil pollution ¾ The Contractor should ensure implementation of measures to protect soils from both structural and accidental contamination. ¾ Hazardous and cleaning waste should be stored temporarily in storage facilities and at sites approved by the authority. ¾ Fuel storage tanks should be leak-proof and checked daily. The tanks should be installed in a bounded area and should be replaced in cases of leakage. ¾ Procedures for storage, handling of hazardous wastes and raw materials (e.g. batteries, chemicals, fuels) should be prepared as part of the Contractors Waste Management Plan. Implementation of such procedures should be adequately enforced and monitored. ¾ Oils should be stored in their original drums and kept on top of an impermeable surface preferably in the contractors store room. (d) Noise pollution ¾ Minimization of the noise sources in accordance with EPAD standards (with the allowable noise emission limits of less than 90dBA). ¾ Adequate attention should be given to the control of noise and vibration on site. ¾ Adequate maintenance of equipment and vehicles according to periodical repair/revision programme. ¾ Noise preventive measures, such as mufflers, should be installed on equipment and motor vehicles.

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PRE-CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE. POTENTIAL DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE IMPACT 2. SOCIAL (a) Safety of the ¾ Adequate protection and signaling of work sites in particular during the night, with clear marking of the safety border on the works perimeter. public ¾ Informing the local communities of the construction programme through for example, local FM radio stations. ¾ Prohibition of access to work sites by any person having no work permit in particular where it concerns areas marked as ‘restricted’. The latter should include at least places occupied by operation mechanical and electrical equipment ¾ Firefighting equipment should be installed at fuel storage tanks along with collecting trays and absorbent materials. ¾ Civil work should be avoided at night except where necessary. (b)Visual amenities ¾ Restriction (as much as possible) of the size of construction sites and camps. ¾ Conversion of vegetation around work sites in order to serve as visual shields. ¾ Adequate organization and maintenance of work site through good housekeeping. ¾ Restoration of work sites back to pre construction state upon completion of works. (c) Disturbance and ¾ Establishment of traffic plans at locations of blockage roads, and implementation of appropriate traffic control at such locations. interruption of social activities 3. HEALTH (a) Public health ¾ Stagnant water on construction sites should be avoided through proper maintenance of the site and through the removal of water from ditches especially after rainfall or groundwater infiltration to avoid the breeding of mosquitoes. (b) Health problems ¾ Imported workers if used should have proper housing and sanitary conditions. ¾ The number of imported workers should be reduced to the minimum while the use of local workers should be encouraged. ¾ HIV and AIDS awareness and lecture should be given to the workers so as to reduce the spread of the disease among the locals. (c) Occupational ¾ Labourers should adhere to basic rules. health safety ¾ Workers should be provided with safety gadgets ¾ Contractor should ensure that worker wear their safety gadget and also observe all safety percussion. ¾ Safety signs such as ‘MEN AT WORK’ should be mounted where and when workers are working so as to alert motorist. 4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion ¾ When civil works involves working on slopes and human stream beddings, appropriate erosion protection measures should be taken. ¾ Excavation works should not be undertaken under aggressive weather conditions such as under heavy rain fall which will accelerate erosion of the excavated earth. ¾ Top soils when removed, should be stored until after the trenches have been filled only then should it be re- instated.

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PRE-CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATIONAND MAINTENANCE PHASES. POTENTIAL IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and fauna ¾ The Contractor should minimize the work site to the minimum possible size in an attempt to minimize the destruction on flora and fauna found and thus prevent ecological damages. ¾ The appropriate authority’s consent should be sought before any tree is fell. Also fees and fines should be paid where necessary to the appropriate institution. ¾ Ecological restoration through environmental engineering should be undertaken after any human intervention. This may include restoration of top soils and introduction of new species to restore the local ecology 6. WASTE MANAGEMENT ¾ Collection and temporary storage of cleaning and sanitary wastes, as well as garbage, in containers. ¾ The Contractor should prepare a Solid Waste Management Plan, which should include:

™A detailed list of the types and quantities of waste to be produced, including their hazard classes.

™An assessment of any opportunities for reducing solid waste generation, in particular, hazardous and undesirable (persistent and non-re- usable) types of wastes.

™The most appropriate waste management plan should be determined for each type of solid waste. This should include details on (a) Solid waste generation (temporary) storage, transport and a final destination for the waste. With regards to the latter, the most appropriate way would be reuse, followed by recycling/ recovery and finally disposal or incineration.

¾ Records of types, quantities, origins, (temporary) storage, transport and elimination/ reuse of solid waste must be kept by the Contractor, and He/ She should make these available to the works supervisor upon his request, as proof of proper waste management practices. ¾ Waste disposals should occur at only site approved by the authorities. ¾ Recycling companies should be used in transferring and, recycling and disposing of waste except for sludge that need to be recycled into the water treatment systems. ¾ Soils and underground waters should be taken into consideration when providing and constructing material storages.

(b) Liquid waste generation ¾ Sludge produced should be treated and disposed off appropriately according to EPAD standards or re-used/recycled where feasible.

7. ENERGY CONSUMPTION (a) Energy Consumption ¾ Since the increase in energy consumption will not be substantial it is therefore advised that as much as possible the use of electrical power from PHCN be encouraged since it is more sustainable (cheaper and renewable) in place of diesel operated generators.

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CHAPTER SEVEN: MONITORING PLAN

7.1 Monitoring Plan

The objective of the monitoring plan is to establish appropriate criteria to verify the predicted impact of the project, and to ensure that any unforeseen impacts are detected and the mitigation adjusted where needed at an early stage. The plan will ensure that mitigating measures are implemented during works: Specific objectives of the monitoring plan are to:

¾check the effectiveness of recommended mitigation measures; ¾demonstrate that sub-project activities are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures and existing regulatory procedures; and ¾provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level.

The oversight for the environmental and social management process of the sub-projects will be assured by the supervisory consultants in collaboration with the CRS-NUWSRP2 Project Implementation Unit via the Monitoring and Evaluation Office. Monitoring will be conducted during all phases of the project: design, construction, execution, operation and maintenance.

7.2 Monitoring Procedure: A fundamental approach in monitoring and evaluation segment of this project will avoid the linear conceptual model, in which monitoring and evaluation come in the end of the implementation processes. However, it is recommended that monitoring will be a continuous process throughout the entire phases of the project.

Based on measurable indicators, the progress of the project will be assessed. The Monitoring and Evaluation Officer/ Environmental Officer will prepare a long term monitoring strategy that will encompass clear and definitive parameters to be monitored for each sub-project. The monitoring plan will take into consideration the scope of development, the environmental and social sensitivity and the financial and technical means available for monitoring. The plan will identify and describe the indicators to be used, the frequency of monitoring and the standard (baseline) against which the indicators will be measured for compliance with the EMP.

A number of indicators would be used in order to determine the status of the affected environment as follows: - Has the pre-project human and natural environmental state been maintained or improved at the installation of the pipes and; - Environmental Indicators: ƒ Loss of vegetation; ƒ Land degradation; ƒ Compliance with Legislations. - Social indicators: ƒ Population, ƒ Incomes;

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CHAPTER EIGHT: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Definition and Introduction

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an EA instrument that details the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the actions needed to implement these measures. This involves environmental and social control and mitigation measures, monitoring programs, and responsibilities which must be developed based upon an assessment of environmental and social impacts and risks for the proposed project. This EMP is intended to ensure efficient environmental management of these activities. The EMP includes the following sections: ¾the potential environmental and social impacts, ¾the proposed mitigation measures, ¾arrangement for EMP implementation, ¾responsibilities for EMP and mitigation measures implementation; ¾capacity building needs; and ¾EMP implementation budget.

Summary of Impacts: The predicted adverse environmental and social impacts for which mitigation is required are identified and briefly summarised in table 5.1 to 5.11.

Mitigation Measures: Feasible and cost effective measures to reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels are defined. Details of the proposed mitigation measures can be found in Chapter 6.

Monitoring Measures: Activities to monitor the effectiveness of the defined mitigation measures are defined. These monitoring activities will allow for any additional remedial measures to be undertaken if mitigation measures are inadequate or the impacts have been underestimated within the EIA report, in particular where the results are not in compliance with the obtained permits, national standards and World Bank Group requirements and guidelines. Details of the proposed monitoring measures can be found in Chapter 7.

Institutional Measures: Responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring will be clearly defined as well as arrangements for co-ordination between the various factors responsible for mitigation. Furthermore, training and capacity building requirement are presented.

Implementation Schedule: The timing, frequency, and duration of mitigation measures are specified in an implementation schedule.

Cost Estimates and Sources of Funds: For initial investment and recurring expenses for implementing of measures contained in the EMP, cost estimates are presented, in order to allow for integration into the total project costs.

Design Measures: The quantities, specifications and estimated costs of design measures to avoid or mitigate negative impacts will be assessed by the civil design contractor and incorporated into the bidding documents.

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8.2 Implementation Arrangement

The resources required for implementing the EMP are basically personnel and finance. The key stakeholders in the EMP implementation are the project engineers, contractor/consultants, EPAD and the World Bank.

The project team shall ensure that implementation process complies with all relevant policies and procedures of both the World Bank and Nigeria.

The project will provide staff to achieve the following objectives: ¾propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project ¾promote awareness by its personnel and the general public regarding environmental protection, ¾propose concrete means of applying the EMP. The environmental/social specialist attached to the project, project engineers; monitoring and evaluation officer/environmental desk officer will be responsible for the implementation of the EMP in close collaboration with EPAD. The management plan will be executed by a group of professionals or consulting firm to be hired by the project. These professionals will be qualified in the following disciplines: ¾Environmental Assessment & Monitoring ¾Soil & Water Conservation ¾Civil Engineering ¾Public Health ¾Sociology and Socio-Economics The monitoring and evaluation (M& E) officer/project engineer at the PIU will be responsible for the implementation of the environmental monitoring and the EMP. He is also to ensure that the contractors adhere to the General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction contracts. His responsibilities shall include: ¾Coordination, liaison with and monitoring of the contractors; ¾Compilation and preparation of periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank; ¾Review of EIA reports from consultants in collaboration with EPAD and FME ¾Data Management; and ¾Sub-project Inspections

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The World Bank performs the following role; ¾Ensure that its Safeguard Policies are complied with. ¾Responsible for the final review and clearance of the EIAs, ¾Ensures that environmental safeguards are taken care of during World Bank supervision mission.

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¾Ensure that there are sufficient resources (time, money and people) to manage the implementation of the EMP, ¾Ensure bid documents include actions to address adverse impacts resulting from construction work, ¾Ensure that the EMP reflects any changes during the construction process that may have a significant environmental or social impact, ¾Liaison with the Cross River Sate Water Board Limited ¾Organise seminars to disseminate EMP document to relevant stakeholders, communities, etc.

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¾Ensure that there are sufficient resources (time, money and people) to supervise the environmental issues of the works. ¾Ensure that any changes during construction process that may have significant environmental or social impact are communicated to the EPAD in time and advice on actions to be taken and costs involved. ¾Ensure that the EPAD is sufficiently informed on monitoring results.

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¾Ensure that there are sufficient resources (time, money and people) to manage the environmental issues of the works. ¾Be responsible for ensuring that all site staff, including sub-contractors and sub-contracted activities will comply with the projects EMP. ¾Ensure that any changes during the construction process that may have a significant environmental and social impact are communicated to the Supervising Engineer in time and manage them accordingly. ¾Ensure that the Environmental Supervising Engineer is sufficiently informed on contractor’s monitoring results. ¾Organising weekly work meetings.

Appendix 4 gives detailed General Environmental Management conditions for contractors during civil works.

8.3 Recommended Capacity Building and Training

7UDLQLQJ1HHGV Based on the assessment of the institutional capacities of the different agencies involved in the implementation of the EMP, it is recommended that the Cross River State Water Board Limited contract technical and professional assistance to provide recommended training and operational support to the PIU and other agencies involved in the EMP implementation. The recommended courses and sub-courses are given in table 8.1 below.

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Table 8.1: Training Course Outline

DAY 1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TRAGET GROUPS COST (NAIRA) Environmental officer COURSE 1: Introduction (EPAD) COURSE 2: Impact Prediction, Evaluation and Mitigation PIU Staff Head of Engineering COURSE 3: Environmental Management Plan dept-CRSWBL 508,800 COURSE 4: Environmental Audit Monitoring and Evaluation officer COURSE 5: Constraints Encountered on ESIA Process

DAY 2 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE) Environmental officer COURSE 1: Emergency Response and Preparedness (EPAD) PIU Staff COURSE 2: Occupational Health and Safety Monitoring Head of Engineering COURSE 3: Basic Safety Equipment (BSE) and Personal dept-CRSWBL Monitoring and Protection Equipment(PPE) Evaluation officer Safety Officer WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Environmental officer 928,800 (EPAD) PIU Staff COURSE 1: Collection, Transportation and Disposal Head of Engineering dept-CRSWBL COURSE 2: Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and COURSE 3: Evaluation officer Staff of CUDA including transporters and disposal site operators

8.3.2 Training of Contractors Personnel:

The Contractor should provide sufficient training to his/her own personnel to ensure that they are fully aware of the relevant aspects of the EMP and are able to fulfil their roles and functions (contractor’s responsibility). Specific training should be provided to those employees that have specific tasks associated with the implementation of the EMP.

General topics should be: ¾HSE in general (working procedures) ¾Emergency procedures ¾Social and cultural aspects (awareness rising on social issues).

This kind of training should be a requirement of contract for the Contractor of the works.

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8.4 Environmental Management Plan Budget The total cost for the EMP in the three (3) towns of Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja is estimated at Eleven Million Nine Hundred and Fifty Nine Thousand, Eight Hundred and Sixty naira only. The break down is given in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2: Budget and Responsibilities

COST ESTIMATE COST ESTIMATE RESPONSIBILIT COST IN IN ITEM Y BREAKDOWN NIGERIAN NAIRA US DOLLARS (N) (US$) Mitigation CRSWBL- N 1,682,000 $10,512.50 NUWSRP1/EPAD Management CRSWBL-- 5% of Mitigation N 84,100 $525.60 NUWSRP1 Cost Monitoring CRSWBL-- 25% of Mitigation N 420,500 $2,628.10 NUWSRP1/ EPAD Cost Training/ CRSWBL/Consultan N 1,437,600 $ 8,985.00 Capacity t Building Sub- Total N 3, 624,200 $22,651.30 Contingency 10% of Sub- Total N 362,420. $2,265.10 Total per Town N 3,986,620 $24,916.40 Total for three 3 * Total per Town N 11,959,860 $74,749.13 (3) Towns

Table 8.3 on the next page shows the EMP table portraying impacts, mitigation measures, implementation schedule and responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring.

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Table 8.3: ESMP Table Portraying Impact, Mitigation Measures, Implementation Schedule and Responsibilities for Mitigation and Monitoring

POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE COST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution CO2 and CO Monitor CO2 and Weekly During construction (i) Periodic maintenance of Air pollution will result from CO(maximum limit activities vehicles and equipment N 400,000 Project Engineers of CRSWBL automobiles, light and heavy 11 g/m3 or 10ppm) according to repair revision ($2,500) machineries such as generators. in the surrounding programme. Also good quality EPAD and bulldozers project area lubricants and fuels must be used. Burning of wastes such as (ii) Provision of nose masks to Contractor/ M & E officer wood, paper etc. will also the workers on site that are Supervising contribute to pollution. These exposed to these harmful gases. Consultant pollution rates will also be minimal as construction would NOx, SOx, THC Monitor NOx Weekly Before and during (ii) Burning of wastes at sites not be on a large scale and will and CO (maximum limit 0.04- construction activities should be avoided to reduce air be short term. 0.06ppm), SOx pollution. All waste should be N 60,000 (maximum limit 0.1 directed to a EPAD’s approved As laying of the extension pipes ppm), THC and CO dumpsite. ($375)) will require the removal of the in the surrounding air top soil i.e. digging in other to before the lay the pipes, there will be a construction and substantial release of fine sand thereafter weekly particles especially during the during the dry season, although this will be construction phase. a short-termed impact since the removed earth will be replaced. Particulate Matter Monitor Particulate Daily (Morning During construction (iii) Sprinkling of water during N 267,000 (maximum limit Matter, and Evening) activities dry periods to prevent dust. ($1,668.75))) 250 g/m3)

(b) Water pollution Water pollution will result from Water Quality Daily During (i) Dispose sludge to the EPAD Nil disposal of waste water/sludge Physical property operation/water designated places or re- into the river/dam. of the watercourse treatment use/recycle where feasible

Accidental spillage of fuel. Lubricants and other chemicals (ii) Fuel storage tanks should be may flow into surface waters Water Quality Daily During construction leak proof and checked daily. Nil Project Engineers leading to water pollution. Also BOD, COD, , TDS, activities The tanks should be installed in of CRSWBL project activities may lead to TSS, salinity, pH, a bounded area and should be turbidity in surface watercourses E coli, Salmonella replaced in cases of leakage. due to run off of sediments M & E officer resulting from increased erosion. Heavy metal Arsenic, Lead and (iii) Where civil works take place Although this will be minimal composition and Mercury Weekly During construction, adjacent to a watercourse, since most of the project sites Turbidity of water operation and preventive methods must be put Nil are not close to water bodies or properties maintenance in place to avoid silt from falling water courses activities into the watercourse. This should be done by providing an alternate drainage route. 69 Earthguards Limited

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Monitor BOD, The extended pipeline chemical property distribution system will lead to such as Nitrate, pH, (iv) Water from pressure testing Contractor/ increased water consumption Water Quality Heavy metals and Monthly During operation and should be tested prior to discharge N 130,000 supervising Project Engineers and therewith wastewater turbidity of the maintenance activities consultant of CRSWBL/ to make sure it meets EPAD production. This may, in turn, nearby water bodies standards. If this standard is not met, EPAD increase water pollution, since before the ($812.5) advice should be sought from waste water treatment facilities construction and EPAD in regards to treatment and are absent thereafter monthly discharge. M & E officer/ during the Environmental construction activities Officer

Chemical and During construction (i) Hazardous and cleaning waste N 10,000 Heavy metal activities should be stored temporarily in ($62.5) composition in soil storage facilities and at sites approved by the authority.

(ii) Fuel storage tanks should be leak Heavy metal During construction proof and checked daily. The tanks Nil composition in soil activities should be installed in a bounded area (c) Soil pollution Monitor biological, and should be replaced in cases of Soil pollution may occur as a chemical and leakage. Project Engineers result of accidental spillage of property such as (iii) Procedures for storage, handling of CRWSBL fuels such as diesel. In Heavy metal Nitrate, pH, Heavy During construction of hazardous wastes and raw Nil Contractor/ addition, there may be fuel, composition in soil metals and before the Daily activities materials (e.g. batteries, chemicals, supervising M & E officer/ lubricants and other hazardous construction and fuels) should be prepared as part of consultant Environmental chemical leakages from thereafter monthly the Contractors Waste Management Officer improper storage facilities during the Plan. Implementation of such

construction activities procedures should be adequately enforced and monitored.

Heavy metal (iv) Oils should be stored in their Nil composition in soil original drums and kept on top of an impermeable surface preferably in the contractors store room.

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(d) Noise pollution Noise level in the Should be less than (i) Minimization the noise sources in Noise pollution may result surrounding 90dBA. In Daily During Pre- accordance with EPAD standards (with from construction project site accordance with construction/Constru the allowable noise emission limits of Nil activities, in particular from EPAD standard ction activities less than 90dBA). heavy vehicles and construction equipments. Noise level in the Should be less than Daily During construction (ii) Adequate attention should be given Nil surrounding activities to the control of noise and vibration on In particular in the semi- 90dBA.In Project Engineers project site accordance with site. urban and rural Contractor/ of CRSWBL EPAD standard environment in which most supervising M & E officer/ activities will take place, Noise level in the Should be less than Daily During construction (iii) Adequate maintenance of consultant Environmental such noise pollution may surrounding 90dBA. In activities equipment and vehicles according to Officer project site periodical repair/revision programme. constitute a nuisance to the accordance with population. It is, however, EPAD standard expected that works will Noise level in the Should be less than Daily During construction (iv) Noise reduction measures, such as N 30,000 progress relatively fast, and surrounding 90dBA. In activities mufflers, should be installed on ($187.5) generally not last for too project site accordance with equipment and motor vehicles. long. EPAD standard

(2) SOCIAL N 80,000 (a) Safety of the public Daily Before and during (i) Informing the local communities of ($500) Constructions sites, in construction, the construction programme through, particular excavations, as well activities local FM radio stations, and public as transportation, movement consultation. of heavy equipment and (ii) Prohibition of access to work sites obstructions of roads may Complaints from During construction, by any person having no work permit in Contractor/ cause safety problems to the the residents activities particular were it concerns areas supervising Project Engineers general public. The use of affected people Daily marked as ‘restricted’. The latter should consultant of CRSWBL heavy equipment is expected include at least places occupied by to be limited. However, on the operation mechanical and electrical other hand, manually executed equipment and chemicals M & E officer/ Environmental works will last longer, resulting (iii) Firefighting equipment such as fire N 25,000 Officer in prolonged safety risks. Daily During construction, extinguishers should be installed at fuel ($156.25) activities storage tanks along with collecting trays Furthermore, exposed trenches and absorbent materials. pose fall hazards to humans Complaints from During construction, (iv) Adequate protection and signaling N 30,000 and animals alike especially at the project site Daily operation and of work sites in particular during the ($187.5) night. The risk of such is residents. maintenance activities night, with clear marking of the safety particularly important in the border on the works perimeter. Civil case of construction works works should be avoided at night near frequented public except where necessary buildings such as the schools.

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE COST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN SUPERVISION TATION During construction, (i) Restriction (as much as possible) Daily operation and of the size of civil work site. maintenance activities

Contractor/ During construction, (ii) Daily cleaning of work sites must supervising Daily operation and be performed at the end of each consultant maintenance activities working day Project Engineers of After construction, (iii) Restoration of work sites back to CRSWBL Complaints from the Daily and during operation pre construction state upon EPAD project site residents. and maintenance completion of works. (b) Visual Amenities activities The aesthetics of the M & E officer/ surroundings around the (iv) Each working site should be Environmental construction sites may be provided with a bucket or dustbin Officer affected if not well were such waste must be dropped management. In the case of and later taken to a dump site the project, all pipeline approved by EPAD constructions will take place in urban and semi- urban areas with moderate Complaints from the During construction, (ii)Public consultations should be viewpoint sensitivity. project site residents. See 2(a)(i) operation and held with the Project Affected Moreover, the impact is maintenance activities Persons (PAP’s). location specific and temporal

(iii) The work site should be reduced Complaints from the During construction, as much as possible to ONLY the project site residents. Daily operation and area designed to be worked on each maintenance activities day. In addition, obstruction of facilities such as roads should be minimized.

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Maintenance activities may Before construction (v) Alternative route(s) or side of the cause damage to other begins road will be recommended by the infrastructure (roads, consultant were feasible to avoid or sewerage, drains, etc), and minimize impacts. therewith lead to (short- term) disruption of certain (vii) Establishment of traffic plans at Project Engineers public services. Although Daily During operation and locations of blockage roads, and Nil of CRSWBL these may be temporal, but Complaints from maintenance phase implementation of appropriate traffic EPAD without adequate planning the project site control at such locations. Contractor/ of activities, construction residents. supervising M & E officer/ activities may cause traffic During operation and (viii) Informing the local communities of See 2(a)(i) consultant Environmental disruptions and congestion, maintenance phase the construction and maintenance resulting in disturbance and programme through for local FM radio Officer interruption of commercial stations should it be required that public and social activities. The services will be disrupted. impact will be highest in areas of higher population density, and less important in low density (more rural) areas. 3. HEALTH (a) Public Health In the tropical climate of Complaints from (i) Stagnant water on construction sites N 20,000 Nigeria, stagnant water the project site Daily During construction, should be avoided through proper ($125) which may form in pits, residents and operation and maintenance of the site and through the holes, excavated ditches etc, hospital record maintenance phase removal of water from ditches especially Project Engineers at construction sites creates after rainfall or groundwater infiltration of EPAD a habitat for insect disease to avoid the breeding disease vectors Contractor/ vectors such as malaria, such as mosquitoes. This should be done supervising M & E officer/ which within the urban by the use of water pumps whenever consultant context of the project necessary. Environmental activities, is an issue of officer importance

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE COST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION Operational failures are peculiar with piped water distribution system. Since drinking water is treated before entering the network and not at the actual distribution point in the houses (the traditional way), anything happening to the water in between will directly pose public health risks. Ruptures of pipelines and structural degradation of pipelines as a result of During, operation and (ii) During the operation and ageing and poor Complaints from maintenance phase maintenance phase, care must be taken maintenance, accompanied the project site to make sure the pipeline ROW’s is by low pressure in pipes will residents and kept in order to avoid indigenes allow the intrusion of hospital record building new structure on or within Project Engineers potentially polluted the pipeline ROW’s. This may course of EPAD groundwater into the ruptures in the already laid pipes Contractor/ drinking water distribution particularly in the laying of residential Daily supervising system. foundations. M & E officer/ consultant Environmental Another issue may be the officer realization of branched connections (e.g. for new area or to households), if not done in a proper manner. Part of such connections may be illegal. The impact in the case of ruptures in the vicinity of open or damaged sewers, the drainage system (often operating as an open sewer) or other areas of high level pollution such as landfills and industrial zones is particularly sensitive will pose a serious health risk to those who are supplied water from such network.

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE COST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION Flooding with consequential effects, may occur due to rupture of pipelines as a result of leaks and accidents. Possible occurrence of overflow of Complaints from During, operation and the drainage systems and the project site maintenance phase open sewers is particularly residents and hazardous in the vicinity of hospital record concentrated pollutants such as landfills and industrial zones. This may also have its impacts on insects and waterborne disease vectors, which poses as public health risk. (b) Health Problems From Construction Camps And Sites, And Imported Labour Complaints from During construction, (i) Imported workers if used should have the project site phase proper housing and sanitary. In the case of badly residents and managed construction hospital record Project Engineers camps and work sites public of CRSWBL health problems may occur, Complaints from During construction, (ii) The number of imported workers EPAD although in this case it is the project site phase should be reduced to the minimum Contractor/ not expected that large residents and while the use of local workers should be supervising construction camps will be hospital record encouraged. consultant M & E officer/ established, or that work sites will be large enough to cause important hazards to the general populate. In Complaints from During construction, (iii) HIV and AIDS awareness and view of the magnitude of the project site Monthly phase lecture should be given to the workers N 60,000 works, the number of residents and so as to reduce the spread of the disease ($375) imported labourers will not hospital record among the locals. be substantial, not withstanding the issues of increase or introduction of HIV and AIDS and also Weekly During construction, (iv) Contraceptives should be distributed N 100,000 social vices will not be phase free among the workers ($625) under estimated.

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(c) Occupational Health Daily During construction, And Safety phase Construction works such as: (i) Labourers should adhere to basic excavations; working with rules. heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working Daily During construction, on and along the traffic operation and (ii) Safety signs such as ‘MEN AT roads; heavy lifting, storage, maintenance activities WORK’ should be mounted were and 2(a)(iv) handling and use of when workers are working so as to alert dangerous substances and motorist In addition, work sites must be wastes, working under noisy clearly demarcated with ropes and tapes Project Engineers and harsh weather of EPAD Daily Contractor/ conditions will expose the (iii) Safety gadgets such as boots, nose workers to occupational Rate of casualty supervising guards and helmets should be provided N 200,000 consultant M & E officer/ health and safety risks ($1250) Environmental Officer During maintenances phase Daily During construction, of the project, maintenance operation and (iv) Contractor should ensure that staff may have to work maintenance activities workers wear their safety gadget such as close to the road and within helmets, nose guards and boots. Also to the ROW’s. This may result observe all safety percussion. in knock down hazards to Daily During construction, the maintenance operation and . maintenance activities (vi) There should be a First Aid Box N 40,000 ALWAYS on each site incase of mishaps ($250)

4. EROSION (a) Soil Erosion Project Engineers Water pipeline construction Erosion and During construction (i) Where civil works involves working Contractor/ of EPAD for the network turbidity of surface phase on slopes and human stream beddings, supervising distribution of water entails water. appropriate erosion protection measures consultant Environmental clearance of vegetation should be taken. An alternate drainage officer of from site and the usage of route should be provided. CRSWBL heavy equipment for the M & E officer/ work. The compaction of Environmental soil by heavy equipment Officer and

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE COST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION loss of vegetation cover During construction, (ii) Excavation works should not be tends to accelerate erosion operation and undertaken under aggressive weather activity leading to secondary maintenance activities conditions such as under heavy rain impacts such as soil fall which will accelerate erosion of the instability, landslides in excavated earth. undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff, Nevertheless During construction, (iii) Top soils when removed, should most of the pipeline operation and be stored until after the trenches have Project Engineers construction activities will Daily maintenance activities been filled only then should it be re- of EPAD take place along existing instated roads and not undulating Erosion and Environmental Contractor/ landforms thereby reducing turbidity of surface officer of During, operation and (iv) De-vegetation should be reduced supervising erosion impact to a water. CRSWBL maintenance activities to work areas, and top soil removed to consultant minimum. M & E Officer/ access pipelines should be stored and after maintenance, replaced. Environmental The clearance of sites of Officer vegetation will be required for the inspection and Daily maintenance of the water distribution network. Inappropriate practices and soil protection measures will induce or accelerate erosion, leading to soil instability 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts On Flora And Fauna As the construction will Daily During construction, (i) The Contractor and maintenance Contractor/ Project Engineers require removal of natural operation and staff should minimize the work site to supervising of CRSWBL vegetation for the proposed maintenance phase the minimum possible size in an consultant Environmental new pipeline extension attempt to minimize the destruction officer of EPAD which may lead to habitat on flora were found and thus prevent destruction of natural ecological damages. M & E officer/ existing fauna. Although Environmental most of the new pipeline Officer extension work will

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS TION SCHEDULE COST FREQUENCY ESTIMATE IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION NAIRA($) TATION occur along existing roads Contractor/ Project Engineers of or ROWs with less bushes supervising CRSWBL and shrubs removal making consultant Environmental vegetation impact to be low officer of EPAD due to low ecological value M & E officer/ Environmental Officer

(b) Access Due To Construction Of Pipeline

Row’s Through Bush And Project Engineers of Forest Land During construction, (i) The appropriate authority’s Contractor/ CRSWBL In areas were the pipelines phase consent should be sought before supervising Environmental extensions require the any tree is fell. Also fees and fines consultant officer of EPAD should be paid where necessary in creation of new ROW’s through forest land. This accordance to EPAD regulations M & E officer/ and standards. might result in improved Environmental access to natural sites Officer previously less accessible which will lead to alteration of the native ecosystem During construction, (ii) Ecological restoration through phase environmental engineering should be undertaken after any human intervention. This may include restoration of top soils and introduction of new species to restore the local ecology

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMEN- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TATION COST SCHEDULE ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION 6. WASTE (i) Collection and temporary GENERATION Weekly storage of cleaning and sanitary (a) Solid Waste wastes, as well as garbage, in Generation containers. Waste will be produced by (ii) The Contractor should clearance of trees and bush prepare a Solid Waste on pipeline ROW’s. The Management Plan, which should amounts of waste produces include will be much more than in +A detailed list of the types the operation and and quantities of waste to be maintenance phase. produced, including their hazard classes. +An assessment of any opportunities for reducing solid waste generation, in particular of hazardous and undesirable (persistent and Project Engineers non-re-usable) types of of CRSWBL wastes. +The most appropriate waste Contractor/ EPAD management plan should be supervising M & E officer/ determined for each type of consultant Environmental solid waste. This should Officer include details on (temporary) storage, transport and a final destination for the waste. With regards to the latter, the most appropriate way would be reuse, followed by recycling/ recovery and finally disposal or incineration. +How and by whom the waste management measures would be implemented Contractor or third party- specifying any such third party involvement. (iii) Records of types, quantities, origins, (temporary) storage, transport and elimination/ reuse of solid waste must be kept by the Contractor, and He/ She should make these available to the works supervisor upon his request, as proof of proper waste management practices

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORIN MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENT MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATIONCOST RESPONSIBILITY G PARAMETERS FREQUENCY A-TION ESTIMATE NAIRA INDICATORS SCHEDULE (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION

Waste generated from (iv) Waste disposals should occur at Project Engineers construction workers such as only site approved by the authorities. of CRSWBL used pure water sachets, waste, etc. (v) Recycling companies should be EPAD used in transferring and, recycling and disposing of waste M & E officer/ Environmental Officer

(b) Liquid Waste Generation As a result of the extended distribution system, it may be Quarterly During (i) Sludge produced should be Contractor/ Project Engineers expected that water operation and treated and disposed off N 120,000 supervising of CRSWBL consumption will increase, and maintenance appropriately according to EPAD ($750) consultant therewith also the amount of phase standards sludge produced by treatment EPAD plants. It is not anticipated that the increase in sludge M & E officer/ production will be substantial Environmental Officer 7.ENERGY (i) Since the increase in energy Contractor/ Project Engineers CONSUMPTION consumption will not be substantial supervising of CRSWBL The use of energy for the it is therefore advised that as much consultant distribution of water will be as possible the use of electrical M & E officer/ required. The relative increase power from PHCN should be used Environmental in energy consumption as a since it is more sustainable (cheaper Officer result of the extensions to the and renewable) in place of diesel pipeline distribution system is, operated generators however, not expected to be substantial. Sub- Total (Mitigation Cost)

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CHAPTER NINE: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

9.1 Introduction The consultation process and outcome was seen by the consultant as both an early and mandatory exercise in terms of the objective of project sustainability and as the best strategy to achieving the overall scope of the activities of the ESIA.

9.2 Consultation Strategy The Public Consultation process for the project began during the early stage of reconnaissance level- survey. The consultant, after familiarization meetings with the client (Cross River State Water Board Limited) requested for the contacts of all the area managers in the project areas. This was important not only to facilitate the reconnaissance survey of the project environment, but also to facilitate the process of meeting with other stakeholders. The consultant with the assistance of CRSWBL staff in the designated areas identified the stakeholders and they include: • Community leaders, • Community associations; • Women Associations • Youths • Ikom Urban development authority, • Ogoja Urban development authority, • Obudu Urban development authority; • Forestry Commission, and • Cross River State Water Board Limited.

A familiarization visitation was made to the various institutions and concerned stakeholders and the outcome were: • Scheduling of meeting dates which was to incorporate a larger audience from the various stakeholders. • Organization of locations for the public consultations.

9.3 Summary of the Public Consultations

Public forums were held in 2 locations for each of the 3 project towns. This was aimed at enhancing proximity and reducing meeting distance for participators. The proceedings took the form of: • Introduction of the project to community members and stakeholders; • Informing them of the locations for the proposed installations/plants and the nature of the project; • Entertaining comments and questions from stakeholders, and • Addressing concerns raised by stakeholders.

Table 9.1 captures the summary of the proceedings and outcomes of the public consultations while the list of attendants at the public consultations is found in appendix 5.

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Table 9.1: Summary of Public Consultations

Date Town Location of Major Concerns Comment Meeting Ishibori town hall They expressed doubt 15/7/09 with the feasibility of the project as past governments failed to implement their promise to their community.

They want CRSWBL to engage their youths Ogoja Ntol Aruku Udeh in the civil jobs during 16/7/09 Palace in Ogboja- project Abakpa implementation. The communities welcomed the project. They want to collaborate with They agreed to be part of the government to ensure project where necessary. the security of the facilities before and They promised of their after operation. readiness and willingness to There has been cases of typhoid and cholera pay water bills as and when 8 Cameroun Street in the community due. Old Ikom Town 18/7/09 Ikom which they attribute to lack of portable water 12 Calabar Street, Ogoja road They requested that CRSWBL engage their Chief’s Residence youths in the civil jobs in Ukambi village during project 19/7/09 Obudu implementation. Chief’s house in They wanted to know Bebwagam village when the project implementation would begin.

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PUBLIC CONSULTATION: CONCERNS AND COMMENTS

A. VENUE: ISHIBORI, OGOJA DATE: 15/7/2009 STARTING TIME: 12.30-1.40 pm

OPENING REMARKS: Joseph Peter Agba, Consultant for Earthguards, addressed the community on the importance of the public consultation and told them that the relevance of the exercise is to ensure that the people are not ignorant of the projects that is proposed to commence in their community. He further enumerated the purpose of the project which is: extending water (pipeline) to all major streets in the Town, establishment of a new overhead tanks and replacement of Asbestos pipes with PVC pipes. He asked the community members for their co-operation for the success of the project as a whole. He also informed them that some structures may be affected in the event of laying water pipes in appropriate places and encouraged them to comply. He assured them that Cross River State water board is committed to compensating affected people adequately to replace their affected structures/property.

REACTIONS AND COMMENTS: Mr. David Udem a community spokes man acknowledged the effort of the consultants and all other bodies involved in this project. He pledged their total support toward the project.

Mr. Godwin Effiong a water board staff also addressed the community on the extent of work on the new project and how it will improve and increase water supply in the entire Ogoja town.

Chief C.I Monikom assured the consultants of their support and security and anticipated that the job carried out as this is not the first time they are been told about a project which never sees the light of the day.

Mr. Oliver Nwuju, a member of the environmental consulting team, assured them that this is a World Bank project which is been done on borrowed money hence it will be supervised both locally and internationally to ensure that the objectives of the project is attained.

In general, Mr. David Udem a community spokes stated that they are willing to be inconvenienced to allow the project pulls through since for a long time they have been without portable water.

REQUESTS AND SUGGESTIONS: Some of the member requested that other project such as good health centers, schools and electricity be brought to the area as these facilities are inadequate in the area.

OBSERVATIONS: It was noticed that few women was present in the meeting, this may have be due to the following reasons:

1. Cultural obligations, as some women claimed their husbands were already representing them in the meeting. 2. Business engagements, as most of them are market women, while others were at their various farms during the meeting.

CLOSING: Mr. Oliver encouraged them on cultivating a good maintenance culture and also to pay their water bills promptly as this will help the project to be sustainable. The meeting was called to an end by Mr. Oliver at about 1.40PM. 83 Earthguards Limited

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B. VENUE: Ogboja-Abakpa DATE: 15/7/2009 STARTING TIME: 6.30pm – 7.30pm

OPENING REMARKS: Oliver Nwuju, Consultant for Earthguards, started the meeting at about 6.30pm with an addressed to the community members stating the aims and objectives of the project; he also stated the project will cover this community and its environs. He further explained the nature of the work to be done which were extension and rehabilitation.

Mr. Oliver further explained the essence of the focus group discussion was to get them (community) to be involved in the process of the project of which without the success of the project will be threatened He asked the community members for their co-operation for the success of the project as a whole. He assured them that the project will commence soon as the Cross river State government through the state water board with the assistance of World Bank will ensure that all is done to provide every house hold with clean portable water. REACTIONS AND COMMENTS: Umari Ugbehe, the spokes man and our contact welcomed us and said that they as a community are happy about the project and that they will provide us and the CRSWB staff their full support during the civil work and also ensure the safety of the properties.

Chief Maurice Udofia, a community leader asked if the price rate will remain the same or will be reduced.

Joseph Peter Agba, a Team member answered the question by telling the community that for the project to be sustainable they will have to pay their water bills, regard less of the price been increased, retained or reduced.

He further explained that because the project fund is a loan, it will have to be paid back, which means that water bill has to be paid by the households. He assured them that the CRSWB will find a rate that is easily affordable and enough to help them pay back.

Ntol Aruku Udey the paramount ruler said they are willing to assist and ensure that the project is successful within their community. He further thanked the State governor, and the World Bank for their commitment to helping the people.

REQUESTS AND SUGGESTIONS: Some of the member requested that the project should not be delayed or aborted like others before this and that also a price that can be easily afforded by them should be fixed as water subscription rate.

CLOSING: Mr. Oliver thanked them for their turn out and support. The meeting was called to an end by Mr. Oliver at about 7.30pm.

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C. VENUE: # 8 CAMEROUN STREET, IKOM TOWN DATE: 18/7/2009 STARTING TIME: 2.00-2.45 pm

OPENING REMARKS: Mr. Joseph Peter Agba, Consultant for Earthguards, started the meeting at about 2.00pm with an address to the community members stating the aims and objectives of the project; he also told them the areas of coverage and nature of the work to be done which were construction of new elevated tanks, laying of new water pipe and rehabilitation of old pipes.

He further told them that their full support and cooperation was highly needed as without it the project could stall or be a failure

He assured them that the project will commence as soon as possible and also that the Cross River State government through the state water board, with the assistance of World Bank will ensure that all is done to provide every house hold with clean portable water REACTIONS AND COMMENTS: OK’M Patrick Ogar Odi-Ujang expressed his thoughts on the feasibility of the project, that some group of consultant came not quite long concerning the same water project and asked if it will not be aborted or completed half way

Mr. Joseph assured them that this is a World Bank project hence the project will be fulfilled. She also said the project will commence as soon as the ESIA report is done and submitted.

Tony Ekpea Nsor asked if the supplied water will be steady and regular. Also he worried about the payment plan, if it will be within the reach of their pockets.

Mr. Oliver assured them that the essence of the project is to increase the availability frequency of water distribution. He also told tem that the CRSWB will work on a price rate that will be easily afforded and also be able to generate enough revenue to pay back the loan taken from the World Bank for the project.

Arthur Samuel Ojong asked if the project could temporarily employ their young ones.

Mr. Oliver said this lies in the hands of the contractors but like all business corporation they will be out to maximize profile hence they will want local Worker other than importing, but that will be on the level of the unskilled workers

REQUESTS AND SUGGESTIONS: The general request was that the project should not be delayed as they have been without piped borne water for years and that they are willing to ensure and work toward the success of the project.

CLOSING: Mr. Joseph Peter Agba thanked them for their turn out and support. The meeting was called to an end at about 2.45pm.

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D. VENUE: # 12 CALABAR STREET, OGOJA ROAD DATE: 18/7/2009 STARTING TIME: 4.00-5.00 pm

OPENING REMARKS: Mr. Joseph Agba, an Earthguards Consultant, commenced the meeting at around 4.00pm with an opening address to the community members. Enlightening them on the aims and objectives of the project; he also mentioned to them the areas where the project is to be carried out

Mr. Joseph Agba explains the importance of the focus group discussion. He emphasized on the importance of the corporation of the community members, without which, the project could be aborted and terminated.

He guaranteed them that the project will begin soonest and that the Cross River State government through the state water board with the support of World Bank will ensure that all is done to provide every house hold with clean and portable water REACTIONS AND COMMENTS: Monday Young welcomed and thanked us for the good news. He stated that they are ready to give their full support and security during the work period.

Monday Young, asked what measures will be taken to ensure that the water supply flow will not be seriously affected during the civil work and what will be the duration of this disturbance

Mr. Joseph Agba informed them that a proper mitigatory plan will be provided the CRSWB to ensure that issues such as this is not prolonged more than necessary and also that a systematic method will be employed by the water corporation during the shutting down of some water network to ensure that persons affected by the short down can have access to pipe borne water from a near source.

Monday Young wants to know how the billing system will be calculated

Mr. Oliver ensure him and the rest of the members that an effective and adequate scheme will be used to ensure that a price that is affordable and adequate to meet the demand of generating revenue to run the corporation is fixed. REQUESTS AND SUGGESTIONS: The general request was that the project should not be delayed or neglected, and that more projects of this nature should be brought to their community

CLOSING: Mr. Joseph Agba thanked them for their turn out and support. The meeting was called to an end at about 5.00pm.

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D. VENUE: UKAMBI –OBUDU DATE: 19/7/2009 STARTING TIME: 1.30-1.40 pm

REACTIONS AND COMMENTS: H.H Utuk J.O. Adie a community spokes man acknowledged the effort of the consultants and all other bodies involved in this project. He pledged their total support toward the project stating that water has always been their major problem in the community.

Mr. Godwin Effiong a water board staff also address the community on the extent of work on the new project and how it will improve and increase water supply in the entire Ogoja town.

Mr. Oliver Nwuju assured them that this is a World Bank project which is been done on borrowed money hence it will be supervised both locally and internationally to ensure that the objectives of the project is attained.

In general, Mr. Fredrick a community spokes man stated that they are willing to be inconvenienced to allow the project pulls through since for a long time they have been without portable water.

REQUESTS AND SUGGESTIONS: Some of the member requested that other project such as good health centers, schools and electricity be brought to the area as these facilities are inadequate in the area.

OBSERVATIONS: It was noticed that women were present at the meeting; this may have been due to the unanimous interest on the project as the community has long awaited this project.

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E. VENUE: BEBWAGAM- OBUDU DATE: 19/7/2009 STARTING TIME: 4.00-5.00 pm

OPENING REMARKS: Mr. Joseph Agba, an Earthguards Consultant, introduced the purpose of the meeting, enlightening the participants on the aims and objectives of the project; he also mentioned to them the areas where the project is to be carried out.

He also emphasized on the importance of the co-operation of the community members, without which, the project could not fly. He asked the community to make their inputs and raise concerns, if necessary. He assured that all issues and concerns shall be documented and will help for the sustainable management of the project.

REACTIONS AND COMMENTS: Chief Andrew Ushie, a community member, welcomed and thanked the team for the good news. He stated that water has been their major problem in the community and that they are ready to give their full support and security during the work period.

Boniface Ibiam stated that the community is ready to give their full support for this project and that their women and children normally go a long distance to get water for domestic use.

AND SUGGESTIONS: The general request was that the project should not be delayed or neglected, and that more projects of this nature should be brought to their community

CLOSING: Mr. Joseph Agba thanked them for their turn out and support. The meeting was called to an end at about 5.00pm.

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Appendix 1: Development of a Waste Management Plan

1.0. Background

Liquid waste is normally discharged from base-exchange softening plants, which are regenerated with brine. On the other hand, sludge waste is a highly concentrated suspension of solids in liquid. Tens of thousands of tons of waste water & sludge waste are generated annually from water treatment plants.

Best management practices are essential for sludge wastes since these materials could be hazardous to human and environment. These practices include careful considerations of conditions for storage and treatment of the wastes. Storage condition is especially important in situation when immediate treatment of the wastes is not feasible.

It is the goal of every waste water/sludge waste management plan to embark upon measures that re-use this waste whenever possible and embrace a disposal routes that shall minimize the adverse effects, on the environment.

Waste water/Sludge Wastes Management Plan, is condition specific and takes cognizance of the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of the wastes and it should tell you the following:

• Pollution potential of the sludge/wastes with respect to local environmental conditions • Options for recovery of water from sludge • Appropriate methods for storage and required storage conditions • Competing options for stabilizing the sludge • Types of bulking agent(s) to use • How to prevent contamination of the environment by sludge leachate • Factors to consider with respect to future treatment method • Transportation planning when necessary • Appropriate treatments options • Sludge recycling options

2.0 Plans for Waste Water/Sludge Management

This plan for waste water sludge management shall be guided by the following steps:

• Collect baseline data on waste water/sludge waste properties

• Evaluate local regulations on sludge

• Construction of sludge processing facilities • Disposal

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• Training Needs

• Interface with EMP in implementation

• Recycle Options

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2.1. Baseline Assessment of Waste Water/Sludge Properties

A proper baseline assessment would need to be undertaken to gather precise information on the sludge/wastes, generated by this water treatment plant with the purpose of analyzing the liquid wastes and Sludge.

The following baseline data will be collected and analyzed: • Composition types (Contained in table.1.) • chemical • physical • biological • Physiochemical quality of surface and underground water

• Liquid waste

Available data indicates Liquid waste is normally discharged from base-exchange softening plants, which are regenerated with brine. On the average about six percent (6%) of the total throughput of the plant is discharged to waste. The main pollutants are the chlorides and calcium and magnesium, in concentrations of about 20, 000mg L -1

Such effluents can generally be discharged into town sewers. They are difficult to treat and where they arise in inland sites, in arid countries, care should be taken to prevent polluting surface or underground sources.

• Sludge

The basic composition of sludge at the Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes project sites is contained in Table.5.10. of the EMP document, where the impact assessment and mitigation measures have been carefully undertaken to reveal that the sludge contains chemicals such as micro- organisms, arsenics and other metals, radio nuclides, lime and polymers, and this kind of sludge is consistent with the major portion of the effluent from a river abstraction. The total daily volume of sludge is normally in the range of 1.5 – 5.0% of the daily plant throughput.

2.2. Determine Local Regulations on Waste Water/Sludge Waste

To ensure sludge management practices are as in compliance with legislation, this plan would review relevant statutory documentation such as that of FEPA Acts 58 of 1988 and 59 of 1992, for conformity.

Also, the Federal Ministry of Environment has put in place statutory documents to aid the monitoring, control and abatement of industrial waste that clearly state the restrictions imposed on the release of toxic substances into the environment and the responsibilities of all industries whose operations are likely to pollute the environment. Mitigation measures and monitoring impact have given due and necessary considerations to these statutory regulations in Table.9.3 (EMP document).

• Such responsibilities include adequate treatment of effluent before being discharged into the environment.

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2.3. Construction of Sludge Storage/Processing Facility

The construction of a waste water/sludge storage processing plant (budget in appendix 5) will be discussed under the following:

• Waste water Treatment • Sludge water treatment • Effluent outfalls • Sewage Collection • Disposal

Waste water Treatment

For the waste water/sludge treatment plant for Obudu, Ikom and Ogoja Water Distribution & Supply Schemes, treatment methods to be considered would include:

• Activated sludge • Oxidation ditch • Bio-disc • Oxidation ponds

At this stage, from experience, no single particular method can be adopted. This is because factors such as the composition of sewage, climate, groundwater and rainfall intensity and pattern may well influence the type to be selected.

Sludge Treatment

Surface and ground waters undergo water treatment procedures in order to make them suitable for human consumption. Currently in some parts of the Europe, aluminium sulphate salt (alum) is used in a number of the Water Treatment plants for the treatment of surface and ground waters for drinking purposes.

Treatment options used include sand filtration and or clarification with chemical coagulants and flocculants. The sludge generated from clarification procedures vary in type and quantity depending on the treatment methods used and the type and quality of the raw water abstracted. Water treatment sludge are classified as a waste and therefore must be managed and disposed of appropriately.

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2.4. Collection and Disposal

The handling and disposal of sludge is still a major challenge on several water treatment plants. Mitigation of impact with attendant costs is contained in table.9.3.of the EMP document.

Federal Environmental Protection laws are currently being reviewed in the developing countries to curtail the erstwhile adopted practice of discharging untreated sludge back into the system. However, a range of choices are available, which shall be guided by Best Practice Environmental Options (BPEO) such as:

• Direct disposal into the river • Discharge into sewer • Lagooning • Concentration and drying – use of concentration tanks and drying beds. The sludge is discharged to secondary fill and draw settling basins. The capacity of each tank would be about 200m3 in a 10,000m3 day -1 works. • Modern techniques – usually practiced in developing countries involve vacuum filtration, centrifuging, freezing and filter pressing, precipitation and softening. However, this approach is usually expensive.

Disposal method adopted shall be in line with EPAD standards.

2.5. Training Needs

Based on assessment of institutional capacities, the EMP has identified that there is a need to train the PIU and other agencies involved in the EMP implementation. This responsibility is for action, by the Cross River Water Board Limited.

This plan would therefore include training needs that shall support the waste water and sludge management plan. Course plan and corresponding costs are included in Table.8.1.

2.6. Interface with ESMP

The waste water/sludge waste management issues are a component of the various activities that have undergone assessment under the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and therefore possess an interface relationship with this plan. Implementation, Budgeting and Responsibility considerations will also be reviewed in this regard. (Table.8.2 in the document).

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2.7. Recycle Option

The treatment and disposal of sludge will become an increasing environmental and financial issue as sludge production continues to increase as new Waste Water Treatment, and Water Treatment facilities are constructed and sludge quality standards become more stringent. The preferred option for dealing with sludge would be by recycling or use of sludge, as opposed to land-filling or incineration.

The composting of wastewater plant sludge appears to be the best option against other ways of elimination/disposal; this way they wouldn’t be such an economical and sanitary problem because the sludge would be recycled.

Some techniques of recycling suppose a complex technological infrastructure, and a considerable energetic costs, but the agricultural reuse is justifiable by many and very important reasons; the cultivations nowadays and in this latitudes need a great amount of nutrients and they have to be replace periodically by fertilizing, without them the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the soil would decrease, troubling the vegetal growth and affecting directly in the quality and quantity of the crops; fertilizing has become a main step in the agricultural activity and it use to be done with chemical fertilizers and with dung; because of that there is a good chance of using the sludge as a fertilizer and at the same time revalue this wastes.

Not all the raw materials are suitable for the process; for example, it’s better to use sludge from urban water-treatment plants, avoiding this way contents of heavy metals and other inappropriate products inadequate for the agricultural use. With this objective of an agricultural use, the sludge must be processed to reduce the humidity, change the physical structure and decrease the presence of pathogen micro organisms

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Polyelectrolyte

Clarifier or DAF

sludge

3. Thickener 7. Filter press 1 2. Sludge holding

Polyelectrolyte

Used filter wash water

5. Sludge holding 10. Cake conveyor Wash water holding 8. Centrifuge tank

6. Return to

Works or disposal 4. Supernatant holding tank

9. Filtrate/ centrate 11. Cake conveyor

Schematic Diagram of Sludge Treatment Plant

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2.8. SLUDGE THICKENING AND DISPOSAL PROCESS

Stage 1. from the diagram above, Clarifier sludge and settled sludge from used filter wash water settlement tank are mixed and concentrated in a continuous flow thickener where the residence time of the supernatant and sludge can be varied independently of each other.

Stage 2. The thickeners must be preceded by flow balancing tanks to contain and mix intermittent sludge discharge and feed the thickeners at a consistent concentration and uniform rate.

Stage 3. With the aid of polyelectrolyte, coagulant sledges can be thickened to concentrations in the range 3 to 6% w/v solid. The polyelectrolyte dose can be in the range 0.1-1g/kg of dry solid and the dose should be applied proportional to the feed solids concentration and flow.

Stage 4. In well operated thickeners, the supernatant is normally of an acceptable chemical and physical quality for recycling to the treatment process.

Stage 5. Thickened sludge goes into the filter press. Dewatering of sludge takes place at the filter press which is a batch process and the filtrate produced from a press initially contain about 100mg/l suspended solids reducing to less than mg/l as filtration proceeds. The overall solid capture is better than 98% (99-99.5%).

Stage 6 the filter cake is usually discharged into a hopper located underneath the press and removed by screw conveyors for disposal.

Stage 7 centrifuging of sludge has always had a place in the dewatering of softening sludge and, in recent years, has also been used successfully for coagulant sledges. The parameters that affect centrifuge efficiency are bowl speed, scroll differential speed, pond depth, sludge feed rate and polyelectrolyte dose. To increase cake dryness, bowl speed should be increased and feed rate, scroll differential speed, pond depth and polyelectrolyte dose should be decreased.

On like filter press, centrifugal is a continuous process. Its performance on coagulant sledges depends to a considerable degree on polyelectrolyte conditioning of the sludge. However, the overall solid recover is normally better than 95% (98-99%).

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3.0 Conclusion and Recommendations

Environmental impacts and aspects of the waste water and sludge treatment plant, reviewed in line with the resource consumption, legal requirements and potential impact, from the Environmental Social Management Plan (ESMP), is significant.

Thus, for efficiency and effectiveness of environmental management best practise, we would recommend that a waste water and sludge processing plant facility be constructed, separate from the water processing plant, which will operate in compliance with ISO standards. This would allow establishment of specific controls to enable implementation of these mitigation measures, in conformity with legislation, which would be audited regularly for on-track assessment.

Furthermore, regarding re-cycle considerations, sludge from the various components of the sewage treatment can be digested and then dried on sludge drying beds, whereby the gas produced by the digestion of sludge can easily be used for alternative energy sources and the residual solid, through a proper nutrient management plan, can be integrated into agricultural/horticultural schemes.

4.0 Management of Waste from Decommissioning of the Old Equipment

The plan for waste management shall be guided by the following steps:

• Identify the categories of waste to be generated during decommissioning of old plants

• Evaluate local capacity to dispose waste

• Provide environmental best practices for o Waste collection method o Segregation o Temporary storage o Evacuation and o Disposal

4.1 Categories of waste to be generated during decommissioning of old plants

Types of wastes resulting from the decommissioning of the old plant/equipment are as follow:

• Solid waste: The waste streams under this include;

o used and obsolete chemical containers

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• Industrial waste: This would be made up of; o Residuals of discharge from base-exchange softening plants, resulting from concentrations and storage of chlorides, calcium and magnesium. o Contaminated and organic waste discharges in within the inlet and outlet overlays of the facility.

4.2 Evaluation of Local Capacity to dispose waste

Assessment of the local capacity in terms of waste disposal shows that the three project towns of Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja respectively have organized waste collection service under the Cross River State Urban are integrated under the Cross River State Urban Development Authority (CRUDA).

CRUDA has resources in terms of men and equipment that carry out evacuation and disposal of domestic and industrial wastes in all its urban areas including the project areas.

Capacity of CRUDA personnel will further be strengthened by the training proposed in this report.

4.3 Waste Management System System for collection, segregation, evacuation and disposal of waste from the decommissioning of the old water plant sites are described as follow:

4.3.1 Waste collection method Waste collection during facility decommissioning will first of all begin with de-installation and removal of machines, equipments and asset with useful value. This may include generators, roofing materials, drums and pipes which may be re-used or re-cycled. This will be handled by technicians from CRSWBL.

4.3.2 Segregation Wastes will be segregated into various categories for the purposes of safety handling and best environmental disposable. Waste segregation will be carried out in the following order: A. • Hazardous waste • Toxic waste B. • Bio-degradable waste • Non-biodegradable waste

4.3.3. Temporary Storage Temporary storage of wastes during waste collection will be done using waste bins and liners from CUDA. Colour coding of the waste types will be done during segregation.

4.3.4. Evacuation and Disposal Waste evacuation and disposal should be handled by the waste management department of CUDA. Wastes that are not toxic should as much as possible be re-cycled, while toxic and bio-degradable wastes should be disposed in the CUDA designated disposal sites.

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APPENDIX 2: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies • (QYLURQPHQWDO$VVHVVPHQW 23 Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all CRS-NUWSRP 2 sub-projects.

• 1DWXUDO+DELWDWV 23 The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities without suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the project.

• 3HVW0DQDJHPHQW 23 The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to CRS-NUWSRP2 sub-projects.

• ,QYROXQWDU\5HVHWWOHPHQW 23 This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. This policy will most likely not apply to the project, as it will not entail taking of land or restriction of access to sources of livelihood.

• ,QGLJHQRXV 3HRSOHV 2' This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under CRS-NUWSRP2.

• )RUHVWV 23 This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under the project

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• &XOWXUDO 3URSHUW\ 23 The term “cultural property” includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank’s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government’s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist.

• 6DIHW\ RI 'DPV 23 For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. This policy does apply to the project and the mitigatory measures via the preparation of a dam safety status report have already been undertaken.

• 3URMHFWV RQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO:DWHUZD\V 2 The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparian is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparian making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to the project.

• 'LVSXWHG $UHDV 23%3*3 . Project in disputed areas may occur between the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by CRS-NUSRP2 sub-projects.

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APPENDIX 3: LIST OF KEY PERSONNEL/ENUMERATORS

PROJECT TEAM

NO NAMES POSITION 1 Mr. Joseph Akpokodje Environmental Specialist/ Team Leader Ovie Akpokodje Civil Engineering/Water Specialist 2 Mr Joe Peter - Agba Environmental Specialist 3 Mr Oliver Nwuju Socio-Economist Specialist 4 Mr. Toni Falade Environmental Assistant 5 Mr. Sebastine Iyobhebhe GIS Specialist

LIST OF ENUMERATORS

NAME LANGUAGE SPOKEN Ewuru Augustine English, Bako Charles Bullum English, Bukwara Godwin Offiong English, Bukwara Patrick Ojong English,Bukwara Nku James English, Bako Ali Ereh English, Bako Idagwun Ebe English, Nkome Bob Friday English, Nkome Ugbe Joseph English,Nkome Simon Ugbar English, Bako Samuel Oyong English, Nkome Ujor Mbong English, Bako David Udam English, Nkome

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APPENDIX 4:-QUESTIONNIARE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA FOR CROSS RIVER STATE NUWSRP IN IKOM, OGOJA AND OBUDU SECTION A. IDENTIFICATION

1) Identification Number 2) Questionnaire administration from point of entry (a) Left side…….(b) Right side……… 3) Landmark(s) at point of entry ……………………………………………………………. 4) Town/Location of Interview: …………………………………………………………………. 5) Name and Signature of Interviewer: …………………………………………………………… 6) Name and Signature of Supervisor: ……………………………………………………………. 7) Date: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8) Time Interview Started: ………………………… Time Ended: ………………………………..

SECTION B: SOCIOECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES

1) Name of Household Head ……………………………………………………

2) Name of Respondent ………………………………………………………….

3) Relationship of Respondent to Household Head ………………………………… a) Wife 1 of HH b) Son of HH c) Daughter of HH d) Father of HH e) Mother of HH f) Brother of HH g) Sister of HH h) Others Specify:

4) House Address ………………………………………………………..

5) Sex (M)…… (F)…….

6) Age ………………………..

7) Religion (Christian)…… (Moslem)…… (Traditional)…… (Others)….. (Please Tick One)

8) Marital Status (Single)…… (Married)…… (Divorced)……. (Widow/Widower)……. (Please Tick One)

9) Number of wives …………………………

10) How long have you lived in this community …………………………..

11) How many persons live in your Household (i.e. Eat from the same pot)…………

12) How many persons in your house hold fall into the following age categories? Categories Male Female Total 0-4yrs 5-9yrs 10-14yrs 15-19yrs 20-24yrs 25-29yrs 30-34yrs 35-39yrs 40-44yrs 45-49yrs 50-54yrs 55-59yrs 60-64yrs 65-above Total

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13) What is your highest educational qualification? (i) None … (ii) FSLC … (iii) WASC/SSCE … (iv) TCII/OND …. (v) HND/Degree … (vi) MSc/PhD … (vii) Islamic studies…..

14) How many members of your household fall under the following educational categories? Categories Male Female Total Primary School (attempted/still attending) Primary School-Completed (Living Certificate) Secondary School (attempted/still attending) Secondary School-Completed (O’Levels) Tertiary Institution (attempted/ still attending) Tertiary Institution (Completed) Islamic Studies Total

15) What is your Occupation (indicate the category you belong to and the level/profession): Public sector Private sector Self Category employee employee employed Student Senior Mgt Staff Middle level Staff Junior Staff Professional Artisan Businessman Part time Others

16). How many employed members of your household are engaged in occupation listed below? Categories Male Female Total Farming Mining Hunting Craft making Trading Civil service Company employment Self employment Housewife Others (specify) Total

17) What is your Annual Income? i) N0 –50,000……ii) N 51, 000- 100,000…….iii) N 100,101- 500,000……iv) N 500,000 and above…… If Not Known, what is your Monthly income……………….OR Daily income……………..

18) Estimate the monthly/annual income of other members of your household. i) N 0 – 50,000…… ii) N 51, 000- 100,000…… iii) N 100,101- 500,000… iv)N 500,000 and above…….

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SECTION C: AVAILABILITY OF AMENITIES

19) How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in town you live/community?

Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor Roads to the community Roads within the community Schools in the community Public Health Institutions Potable Water Public Electricity Communication facilities (Postal Service, Telephone) Public recreation facilities

20). What is the major source of water available to your household? (Please Tick One) i. River …………………… ii. Borehole_ (commercial)…………… iii. Pond ……………………… iv. Borehole (private)……………… v Public pipe-borne water ………… vi. Water Vendor ………………. vii. Well water…………..

21) If a public pipe borne water, how regular does the tap flow in a week? (i) Regularly ------(ii) Occasionally ……….. (iii) Rarely ………………………

22) How long does it take you in minutes/hours to get to your water source ………………….

23). How much do you spend/pay in a month for water bill? ………………………

24). Estimate the number of gallons of water you use in your household daily? _____

25). If you purchase water daily, how much do you spend ……………………………………

26a.) Are you willing to pay more for a better service? Yes……….No……. (Tick One)

26b) State the minimum and maximum amount you are willing to pay monthly?

Monthly Minimum Maximum Cost amount amount N 3000 N2000 N 1500 N 1000 N 500 N300 N200

27) If not, what are your reasons? (i)……………………………………………………………………………… (ii)………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii)……………………………………………………………………………….…………

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28). what is the primary source of electricity/ light to your community? (Please Tick One) i) Hurricane Lamp ……… ii) Private Generators……….. iii) Community Generators……… iv) State Government Utilities Board……… v) Company Operating in your community…….vi) PHCN (National Grid)……

29) What is the secondary source of electricity? (Please Tick One) i) Hurricane Lamp …………… ii) Private Generators………… iii) Community Generators………iv) Company Operating in your community………

30) What is the main fuel you use for cooking? (Please Tick One) i) Firewood ……………. ..ii) Charcoal………….. iii) Kerosene/ Oil ………. iv) Gas…………… v) Electricity …………… .vi) Crop residue/ Saw dust…………… vii) Animal Wastes ……… .viii) Others

31) What type of toilet facility do you use? (Please Tick One) i) Pit………… ……ii) Bush………… iii) Prier Head………iv) Bucket………… v) Water Closet…… vi) Others (Specify)……

32) How do you dispose of your household refuse? (Please Tick one) i) Private Open Dump ii) Public Open Dump iii Organized Collection iv) Burning v) Bush vi) Burying

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APPENDIX 5: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS *HQHUDO 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an ESMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to:

(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities.

(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities.

(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out.

(d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

(e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.

(f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.

(g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc.

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(i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction worker scamps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation.

(k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed.

4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions.

5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. :RUNVLWH&DPSVLWH:DVWH0DQDJHPHQW

6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations.

7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.

8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re- used or sold for re-use locally.

9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.

10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis.

11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality.

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12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas.

13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land.

14. New extraction sites:

a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas.

b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites.

c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection.

d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted.

e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.

f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.

15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.

16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings.

17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.

18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.

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19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.

20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure.

21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Revegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes.

23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities.

24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired.

25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.

26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.

27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.

28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape.

29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.

30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise.

31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.

Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities.

33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority.

34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities.

35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system.

36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses.

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37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains.

38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. 7UDIILF0DQDJHPHQW 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.

40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.

41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. %ODVWLQJ 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE.

43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times.

44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. 'LVSRVDORI8QXVDEOH(OHPHQWV 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.

46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned.

47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above.

48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. +HDOWKDQG6DIHW\ 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS.

50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points.

51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. 5HSDLURI3ULYDWH3URSHUW\ 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims.

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53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. &RQWUDFWRU·V+HDOWK6DIHW\DQG(QYLURQPHQW0DQDJHPHQW3ODQ +6(03 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance.

55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least: • a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; • a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; • a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. +6(5HSRUWLQJ 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and

• Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings.

58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendices to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client

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7UDLQLQJRI&RQWUDFWRU·V3HUVRQQHO 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be: • HSE in general (working procedures); • emergency procedures; and • social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). &RVWRI&RPSOLDQFH 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of the art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact. Example Format: HSE Report Contract: Period of reporting: HSE management actions/measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc.

HSE incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports.

HSE compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non-compliance.

Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects.

Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits.

Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor’s Representative

Example Format: HSE Incident Notification

Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer

Originators Reference No:

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Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident:

Name of Person(s) involved:

Employing Company:

Type of Incident:

Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)

Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation

Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor’s Representative

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APPENDIX 6: LISTS OF ATTENDANCE IN THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIVE, AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETINGS

Attendance List

S/N NAMES SEX DESIGNATION ISHIBORI, OGOJA CONSULTATIVE MEETING HELD ON 15/7/2009

1 DAVID UDEM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 2 CHIEF C.I MONIKOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 IGBUJI UDIDI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 LEO UDAM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 AJORO IGOGO F COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 USHALA IMAKU F COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 MAGNAT UBAK F COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 CECILIA UGBASHU F COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 UTOTU F COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 BEN AYINI ADEGBI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 ANTHONY IWONG ISHADU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 BONIFACE NJADAMI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 ARC. TONY USHABOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 EGNR. TOM OGOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 15 UDEY NKPOBOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 UNAHI ELIZABETH N. F COMMUNITY MEMBER 17 REGINA UJAGA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 18 ADESHI IGOGO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 19 AKEBE IFU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 20 SGUITUR IGOGO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 21 IGBAJI APEK M COMMUNITY MEMBER 22 CHIEF LAW NKOJOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 23 JOSEPH A. NTAJI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 24 UDO NKOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 25 PETER UDAM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 26 USHAKA UDO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 27 UMAH AKABU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 28 THOMAS AGUI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 29 UTAHE INIDU F COMMUNITY MEMBER 30 AGEYI AGBOJI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 31 ROSE ADIMA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 32 RAPHAEL ONUIGBU M WATER BOARDS STAFF 33 OLIVER UWUJU M EARTHGUARDS LTD 34 JOSEPH PETER AGBA M EARTHGUARDS LTD 35 EWURU AUGUSTINE M WATER BOARD STAFF 36 GODWIN OFFIONG M WATER BOARD STAFF CONSULTATIVE MEETING HELD AT OGBOJA-ABAKPA OGOJA ON 15/7/2009 1 NTOL ARUKU UDEY M PARAMOUNT RULER 2 UMARI UGBEHE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 UMANI ITEGELA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 HON MICHEAL UBIALE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 CHIEF MAURICE UDOFIA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 CHIEF PIUS AJIJI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 MADAM AGNES IPOULE F WOMEN LEADER 8 CHIEF SUNDAY INJIEPE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 MADAM AGNES IBIALE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 MRS FELICIA ABEL F COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 MRS FLORENCE ARAGH F COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 MRS AGNES MONJOK F COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 MR AUGUSTIN MGBADA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 MRS MARIA NTOL F COMMUNITY MEMBER

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

S/N NAMES SEX DESIGNATION 15 RAPHAEL O. ONUNGA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 IYOBHEBHE SEBASTINE M EARTHGUARDS LTD 17 OLIVER NWUJU M EARTHGUARDS LTD 18 JOSEPH PETER AGBA M EARTHGUARDS LTD 19 DANIEL UDAM M COMMUNITY MEMBER CONSULTATIVE MEETING HELD AT # 8 CAMEROUN STREET, IKOM TOWN ON 18/7/2009

1 OK’M PATRICK OGOR ODI-OJANG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 2 TONY EKPAE NSOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 EMEKA JOHN EZE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 ARTHUR SAMUEL OJONG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 MADAM ADOM BAGIYI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 IFEANYI OKONKWO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 PATRICK OJONG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 EYEM NYANG F COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 OLIVER NWUJU M EARTHGUARDS LTD CONSULTATIVE MEETING HELD AT # 12 CALABAR STREET, OGOJA ROAD ON 18/7/2009 1 GODWIN UDAN M CRSWB 2 TIMOTHY OSHIAN M CRWB 3 MONDAY YOUNG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 MRS ALICE ETEM F COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 NFOM A MYONG F COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 EMEM C. ASIM F COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 CHIEF NSONG EDEM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 AKIM DONS M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 EYO ESSEIN M COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 RITA EYO F COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 OKPU ULAYI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 ADIE INDE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 MRS LUCY AGBA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 OLIVER NWUJU M EARTHGUARDS LTD 15 JOSEPH AGBA M EARTHGUARDS LTD CONSULTATIVE MEETING HELD AT UKAMBI –OBUDU ON 19/7/2009

1 H.H UTUK J.O. ADIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 2 MRS RITA U. ADIE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 UTSE J.A ASIEM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 MADAM EUNICE ATIU G. F COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 ADIE NELSON.U. M COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 GODWIN AWAUFUNG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 BLESSING INDE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 ELIZABETH OGAR F COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 NICHOLAS UNIMKE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 JULIUS INDE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 ADIE FRANCIS M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 JOHN ADAH M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 EDWIN UDIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 MR PAUL AWOUFUNG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 15 DEBORAH ADIE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 NICODEMUS ADIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 17 MRS MARY AGBA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 18 MR CHARLSE ADIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 19 MR JOHN ADIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 20 THOMAS UDIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 21 MR DANIEL UDIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 22 MR DUNATUS ADAH M COMMUNITY MEMBER 23 MR JONATHAN ADAH M COMMUNITY MEMBER S/N NAMES SEX DESIGNATION 24 MR CELESTIN ADAH M COMMUNITY MEMBER 25 MRS ANNA ADIE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 26 MRS MAGARETH ADAH F COMMUNITY MEMBER 27 MR FREDERICK M COMMUNITY MEMBER CONSULTATIVE MEETING HELD AT BEBWAGAM- OBUDU ON 19/7/2009 1 CHIEF ANDREW USHIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 116 Earthguards Limited

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes 2 CHIEF PATRICK AGIM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 PRINCE RICHARD USHIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 BONIFACE IBIAM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 MRS JULIANA USHIE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 MRS LYNDIA USHIE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 CHARLSE USHIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 HON. AGIABEKONG, J M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 MISS ROSE USHIE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 GREGORY ANDOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 DENIS ULAYI A. M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 VINCENT A. USHIE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 ALICE OKPU F COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 ALUNGBE OSHEN M COMMUNITY MEMBER

117 Earthguards Limited

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

118 Earthguards Limited