REVISED LIVELIHOODS ZONE MAP AND DESCRIPTIONS FOR NIGERIA

A REPORT OF THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET) September 2018

NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Acknowledgements and Disclaimer

This report reflects the results of the Livelihood Zoning Plus exercise conducted in Nigeria in July to August 2018 by FEWS NET and partners: the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMA&RD) and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the United Nations World Food Program, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, and various foundation and non-government organizations working to improve the lives and livelihoods of the people of Nigeria.

The Livelihood Zoning Plus workshops whose results are the subject of this report were led by Julius Holt, consultant to FEWS NET, Brian Svesve, FEWS NET Regional Food Security Specialist – Livelihoods and Stephen Browne, FEWS NET Livelihoods Advisor, with technical support from Dr. Erin Fletcher, consultant to FEWS NET. The workshops were hosted and guided by Isa Mainu, FEWS NET National Technical Manager for Nigeria, and Atiku Mohammed Yola, FEWS NET Food Security and Nutrition Specialist.

This report was produced by Julius Holt from the Food Economy Group and consultant to FEWS NET, with the support of Nora Lecumberri, FEWS NET Livelihoods Analyst, and Emma Willenborg, FEWS NET Livelihoods Research Assistant. This report will form part of the knowledge base for FEWS NET’s food security monitoring activities in Nigeria.

The publication was prepared under the United States Agency for International Development Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) Indefinite Quantity Contract, AID-OAA-I-12-00006, Task Order 1 (AID-OAA-TO-12- 00003), TO4 (AID-OAA-TO-16-00015). The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgements and Disclaimer ...... ii Table of Contents ...... iii Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... 4 Introduction ...... 5 Methodology ...... 7 The National Context ...... 13 Overview of the livelihood zones ...... 17 Livelihood Zone Descriptions ...... 20 SOKOTO MILLET, COWPEAS, GROUNDNUTS AND LIVESTOCK (NG01) ...... 20 KANO-KATSINA SAHEL: MILLET, SORGHUM, SESAME AND LIVESTOCK (NG02) ...... 22 KANO-KATSINA SUDAN: SORGHUM, MAIZE, RICE AND GROUNDNUTS (NG03) ...... 24 NORTHEAST SAHEL: MILLET, SESAME, COWPEAS AND LIVESTOCK (NG04) ...... 26 BORNO-YOBE-BAUCHI MILLET, COWPEAS, GROUNDNUTS AND SESAME (NG05) ...... 28 SOKOTO-RIMA-KANO RIVERINE FLOOD PLAIN RICE AND FISHING (NG06) ...... 30 Komadugu-Yobe Irrigated Peppers with Rice, Millet and Vegetables (NG07) ...... 31 LAKE CHAD FISHING, MAIZE, WHEAT, COWPEAS AND VEGETABLES (NG08) ...... 32 CHAD BASIN: MASAKWA FLOOD-RECESSION SORGHUM AND WHEAT (NG09) ...... 34 NORTHWEST SORGHUM, MAIZE, SOYBEANS AND RICE (NG11) ...... 37 NORTHWEST SORGHUM, MAIZE AND COTTON WITH CROSS-BORDER TRADE (NG12) ...... 39 NORTHWEST AND CENTRAL MAIZE DOMINANT WITH SORGHUM, SWEET POTATOES AND COWPEAS (NG13)...... 40 NORTHEAST MAIZE DOMINANT WITH RICE, SOYBEANS, COWPEAS AND GROUNDNUTS (NG15) ...... 43 HIGH PLATEAU IRISH POTATOES, MAIZE, ACHA (DIGITARIA) AND LIVESTOCK (NG16) ...... 45 LOWER PLATEAU RICE, SORGHUM AND CATTLE (NG17)...... 46 GINGER AND TURMERIC WITH MAIZE, SORGHUM, YAMS AND ACHA (DIGITARIA) (NG18) ...... 47 BENUE RIVER SUGAR CANE, RICE AND SUGAR ESTATE LABOR (NG19) ...... 49 CENTRAL YAM AND MAIZE BELT, WITH CASSAVA, RICE AND SOYBEANS (NG20) ...... 50 NIGER AND BENUE RIVERS FLOOD PLAIN RICE WITH MAIZE, VEGETABLES AND LIVESTOCK (NG21) ...... 52 CASSAVA DOMINANT WITH MAIZE, YAMS AND TREE-CROPS (NG22) ...... 54 CITRUS FRUIT WITH TUBERS, CEREALS, SOYBEANS AND GROUNDNUTS (NG23) ...... 56 COCOA DOMINANT WITH OIL PALMS, CEREALS AND TUBERS (NG24) ...... 57 MAMBILA HIGHLAND: CATTLE, MAIZE, IRISH POTATOES, TEA, COFFEE AND KOLA NUTS (NG25) ...... 58 CROSS RIVER COCOA WITH OIL PALMS, TUBERS, RICE AND PLANTAINS (NG26) ...... 59 SOUTHEAST RICE DOMINANT WITH CASSAVA, YAMS AND OIL PALMS (NG27) ...... 61 SOUTHWEST COCOA WITH OIL PALMS, TUBERS AND CEREALS (NG28) ...... 63 SOUTHWEST RICE, CASSAVA AND CATTLE WITH CROSS-BORDER TRADE (NG29)...... 65 CASHEWS WITH OIL PALMS, TUBERS AND MAIZE (NG30) ...... 67 LAGOS PERI-URBAN: FISHING, POULTRY, PIGGERIES, MARKET GARDENING AND COCONUTS (NG31) ...... 68 COASTAL STRIP AND NIGER DELTA: INLAND AND COASTAL FISHING, CASSAVA, PLANTAIN, OIL PALMS AND RUBBER (NG32).... 70 SOUTHEAST CASSAVA, CEREALS AND OIL PALMS WITH EXTENSIVE OFF-FARM WORK AND TRADE (NG33) ...... 72 NORTHEAST CATTLE, SMALL RUMINANTS AND FOOD CROPS WITH CROSS-BORDER LIVESTOCK TRADE (NG34) ...... 74 NIGER-BENUE FISHING AND FOOD CROPS (NG35) ...... 76 Annex 1: Northeastern crisis ...... 78 Annex 2: Workshop participants ...... 80 Annex 3 Administrative areas by Livelihood Zone ...... 84 Annex 4: Seasonal and Consumption Calendars ...... 104

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADP Agricultural Development Program FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEG Food Economy Group FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network G Gathering HEA Household Economy Analysis IDP Internally Displaced People IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (Ibadan) IK In Kind IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification km kilometers LGA Local Government Area LSMS Living Standards Measurement Study masl meters above sea level mm millimeters MoA Ministry of Agriculture MP Market Purchase NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NG Nigeria OP Own production USG United States Government USAID United States Agency for International Development UN United Nations VAM Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping WFP World Food Program

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Introduction This product aims to identify livelihood patterns and trends to provide a starting point for early-warning assessments in Nigeria. The Livelihoods Zoning activity was designed to establish food-security reference points and indicate whether the conditions reported at any given time justify more in-depth assessment. Livelihood zone maps and descriptions form part of the knowledge base for FEWS NET’s food security monitoring activities. These tools, however, are not designed as a comprehensive analysis of food security or as a complete monitoring tool, but rather to provide points of reference and indicate whether the conditions reported at a given time justify a more in-depth study. The map of livelihood zones and their descriptions provided in this report offer a geographical framework for interpreting existing monitoring data on production, prices, and other indicators to identify potential effects of shocks. Rapid assessment teams may wish to use the zoning as a basis for sampling in their inquiries.

Rural livelihoods are a long-term adaptation to, and exploitation of, natural resources within the local and national economic context. They respond over time to fundamental shifts in this context, change that is to be gauged over decades rather than from one year to the next. For instance, the effects of urbanization on rural economy are one such fundamental shift over time. Shorter term events, such as drought or floods, bring destruction of crops and livestock and/or property, and often acute impoverishment. But even catastrophic drought or flooding have usually been seen not to change fundamentally the livelihoods for the great majority of rural people: they do not change the underlying context. Most people resume their customary economic activities – their household economy – with sometimes surprising speed, albeit with the need to build up again lost wealth. Indeed, they have no choice if they are to remain in the rural context. Therefore, a durable mapping of rural livelihood zones must be a medium-term statement, to be revisited periodically but not changed in the short term unless through force majeure. These considerations are relevant to the fact that in Nigeria today there is an ongoing problem of insurgency, concentrated in the far northeast of the country. During the last few years it has caused the loss of many lives and the displacement of millions of people, and the consequent stopping or at least severe curtailment of rural production and marketing over large areas (see Annex 1). The present livelihood zoning exercise is not designed to represent this changeable situation, even if its current effects in all the insecure areas were fully known. It must be assumed, and devoutly hoped, that security will be re-established soon. What the present zoning reflects, therefore, is the livelihoods as they were up to the time of the disruption, to which people must return, unless the basic economic options of the majority will have fundamentally changed. In this sense, therefore, for these areas the map is again a template for the medium term. To put this in a national context, Table 1 and 2 summarize the general hazards over the country for the last five years as recorded in the zoning workshops:

Table 1. Recent events affecting food security and livelihoods Year Major events and trends • On average, dry spells or delayed rainfall were the most emphasized hazards across the country in 2018 (affecting 12 zones mostly concentrated in the south and some parts of the north), followed by conflict between farmers and herders*, insurgency, and crop pests. There were also widespread instances of localized flooding across the country. • Farmer/herder conflict occurred throughout the country (recorded as the primary hazard in 2018 central zones and the second hazard in southern zones), while ongoing insurgency was entirely concentrated in the northeast and some other areas in the north. • Crop pests, notably fall army worm occurred throughout the country in addition to stem borer in southern zones, where pests were most prevalent. • Other hazards included cattle raiding (center/north), and oil pollution (south). • On average, erratic, insufficient, or delayed rainfall was the most reported hazard across the country in 2017 (affecting 17 zones, most concentrated in the north and some areas of the center and south), followed by crop pests, farmer/herder conflict, and flooding. 2017 • Crop pests primarily affected southern and northern zones, including army worm throughout the country in addition to stem borer in the south and aphids and cutworm in the north. • Farmer/herder conflict persisted throughout the country as the most important hazard in central zones and second most important hazard in southern zones.

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Year Major events and trends • Flooding was largely localized and noted in 6 zones throughout the country. • Other hazards included insurgency (north), cattle raiding (center/north), and oil pollution (south). • On average, crop pests were the most important hazard in 2016 (affecting 14 zones throughout the country), followed by farmer/herder conflict, erratic/insufficient rainfall, and flooding. • Crop pests were varied and widespread, including army worm, stem borer, tuta absoluta (tomato leaf miner), cocoa black pod disease, cocoyam root rot, aphids, and quelea birds. 2016 • Farmer/herder conflict persisted throughout the country as the most important hazard in central zones and second most important hazard in southern zones. • Flooding was again localized, affecting 7 zones throughout the country. • Other hazards included insurgency (north), price instability (central and northern zones: commodity- specific), and oil pollution (south) • On average, crop pests were the foremost hazard in 2016 (affecting 7 zones throughout the country), followed by flooding, erratic/insufficient rainfall, and farmer/herder conflict. • Crop pests were somewhat widespread and included army worm, stem borer, gall midge, cocoyam root rot, tuta absoluta, aphids, and quelea birds. 2015 • Flooding was largely localized and noted in 7 zones throughout the country. • Farmer/herder conflict existed throughout the country, and as the most important hazard in southern zones and third most important hazard in central zones. • Other hazards included insurgency (most important hazard in the north), price instability (south and north, commodity specific), livestock pests (central and north), and oil pollution (south). • While information in the workshops was somewhat limited for 2014, flooding was on average noted as the most important hazard, followed by erratic/insufficient rainfall, insurgency, and livestock pests. • Flooding was noted in 8 zones, 5 of which are in the southern part of the country, and 2014 erratic/insufficient rainfall was evenly spread in 7 zones throughout the country. • Insurgency was the primary hazard in 6 northern zones, but absent elsewhere. • Livestock pests notably included an outbreak of avian influenza in 5 southern zones. • Other hazards included crop pests (fall army worm, tuta absoluta, and stem borer), farmer/herder conflict, landslides (at Obudu in south), and oil pollution (south). *Farmer/herder conflict as reported here almost always refers to the reaction by farmers to crop-damage wrought by the cattle and smaller livestock of herders who are taking their animals on seasonal grazing migration, and who allow their animals to stray off the customary 'corridors' through cultivated areas.

Table 2. Rankings of importance of hazard events in 2018, by region and nationwide Rank Southern Zones Central Zones Northern Zones Nationwide Average 1 Flooding Flooding Insurgency Flooding 2 Erratic/insufficient Farmer/herder conflict Insurgency Erratic/insufficient rainfall rainfall 3 Farmer/herder Cattle raiding Erratic/insufficient Farmer/herder conflict rainfall conflict 4 Crop pests Erratic/insufficient rainfall Crop pests Insurgency 5 Flooding Crop pests Farmer/herder conflict Crop pests 6 Oil pollution Flooding Cattle raiding Flooding

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Methodology Household Economy Analysis (HEA) is a framework for analyzing the comprehensive set of means by which households of varying socioeconomic status access the things they need to survive, maintain production, and live what is locally considered an acceptable way of life. The framework coherently organizes and makes practical use of a vast array of information sourced from many levels, including local knowledge, detailed field information taken on household economy at the village level, national census data, official crop production data, and price monitoring data from local and regional markets.

The systematic organization of information and data starts with the identification of what HEA refers to as 'livelihood zones'. A livelihood zone is a geographical area in which most households share the same ecology, natural resources and general economic environment, and therefore the same patterns of production and the same possibilities for cash income (although cash income is realized according to the household assets, composition and status that determine relative wealth). This means that if you were to move from one livelihood zone to the next, you would expect to see different patterns of production and consumption as determined by factors such as geography, markets, and trade opportunities, and also see different hierarchies of coping strategies in response to shocks.

This is the third such exercise in livelihoods zoning that FEWS NET has carried out in Nigeria. The first exercise, undertaken in 2007, essentially covered the northern half of the country down to the Niger and Benue rivers running respectively from the west and from the east to their confluence in the center (see Map 1). In that exercise 44 rural livelihood zones were identified. The second exercise, in 2014, covered the whole country and looked to a much broader level of zoning, from which 13 livelihood zones emerged (see Map 2). The present exercise was intended to update the 2014 map, and in the event the resultant total of 35 zones for Nigeria stood somewhere between the first and second exercises.

The identification of livelihood zones and the overarching understanding of livelihood systems arising from the exercise, while of intrinsic utility as they stand, are usually the first of three principal steps in the HEA process. The second step is referred to as the baseline stage, in which an in-depth field investigation of all or selected livelihood zones is conducted. A set of quantified data is collected for each zone by wealth group on household crop and livestock production, on cash incomes from on-farm and off-farm activities, and on household expenditures, as well as on the effects of shocks and the ability of different wealth groups to cope. The third and final stage of HEA is the utilization of current monitoring data on shocks such rain failure, floods, market disruptions or conflict etc., in order to make a quantified analysis of their likely impact at household level over a given period of time. This third stage is referred to as Outcome Analysis. It can be repeated annually, seasonally, or at any frequency as required. Outcome Analysis is used to determine what would be the appropriate means and level of assistance in the case of a short- term emergency, or to help gauge the likely results of a longer-term development program, or to consider adjustments in policy.

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Map 1. FEWS NET northern Nigeria zoning map from 2007

Map 2. FEWS NET national zoning map from 2014

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The present, third exercise was intended to update the 2014 map, and in the event the resultant number of zones identified stood somewhere between the first and second exercises.

The steps taken for the present exercise were as follows:

Map 3. Base map for Northern Nigeria 1. A literature and secondary data review was performed by FEWS NET in preparation for the exercise.

2. Base maps of the country were designed for use in the workshops. These were the template for initial sketching and final drawing of the identified livelihood zones, and offered administrative boundaries (national, states, and LGAs with number codes for identification of their names against an excel sheet), main cities, main roads, main rivers and groundwater (lakes, major dams, wetlands), and national reserves. The example for northern Nigeria is shown below (Map 3). Source: FEWS NET 3. In addition, thematic reference maps on agro-ecology, rainfall etc. were produced or reproduced by FEWS NET (Map 4 and Map 5). Advantage was taken of Washington's separate livelihood mapping exercise of 2017- 2018 using the national Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) dataset: by means of interpolation, a special set of maps on crops and livestock and landholding was created. In addition, from other available data further reference maps were created, including precipitation, elevation and population density. Map 5. Millet production in Nigeria Map 4. Elevation in Nigeria (meters)

Source: FEWS NET, interpolated using LSMS data Source: NASA

4. Three regional livelihood zoning and description workshops were organized to cover southern, central and northern Nigeria. The southern workshop was held in Lagos 23-27 July; the central workshop was held in Abuja 30 July to 3 August; the northern workshop was held in Kano 6-10 August. The largest proportion of key informants invited to participate were from the Agricultural Development Program (ADP) in each of the states in the given region. The other participants were from other government departments, NGOs and academic institutions (see Annex 2 for the lists of participants). The states represented in each workshop were: a. Southern workshop: Oyo, Ogun, Lagos, Oshun, Ekiti, Ondo, Edo, Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers, Imo, Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Cross River

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b. Central workshop: Niger, Kaduna, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Kwara, Kogi, Nassarawa, Benue, Plateau, Taraba, Adamawa c. Northern workshop: Sokoto, Kebbi, Zamfara, Katsina, Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi, Gombe,Yobe, Borno

Map 6. Nigeria's states with administrative boundaries 5. Each workshop was hosted by FEWS NET Nigeria and directed by the facilitators. The participants were first introduced to FEWS NET activities in Nigeria. Then they were given an introductory presentation on livelihoods and the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) approach to their assessment. This was followed by a presentation on the methodology of livelihoods zoning (the first step in the HEA process) and an overview of what would be done in the workshop – the practical steps leading to the finalization of a national livelihood zones map. There followed a review of the available secondary data and of the reference maps on show, including a presentation on the interpolation theme-maps from the LSMS data and the methodology Source: Ezilon.com involved.

6. The participants in plenary were then asked to begin sketching their first suggestions for livelihoods zone on the base map, accompanied by discussion. This brainstorming was given somewhat over half a day. The result was a rough sketch map of the livelihood zones of the region on which all agreed. At this stage the participants were shown the completed map from the previous workshop (the southern map shown to the central region workshop, the central map shown to the northern region workshop). This was partly for their general interest, but also to have their ideas about which livelihood zones were in fact the same across regional boundaries and how they would eventually fit together as a single zone.

Participants discuss livelihood zone boundaries during the zoning workshops. Source: FEWS NET.

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First sketch of central zones. Source: FEWS NET. Refined sketch of one section of the central zone map. Source: FEWS NET. The next step was to refine the shape of the livelihood zones, so that precise boundaries were established following LGA boundaries as far as possible except where this would significantly distort the shape of livelihood zones, e.g. the riverine zones. For this step the participants split up into working groups, identified by states and matching livelihood zones, using copies of the base map. In this process they referred to secondary data, including ADP information on the separate LGAs. The resulting maps were then displayed together and discussed, notably in terms of verifying the zone boundaries where zones had straddled state boundaries so that two groups had been working on parts of the same zone. The preliminary names for the zones were reviewed and formal names agreed. The final Participants refer to the central region livelihood zones map as regional livelihood zones map was then reproduced the northern region sketch is finalized. Source: FEWS NET. by the facilitator in the evening, drawing carefully on a fresh A0 base map, and showing the zones in different colors.

7. Once the consolidated map was achieved, the participants were asked to identify the LGAs comprising each zone, using the excel sheet for the codes. The list is given in Annex 3.

8. The next task in the workshop was for working groups to fill in a description form for each livelihood zone in order to state its particular character – why it was deemed different from other zones – and to offer information on the agro-ecology and climate; on land holdings and other assets; and on crop and livestock production, foods consumed, and crops and livestock sold (differentiating for these elements between poorer and wealthier households). Information was also given on the main markets used by the zone's Final consolidated map of the central zones. Source: FEWS NET.

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inhabitants and the destination of commodities traded out of the zone. Further information was established on hazards to crop and livestock production faced in the zone, and a timeline was made of events in the last five years affecting food security.

9. Participants were then asked to construct seasonal activity calendars related to production and marketing and hazards, and calendars of poorer household's access to food and income, and of moments in the year of major household expenditure. Most of these elements tend strongly to be based on the agro-ecological environment and rainfall, and so for the calendars the zones were grouped in this regard to avoid repetition. The information in the description forms is summarized in the narrative descriptions of each livelihood zone offered later in this report. The calendars are reproduced in Annex 4.

10. The final step was to consider how people in each zone cope with shocks that affect their food security. Participants were asked to rank in order of importance, and add to as necessary, a list of coping options drawn up by FEWS NET and derived from the International Phase Classification system (IPC).

11. At the end of the last workshop the FEWS NET team returned to Abuja, where the final national map was consolidated. This was then transmitted to Washington HQ to be digitized.

Map 7. Final drawn national livelihood zone map for Nigeria

Information on the HEA methodology, including the specifics on how a zoning is conducted, can be found in the HEA Practitioners Guide available here. Information related to FEWS NET and its use of the HEA methodology can be found at http://www.fews.net/1

1Specifically, the Application of the Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles for Food Security Analysis and Early Warning

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The National Context Nigeria's current population stands at a little over 200 million, computing the estimated annual growth rates state- by-state of between 2.7 and 3.5 per cent per annum since the last national census in 2006. This makes it by far the most populous country on the African continent, with around twice the total of its nearest rival, Egypt. Nigeria has also by far Africa's biggest economy, even if GDP per capita lags rather far behind that of South Africa (the continent's highest). Nigeria's industrial sector, headed by petroleum and gas production, accounts for around 18% of Nigeria's national GDP, and an urban population numbering at least 50% of the national total2 pushes the contribution of services up to around 60% of GDP. But agriculture, at some 22% of GDP3, still exceeds the value of industry, and the urban market demand is on a scale to fundamentally affect rural livelihoods anywhere in the country: for the most part, there is a dynamic market for whatever you produce.

The first factor that defines the livelihoods of Map 8. Mean annual rainfall (mm) for 1981-2010 rural producers is necessarily the ecology, and the first factor in this is the geographical variation in mean annual rainfall as shown in Map 84.

Mean annual rainfall varies from some 350 mm at the country's far northeastern tip at Lake Chad to around 3000 mm in parts of the coast in the extreme southeast. On this basis we see a general progression of ecological bands from north to south usually defined in Nigeria as sahelian savannah, sudanian savannah, north guinean savannah, south guinean savannah, derived savannah5 and Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency humid forest or rainforest (see Map 9).

Alongside this is a general, southward progression of dominant food crops from millet to sorghum, maize and 'upland' (rainfed) rice, and then to yams and cassava; and of cash crops from sesame and groundnuts to palm oil and cocoa. A glance through the names of the livelihood zones confirms these progressions; but at the same time the names also show many exceptions to the rule. To consider only the effect of rainfall on ecology and on rainfed crops would be to miss a great part of the story. To begin with, variation in soil types and soil fertility promotes choices of one crop over another. Then there is the big factor of the use of irrigation, whether for cultivation beyond the rainy season in swampy areas (fadama cultivation) or using the moisture-retaining quality of clay-based soils for flood recession agriculture, or through gravity irrigation from rivers, notably for rice and vegetables production. There is also the widespread use of motorized pumps drawing water for small-scale irrigation from wells dug through to accessible aquifers, whether tube wells or shallow bore wells. And then there is the further question of altitude and its creation of niche areas for certain crops. Together with all such factors, we consider the sphere of government policy and associated program/project investments: these have had substantial effects on Nigeria's production landscape and have fundamentally contributed to the character of several of the livelihood zones. Finally, special trade or demographic factors can have a distinctive effect on local livelihoods; again, we shall see in the descriptions below that such elements have fundamentally influenced the definition of a number of zones, notably in the more

2Based on a threshold of 20,000 people as the criterion for defining a settlement as urban – ref. A Review of the Criteria for Defining Urban Areas in Nigeria by Beulah I. Ofem (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria). J Hum Ecol, 37(3): 167-171 (2012). The population of Lagos state (the city and its immediate environs) is estimated at around 23 million in 2018, and several other cities have populations of 3 million or more. 3 GDP figures taken from Index Mundi which uses OECD, World Bank and IMF data. 4 Map 8 was developed by James Ijampy Adamu, meteorologist at the Directorate of Applied Meteorological Services, Nigerian Meteorological Agency, National Weather forecasting & Climate Research Center, a participant in the Abuja livelihoods zoning workshop. 5 This denotes areas originally in the forest ecology which over time have been repeatedly cleared for cultivation and today have the aspect of a savannah ecology.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 13 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 heavily populated areas in the north and south as seen in Map . Map 9. Agro-ecological divisions of Nigeria Therefore, without looking to produce a fine mosaic of localized production areas, even a broad-brush zoning of livelihoods, based firstly, on primary production, as it must be, will reflect more than rainfall isohyets and ecological bands. But this brings a major challenge concerning the availability of information.

To take agricultural production alone, we naturally refer first to the Ministry of Agriculture's crop assessments, from which we can graph out production information, as in the examples shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 (Nigeria is the world's biggest producer and exporter of yams and by far the biggest producer of maize in West Africa). This Source: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) information gives us a geographical view of production, as well as information over time Map 10. Population density that raises questions: in this case, notably about the reasons for the dramatic decline in millet production. But information at the state level cannot give us real production zones, let alone livelihood zones, since nature and human activity together, that is, economic geography, are not confined by state boundaries, but rather cut across them, and even across LGAs. But beyond this, there are many kinds of statistical, and especially statistically comparable, information that are difficult or impossible to find at any level of aggregation: crucially, for instance, on rural incomes from farm production and from off- farm activities. (Once livelihood zones are defined, the HEA field methodology for baseline livelihoods assessment concentrates heavily on income factors). In the absence of Source: FEWS NET using Landscan imagery such recorded data we need to seek out the unrecorded information that is in the heads of the kind of highly knowledgeable and experienced key informants who took part in the workshops. They do possess a certain amount of secondary information from their states and LGAs, but above all they have their own combination of deep local knowledge and judgement and intuition, non-quantified though this must mostly be. Working together, they constitute, so to speak, a unique database and computing capacity that maps out livelihoods according to the rubric set. The national livelihood zones map for Nigeria is above all the product of that effort.

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Figure 1. Yam production ('000 MT) by state, 1999-2017 and 2013-2017

Figure 2. Maize production ('000 MT) by state, 1999-2017 and 2013-2017

Figure 4. Trends in millet production (‘000 MT), 1999-2017 Figure 3. Trends in maize production (‘000 MT), 1999-2017

Figure 5. Trends in yam production (‘000 MT), 1999-2017 Source for Figures 1-5: Annual Agricultural Performance Survey of the 2017 Wet Season in Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Nigeria.

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Map 10. National livelihood zone map for Nigeria, 2018

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Overview of the livelihood zones The rainfall Map 8 above shows a southeastward slant in the northernmost rainfall bands. The semi-arid areas, with comparatively short rainy seasons, are where millet is the most successful crop, including zones NG01 - Sokoto millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and livestock, NG02 - Kano-Katsina Sahelian: millet, sorghum, sesame and livestock, NG04 - Northeast Sahelian: millet, sesame, cowpeas and livestock and the big NG05 – Borno-Yobe-Bauchi millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and sesame. These are also areas where livestock are important for the incomes of their owners, as they are sold to traders who truck them mainly to the big southern cities to satisfy the huge market demand. In these zones, along with other zones across the north, grazing becomes scarce as the long dry season progresses, and many thousands of animals, cattle in particular, are trekked south yearly for seasonal far grazing (where, as noted above, their tendency to stray onto cultivated fields has caused increasingly serious conflict between farmer and herder).

The zone NG02 - Kano-Katsina sahelian: Map 11. Production and market flow of cassava millet, sorghum, sesame and livestock shares with NG03 - Kano-Katsina sudanian: sorghum, maize, rice and groundnuts the phenomenon of dense human settlement, influenced by a long history as the major locations in Nigeria to handle the trade through Niger (Maradi) and trans-Sahara, and by political and social history linked to Katsina city and Kano, today Nigeria's third largest city. In zone NG03 we enter the sudanian ecology, with more sorghum than millet, but with also an intensive use of land, including irrigation not only from large dams but from tube wells and small dams, making the zone one of Nigeria's prime producers of rice. Sorghum, with maize and several Map 12. Production and market flow of maize other secondary crops, is the theme across the sudanian and the north guinean agro- ecological bands, encompassing the productive zones NG11 – Northwest sorghum, maize, soybeans and rice, NG12 – Northwest sorghum, maize and cotton with cross-border trade and NG14 – Central sorghum, maize, groundnuts, cowpeas and sesame. As noted in the introduction, Nigeria's national market, dynamized especially by the demand of the southern city populations, reaches every corner, and encourages farmers who can to invest not only in surplus food production but also in cash crops, of which cowpeas are perhaps the most widespread Source: FEWS NET example. Groundnuts and increasingly soybeans are also major items, but cotton as a significant cash crop is a shadow of its former glory, largely confined to a northwestern corner. But in a sense, staple food crops are also partly cash crops: for instance, some 25% of national sorghum production goes to the brewery industry located in the south, and more generally all the tuber and cereal staples, as well as pulses, are heavily traded north and south respectively (see examples in Maps 12 and 13). But the overwhelming factor remains the southern demand for northern produce of all kinds, plant and animal.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 17 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

In northern Nigeria, the overall annual rainfall volume is markedly lower than in the south. However, there are a number of northern zones that are water-based – i.e. based on river, lake or natural wetland: NG06 – Sokoto-Rima- Kano riverine flood plain rice and fishing; NG07 – Komadugu-Yobe irrigated peppers with rice, millet and vegetables; NG08 - Lake Chad fishing, maize, wheat, cowpeas and vegetables, NG09- Chad basin: masakwa flood-recession sorghum and wheat, and NG10 - Hadejia–Nguru wetlands: mixed cereals, vegetables and fishing. These are predominantly cash cropping areas in the broad sense, adding value to the work of the villagers. Included here is rice that is cultivated by riverine gravity irrigation, of which the greater part is sold (the price being higher than for the general staples millet, sorghum or maize). Fish are also a particularly valuable product, marketed far and wide in the preserved smoked or dried form. Stretching a point, we can add here the biggest water-based area of all, and that is the roughly 1500 kilometer-long zones NG21 – Niger and Benue rivers flood plain rice with maize, vegetables and livestock, and NG35 – Niger-Benue river fishing and food crops, together running mainly across the center of the country and capped in the far east by NG19 – Benue river sugar cane, rice and sugar estate labor. These flood plains are distinctly wider than those of the northern rivers, with two or three extended irrigation areas.

The big factor for niche areas is altitude with its effects on temperatures and rainfall. Here we may point especially to zones in the central region: NG16 – High plateau Irish potatoes, maize, acha (Digitaria) and livestock and NG25 - Mambila highland: cattle, maize, Irish potatoes, tea, coffee and kola nuts; and at more modest elevations NG18 - Ginger and turmeric with maize, sorghum, yams and acha (Digitaria), NG24 – Cocoa dominant with oil palms, cereals and tubers, and NG17 - Lower plateau rice, sorghum and cattle, where the valuable rice production distinguishes the zone from its neighbors. Other zones are characterized by special crops where government policy and comparative production advantage have built on suitable environmental conditions: NG23 – Citrus fruit with tubers, cereals, soybeans and groundnuts and NG 30 – Cashews with oil palms, tubers and maize. The latter is partly the result of plantations created to conserve marginal and degraded land left by gradual forest clearance for hardwood timber within the general 'derived savannah' ecology. Finally, NG34 – Northeast cattle, small ruminants and food crops with cross-border livestock trade is mainly highland and consists of a long strip of frontier with Cameroon. Like other areas of higher elevation, this environment is favorable to cattle, sheep and goats, with the significant added value of the cross-border trade.

Returning to central/north central areas and the north and south guinean ecologies, we see the transition from sorghum to maize to yams, always with an array of other crops, in the big zones NG13 – Northwest and central maize dominant with sorghum, sweet potatoes and cowpeas, NG15 – Northeast maize dominant with rice, cowpeas, soybeans and groundnuts, and the very big NG20 – Central yam and maize belt, with cassava, rice and soybeans, (NG15 being partly the result of special government policy and investment in boosting maize as the major crop). And then turning south to the southern/derived savannah and humid forest ecologies, we are firmly in cassava territory, most widely exemplified by the zone NG22 - Cassava dominant with maize, yams and tree-crops, but also by NG33 - Southeast cassava, cereals and oil palms with extensive off-farm work and trade. Cassava offers particularly high food yields per unit area, and there is here an obvious relation to the fact that the south of the country is the most heavily populated in rural as well as urban terms (see Figure 11 above). Given this, Zone NG33 is distinguished by its particularly dense population, which to an unusual degree pushes people to seek off-farm earnings to make up for the shortfall in the food that they can produce on their limited plots of land.

There is nowhere in the south that does not have cassava as a major staple, usually the major staple, (although yams are commonly also in the picture). But the story is not only of cassava. A large, mainly savannah zone, NG27 - South- east rice dominant with cassava, yams and oil palms, is primarily distinguished by high, market-oriented rice production, centered on Ebonyi state, production which has been substantially promoted by government investment to increase Nigeria's local production and decrease the country's huge rice importation. Rice is also a distinguishing factor in the small, far south-western zone NG 29 - South-west rice, cassava and cattle with cross-border trade. On the other hand, zone NG28 - South-west cocoa with oil palms, tubers and cereals is certainly cassava-based for food, but it is more importantly the country's longest-standing producer of cocoa, which is Nigeria's highest-earning exported crop. In the southeast, NG26 - Cross River cocoa with oil palms, tubers, rice and plantain is far smaller than NG28 but actually more heavily dependent on cocoa production as the basis of household incomes.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 18 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Finally, we arrive at the coast, with its hinterland dominated by the Niger Delta. Zone NG32 - Coastal strip and Niger Delta: inland and coastal fishing, cassava, plantain, oil palms and rubber is, in terms of population and economic activity, primarily an inland zone, even in relation to its fishing wealth, because maritime fishing, as opposed to fishing in coastal creeks and near-shore shallow water, requires bigger boats and more heavy equipment than villagers can normally afford. Fishing is important too in zone NG31 - Lagos peri-urban: fishing, poultry, piggeries, market gardening and coconuts; but that is only part of an economy highly oriented to maximizing the value of its proximity to the Lagos markets and so producing the most high-value items on usually small land holdings.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 19 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Livelihood Zone Descriptions SOKOTO MILLET, COWPEAS, GROUNDNUTS AND LIVESTOCK (NG01) Main productive assets This livelihood zone is characterized by the Poor Better-off open plains of Sokoto state, but it also contains northern parts of Kebbi and Land (less than 1.5 ha) Land (2 to 5 ha) Zamfara states and northwest Katsina. Small numbers of livestock (up Larger numbers of livestock Although the zone reaches up to Nigeria's to 2 cattle, 3 sheep, 5 goats, 2 (up to 10 cattle, 15 sheep, 18 northernmost point, mean annual rainfall is donkeys, and 15 poultry) goats, 2 camels, 45 poultry) markedly higher, at 700-900 mm, than in the Limited mechanical equipment Mechanical equipment owned sahelian zone NG04 at a similar latitude to owned (plough) (plough, tiller, tractor, etc.) the east. The natural vegetation is rather Main foods consumed and sources savannah-type than sahelian. But beyond Poor Better-off the rivers that define zone NG06, there is a Millet (MP/OP) Rice (MP/OP) lack of shallow aquifers and therefore Sorghum (MP/OP) Millet (OP) comparatively little opportunity for Maize (MP) Wheat (MP) irrigated, dry season agriculture, although Rice (MP) Cowpea (OP/MP) there is some localized use of tube wells and Sweet potatoes (MP/OP) Maize (MP/OP) small dams for this. Groundnuts (OP/MP) On the other hand, a generally medium-to- OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment low density of population, and therefore of for labor cultivation, means that there are extensive Main income sources grasslands for grazing the livestock kept by Poor Better-off the majority Hausa population, but raised in Paid labor Cash crop sales the largest numbers by the Fulani people, Firewood sales Goat and sheep sales including a minority among them of nomadic Petty trade Larger-scale trade or transhumant pastoralists. Two species of Poultry sales Cattle sales animal are specially associated with this Food crop sales Food processing zone, although also to be found in Main markets neighboring areas of Nigeria and further in West Africa. The 'Sokoto gudali' cattle are Internal to the zone: Jega, Illela, Shinkafi, Kamba, Acida short-horned and short-legged zebu known External: Kano and cities to the south; some crossborder trade with for their meat quality and for their volume of Niger via Illela milk production. The very distinctive Sokoto Main hazards and approximate frequency 'red goat' (Capra hircus, known further north Delay in rainfall – almost yearly in the last decade (Apr – Jun) as the 'Maradi red goat') is relatively small Flooding – every 3-5 years (Aug – Sep) but prolific and provides especially high- Crop pests – endemic army worm, stem borer, blister beetle (Jun quality leather. Wealthier people may also – Sep) own a couple of camels for goods transport. Crop disease – occasional occurrence (Sep – Oct) Predominantly sandy soils favor millet Livestock pest – endemic (May – Aug) production over sorghum, which is also Livestock diseases – endemic (Aug – Nov) grown (sometimes both cereals are grown Cattle rustling/banditry – occasional and unpredictable mixed together in the same field). General conditions also allow successful production of groundnuts as well as of cowpeas, a ubiquitous food and cash crop of northern Nigeria, often intercropped with millet or sorghum. In some localities maize is also grown, while soybean production is on the increase. There is also some production of bambara nuts (Vigna subterranea). Small-scale gardening of vegetables is sometimes done under irrigation, mainly destined for urban markets, as are the substantial numbers of poultry produced in the villages. Just across the border in Niger there exists possibly West Africa's largest onion-producing industry, using irrigation from a near-surface aquifer. This production is only modestly echoed on the Nigerian side, around Illela and one or two other locations. But onions and garlic from here actually reach markets in the south of the country, as do the onions from across the border in Niger.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 20 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Millet dominates home food consumption, but the better-off minority tend to prefer rice consumption, even though they must purchase it (given the very limited local rainfed rice cultivation). The poorer households tend to concentrate on millet and sorghum cultivation, together with some maize and sweet potatoes; but even so they need to purchase at least extra millet during the year when their own harvest stocks run out after four or five months, as well as sweet potatoes and occasional maize and rice to minimally diversify their diets. They are typically constrained to sell some grain at harvest to allow pressing expenditure, including debts accrued in the agricultural season, for instance to buy seeds or to purchase enough food to see them through the lean season before the millet harvest begins in September. During the year, their main cash income is from activities away from their own farms, mainly paid agricultural labor (especially land preparation) and selling firewood, as well as a repertoire of other activities that intensify in the months of little agricultural activity: petty trade, brick-making, artisanal surface mining (e.g. kaolin). A modest number of people seek work in towns, in construction or services like motorcycle taxis, again especially in the agricultural off-season. And perhaps one in ten people seeking work travel out of the zone; and these make the journey to big cities right across the country. The wealthier farmers and herd owners make their money mainly from sales of their primary production: cash crops (notably cowpeas and groundnuts), cereals and livestock, but also from trading activities such as wholesaling of grain. The road system is relatively good, and for trade external to the zone, the main routes are to Kano with its market demand from 3 million plus people, or towards the south via Zaria and Kaduna.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 21 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

KANO-KATSINA SAHELIAN: MILLET, SORGHUM, SESAME AND LIVESTOCK (NG02)

Main productive assets This zone contains most of Katsina state, the northern part of Kano State, and the Poor Better-off northwest extension of Jigawa state. Land (0.25 to 0.5 ha) Land (1 to 2 ha) Neither its annual rainfall, averaging Small numbers of livestock (up Larger numbers of livestock around 500-600 mm, nor its open plains to 1 sheep, 4 goats, 20 (up to 10 cattle, 30 sheep, 20 with sandy soils and savannah-type poultry) goats, 40 poultry) natural vegetation distinguish it much No mechanical equipment Mechanical equipment owned from zone NG01. Yet it has a far denser owned (plough, tiller, tractor, etc.) rural population throughout, comparable Main foods consumed and sources only to that found around Sokoto city. It Poor Better-off shares this distinctive feature with the neighboring NG04 zone centered on the Millet (MP+ in-kind wages/OP) Millet (OP) rest of Kano state. 'Katsina-Kano' is in fact Sorghum (MP+ in-kind wages Sorghum (OP) an abbreviation of 'Kano-Katsina-Maradi' /OP) Rice (MP) or 'KKM', which refers to the trade route Sweet potatoes (OP/MP) Milk (OP) which for over a millennium was the Cowpeas (MP/OP) southern end of the trans-Saharan caravan OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind route (Maradi being the first city to the payment for labor northwest, in Niger Republic). Katsina Main income sources remains today the first station in the Poor Better-off market chain between Niger and Paid labor Cash crop sales northwest Nigeria and has been at the Petty trade Food crop sales same time the first station of in-migration Poultry sales Sheep and goat sales over recent decades. In sum, the zone is Cash crop sales (modest) Larger-scale trade characterized by the unusual combination Cattle sales of a sahelian environment with relatively Main markets dense settlement and high commercial activity. Internal to the zone: Danbatta, Wudil (livestock), Mai Adua, Mashi (crops and livestock), Charanchi (livestock) Land holdings are therefore modest, External to the zone: Darki, Sara (crops) especially for poorer households, who Main hazards and approximate frequency usually do not feed themselves from their own harvest for more than four months. Delayed/insufficient early season rainfall (Jun – Jul); recent years They obtain the balance of required food Drought – every three years (Aug – Sep) from the market, as well as from payments Livestock pests/disease (FMD) – every year (Feb – Apr) directly in grain for labor which cover Food price hikes – every year (May – Jun) some two months of staples consumption Farmer/herder conflict – every year (May – Nov) during the year. For them the cash for both food and the other essentials of life and livelihood come in the first place from paid labor for wealthier farmers, as well as from more independent work, e.g. firewood collecting or collection of gum arabic by 'milking' acacia trees (Acacia senegalensis and Acacia seyal). There is even a trade in scrap metal collected by villagers and sold directly to agents who take it to cities for processing. To a limited extent, villagers may also seek casual work in nearby towns, and perhaps one in five also go on seasonal work migration, whether to relatively nearby Kano or to the cities of the far south. Wealthier farmers by contrast make most money by selling sesame and, to a lesser extent cowpeas and some surplus millet and sorghum, and livestock. They may also have gum arabic collected by workers which they process and sell, and they produce and sell some quantities of groundnuts, sweet potatoes, tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) and hibiscus. Livestock are an important part of the local economy in both production and market terms. Wealthier people own what for settled villagers are large numbers goats and sheep, and even appreciable numbers of cattle. This does require seasonal migration of livestock from this relatively crowded and dry territory to find seasonal pastures generally towards southern areas, transiting through the central states. The biggest livestock owners are Fulani people, but given the substantial Hausa majority, a good proportion of the absolute number of animals belongs to them, even if their animals are taken on under contract by Fulani for far grazing. But, as now almost everywhere in the country, in this source area for livestock migration there is a considerable problem of conflict between farmers and herders, and this at least begins with crop damage by livestock, especially cattle, which

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 22 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 stray away from the agreed corridors for livestock movement on the hoof – corridors that may have been partly cultivated over by farmers pressed by shortage to till any cultivable land. In market terms too, there is a movement of live animals on trucks to the south of the country where the demand is huge, especially in the cities. The collection markets in the zone, such as Danbatta, also handle many animals from across the border in Niger – animals that will have been trucked or trekked from as far north as the edge of the Sahara Desert. The market also flows the other way with various goods – clothing, electronic items etc., but also sorghum and millet, especially in years when production in Niger has been poor. The frontier market of Mai Adua constitutes a particularly important example of this two-way flow.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 23 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

KANO-KATSINA SUDANIAN: SORGHUM, MAIZE, RICE AND GROUNDNUTS (NG03)

Main productive assets This zone covers the central and Poor Better-off southern parts of Kano state except for Land (less than 1 ha) Land (2 to 5 ha) the far southern spur, as well as the Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock (up to south of Katsina state and the (up to 2 sheep, 5 goats, 15 5 cattle, 10 sheep, 20 goats, 10 immediate hinterland of Zaria city at poultry) poultry) the northern limit of Kaduna state. (For No mechanical equipment Mechanical equipment owned the background to 'Kano-Katsina' see owned (plough, thresher, tractor, etc.) the description for Zone NG02.) The relative density of the rural population Main foods consumed and sources here covers, and partly defines, the Poor Better-off whole zone, therefore far beyond the Sorghum (OP) Sorghum (OP) environs of Kano city, the third largest Maize (OP/MP) Maize (OP/MP) city of Nigeria and by far the biggest Cowpeas (MP/OP) Cowpeas (OP/MP) city in the whole of northern Nigeria. Dairy (MP/OP) The city itself has a very long history as OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment a commercial hub as well as a center of for labor political influence and of Islamic Main income sources learning, all factors that have Poor Better-off historically attracted people to settle in the wider area of what is today Kano Food crop sales Cash crop sales state. Paid labor Cattle sales Petty trade Large-scale trade As its name implies, the zone is in the Firewood sales Food processing sudanian agro-ecological belt of the Brick making country, with open plains and northern Main markets savannah natural vegetation, and moderately fertile sandy loam soils. As its name implies, Internal to the zone: Giwa, Dandume, Average annual rainfall is around the Saminalla, Dawanae (grains); Gafam G/Malam (vegetables) 1000 mm mark. Main hazards and approximate frequency Flooding – every three years (Jul – Aug) According to Ministry of Agriculture Livestock pests/disease – every year (Jun – Jul) data, Kano state was the country's Cattle raiding – every year (Jul – Aug) biggest producer of sorghum on Farmer/herder conflict – every year (Oct – Dec) average over the years 2013-17, as well Crop diseases – every year (Aug – Sep) as being among the top five producers Kidnapping – every year (all year round) of rice. Maize, groundnuts and cowpeas are also important crops, although the groundnut industry is a shadow of itself a generation or two ago, and more recently the fall in world-market cotton prices has all but stopped cotton production in this zone. Productivity on the relatively modest and fragmented landholdings is boosted by several factors. Firstly, the rainfall regime and soils are together favorable for a wide range of crops. Secondly, there is substantial surface water in one form or another: areas of shallow aquifer where fadama cultivation can be carried out and wash bore wells can be operated rather than the deeper and more expensive tube wells; and a high drainage density, that is, many small streams which are subject to small dams. This means that irrigated as well as rainfed rice can be produced at the small-holder level but very widely (there is also larger-scale irrigation associated with the Tiga dam). And in several areas, cultivation of cash crops, including sugar cane, as well as market gardening can continue into the dry season. Another factor is the increasing mechanization of agriculture for the wealthier farmers, who benefit from tractor hire schemes and even tractor ownership at least by groups of farmers. Profitability of crops is enhanced by mechanical threshing and processing – rice polishing, groundnut oil extraction. Meanwhile, although wealthier farmers commonly use ox-drawn ploughs too, poorer people, who own no cattle, cannot even do this unless they are able borrow a plough-team from a richer neighbor.

Apart from the basic quest of farmers to feed themselves, production is highly incentivized by market demand. It is not only the great demand of Kano city that operates, but also the demand for grain from Niger and from the populous south of the country, where rice is so widely sought after and where sorghum is the mainstay of

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 24 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 the brewing industry. The cash value of livestock is also raised high by southern demand, and even vegetables from the zone, notably tomatoes, reach southern markets. But for poorer farmers the profits from most of this trade are indirect: they have only small amounts of crops to put on the market and few livestock to sell. What they do have is a substantial demand for their labor from wealthier farmers, as well as a substantial demand from the towns for firewood and charcoal and bricks and items of petty trade.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 25 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NORTHEAST SAHELIAN: MILLET, SESAME, COWPEAS AND LIVESTOCK (NG04)

Main productive assets Covering Nigeria's extreme northeast, across Poor Better-off Borno, Yobe and Jigawa states, this is the most arid of all the country's livelihood Land (less than 2 ha) Land (5 to 10 ha) zones, with 350-500 mm rainfall per annum Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock (up on average. Provided that the precipitation is (up to 5 sheep, 5 goats, 20 to 15 cattle, 25 sheep, 30 well-spread across the agricultural season, poultry, 2 donkeys) goats, 20 poultry) the chief food crops, millet and cowpeas, and No mechanical equipment Some mechanical equipment the most valuable cash crop, sesame, can be used hired (tractor, power tiller etc.) successfully grown on the mainly sandy soils Main foods consumed and sources of poor-to-medium fertility. The population Poor Better-off density is relatively low, and the wealthier Millet (OP/IK/MP) Millet (MP/OP) farmers cultivate substantial smallholdings Cowpeas (MP/OP) Rice (MP) of up to 10 ha, while poorer farmers may Cowpeas (OP/MP) cultivate up to 2 ha, but often far less, according to inheritance and the number of able-bodied adults in a household. OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor This makes for a considerable skewing of Main income sources wealth in the rural areas, further underlined Poor Better-off by livestock ownership. Cattle and goats and Cash crop sales Cash crop sales (sesame) sheep are kept in substantial numbers by the Paid labor Cattle sales wealthier stock-owners, but poorer people Firewood sales Sheep & goat sales typically own no cattle at all and only a Food crop sales Larger-scale trade handful of smallstock. Although there are Poultry sales extensive pastures in the wet season, by Petty trade February grazing becomes in short supply and many cattle, at least, are taken on Main markets migration south for grazing in Taraba, Internal to the zone: Geidam, Garin Alkali, Nguru Adamawa and Plateau states. External to the zone: Mai Gatari, Lagos, Port Harcourt There is some dune formation where the Main hazards and approximate frequency moisture retained in seasonal water-courses Insufficient rainfall – every three years (Jun & Sep) allows dune palms (palmyra) to grow and Flooding – every three years (Aug) dune palm fruit/nuts to be gathered and Crop pests (aphid, grasshopper) – every 3 years (Aug – Apr) palm fronds to be used for basketry etc.; and Food price hikes – every three years (Jul – Aug) there are depressions where enough Livestock pests/disease – every year (Jan – Dec) moisture is retained to allow vegetable Human disease (malaria) – every year (Jan – Dec) production. Some sorghum is grown whose stems as well as the grain are used to feed cattle and for fencing. There is substantial late season melon production on millet fields, for the melon-seed that is valuable on the market. But the melons attract migrating herders, for whose cattle they are a food, and this leads to conflict between farmers and herders. Overall, the biggest money-earner is sesame, and wealthier farmers devote the greater part of their land to it, to the extent that they may well not be self-sufficient in millet and must buy some amount during the year. Livestock, especially cattle, are also an important source of cash, and prices received by the producer reflect the fact that most animals are not for local slaughter but are traded from local markets to big cities, notably to the far south – Lagos, Port Harcourt etc. For poorer people the sale of just two or three goats or sheep and a few poultry and eggs may form an important part of their annual income, given the marginal budgets with which they operate. Poorer farmers rely on own-produced millet, market purchase and in-kind payment for staple food. At the same time, they also devote land to the profitable sesame, while intercropping cowpeas which they partly sell. But poorer households also rely substantially on off-farm earnings, whether paid labor on wealthier people's farms or cutting and selling firewood, undertaking surface mining of potash, and to a small extent finding work in local towns. Harvest stocks are usually exhausted by the poorer households well before the three months to main harvest when staple prices are at the peak level. Their dependence on the market for food then brings acute pressure on household finances and to some extent direct food stress.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 26 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

The typical hazards associated with sahelian agriculture are present. Principal among them is delayed rain showers at the start of the season that may shorten what is already the shortest growing season in the country and may even trick the farmer into sowing too early and thus losing germinated seeds that dry up. If there are occasions of very heavy rainfall later, in August, flash floods can damage standing crops; and later still, every three years or so, there is an early cessation of rains that stops crops reaching full maturity. Meanwhile aphids, quelea bird strikes and grasshoppers may also damage crops severely about one year in three. Livestock pests are endemic and cause at least a loss of condition at any moment of every year.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 27 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

BORNO-YOBE-BAUCHI MILLET, COWPEAS, GROUNDNUTS AND SESAME (NG05) Main productive assets This is among the very largest livelihood zones Poor Better-off in the country, composed of major parts of Borno, Yobe and Bauchi states but with also Land (less than 2 ha) Land (2 to 10 ha) some LGAs of Jigawa and Gombe. As such its Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock ecology is mainly sudanian, but it also has a (up to 5 sheep, 5 goats, 10 (up to 5 cattle, 15 sheep, 25 more sahelian ecology in the northern limits poultry, 1 donkey) goats, 15 poultry) and a more north guinean ecology in the No mechanical equipment Mechanical equipment owned southern limits. There is a concomitant owned (plough, thresher, etc.) geographical variation in average annual Main foods consumed and sources rainfall on either side of the general 700-900 Poor Better-off mm per annum. But the main elements of the Millet (OP/MP) Millet (OP) economy, with its crop and livestock mix, are Cowpea (OP/MP) Rice (OP/MP) reasonably consistent across the zone, Fish (MP) Cowpeas (OP) although inevitably with localized variations. Vegetables (MP/OP) Meat (MP/OP) The dominant natural vegetation is savannah, Fish (MP) and there is a mix of soil-types: sandy, loamy, OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind vertisols and clay, making overall for payment for labor moderate fertility. Although this zone is Main income sources known as a traditional hub of millet Poor Better-off production in the country, it has reflected the Paid labor Cash crop sales general and severe decline in Nigeria's millet Firewood sales Cattle sales production in the last seven years. This may Food crop sales Sheep & goat sales be to some extent in favor of sorghum, also a Poultry sales Large-scale trade general trend; but a major reason in Borno Brick making Poultry sales Petty trade Food crop sales and Yobe states, if not further afield, must also be the severe disruptions to production Main markets due to insurgency during this period, with Internal to the zone: Maiduguri, Potiskum, Azare wholesale displacement of farmers. The External to the zone: Biu present description is of the zone as it was up Main hazards and approximate frequency to these events, and as it will surely return to Insufficient rainfall – every five years (Jun – Jul & Sep – Oct) being when security is re-established. Drought – every three years (Sep – Oct) Flooding – every year (Jul – Aug) The largest variety of crops are only rainfed: Food price hikes – every year (Jul – Aug) millet, sorghum, cowpeas, groundnuts, Crop pests & disease (aphid, grasshopper, stem borer, fungal sesame. But in addition, rice and maize and disease) – every year (Jun – Oct) vegetables are grown with both rainfall and Livestock pests & disease (parasite) – every year (Jun – Oct) supporting irrigation from tube wells or wash bore wells. Irrigation along perennial rivers and streams is also practiced in localized areas for the cultivation of rice, sugarcane, tubers (cocoyam and sweet potatoes) and vegetables. In normal times this zone is at least self- sufficient in staple crops, while the main export on the market to the rest of the country is the cash crops. Here, cowpeas must be regarded as a cash crop as well as a food crop for home consumption. This and the sesame and groundnuts and vegetables are traded as far as Kano and the big markets of the south, notably Lagos and Port Harcourt. But for many farmers this trade is hampered by long distances to main collection markets, poor infrastructure and downright inaccessibility when rains flood roads.

The zone contains what is reported to be West Africa's biggest livestock market at Potiskum, notably for cattle, and the livestock trade is dynamic throughout the zone. The zone itself produces a good number of livestock, although the cattle holdings of wealthier people do not rival those in some other northern zones, and poorer farmers usually have no cattle and very few smaller stock except poultry. But the zone is also a conduit for livestock that come from neighboring zones of Nigeria, and from Cameroon, Chad and Niger. The livestock collected at Potiskum, Maiduguri, Azare and elsewhere are mainly traded to southern as well as central Nigeria. This trade is a huge industry, and many of the wealthier farmers make a good amount of money during the year

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 28 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 not simply by selling their own livestock but in fees for brokering the market sales of other livestock between owner and trader.

Wealthier farmers cultivate sizeable holdings, justifying mechanized tilling as well as ox-ploughs. But poorer people are in a quite different position: many cultivate not more than a hectare, giving them perhaps five months' worth of staples, and yearly survival dictates the pressing need to get money from off-farm activities, mostly by working for wealthier farmers, but also from selling firewood and charcoal, and from brick-making, and some laboring in town. With regard to their own produce, there are modest sales of poultry and of crops – even food crops immediately after harvest when urgent debts may need to be repaid, including those incurred by food expenditure during the 'lean' months before harvest when prices rise to their limit for the year. There are also natural resources to exploit for consumption or for sale: wild foods including baobab fruit, shea-nuts for extracting the 'butter', tamarind, wild honey, wild animals for bush-meat, and localized fishing.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 29 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

SOKOTO-RIMA-KANO RIVERINE FLOOD PLAIN RICE AND FISHING (NG06)

Main productive assets This zone comprises the major rivers of the Poor Better-off northeast in Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina, Zamfara, Kano and Jigawa States (the upper Yobe-Komadugu Land cultivated (1-1.5 ha) Land cultivated (3 to 7 ha) river). It also includes their larger tributaries: for 1-2 cattle, 2-3 sheep, 3-5 Up to 10 cattle, 10 sheep, River Sokoto, the Ka, Zamfara and Gaminda rivers; goats, 10-15 poultry, 1-2 20 goats, up 100 poultry, for River Rima, itself the main tributary of the donkeys 2-3 transport camels Sokoto river, Gagare and Bunsuru rivers, and also Some hired mechanical Mechanical equipment some inflow from seasonal watercourses entering equipment, owned plough owned (digger, thresher, from Niger: the Maradi, N'Kaba and Tarka. There etc.) + ox-ploughs are three main dams: the Kano Tiga dam and the Main foods consumed and sources Bakolori Dam on the Sokoto river near Talata Poor Better-off Mafara, both with substantial irrigation schemes, Rice (OP/MP) Rice (OP) and the Goronyo Dam on the Rima river, where Maize (MP/OP) Maize (OP/MP) the irrigation scheme is still relatively small. But Sweet potatoes (OP/MP) Cowpeas (OP/MP) the main irrigation around the zone comes from Fish (OP/MP) Fish (MP) gravity-fed canals in the natural flood plains that Milk and meat (OP/MP) span the rivers to varying widths from some 500 OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in- meters to 3+ kilometers on either side. kind payment for labor Here is where most of the paddy rice is grown, Main income sources together with valuable secondary crops: maize, Poor Better-off sweet potatoes, vegetables (onions, tomatoes, red Paid labor Rice and cash crop sales peppers), sugar cane, and winter wheat in the Sale of food & cash crops Sheep & goat sales Kano-Jigawa areas. On the dryer margins of the Sale of fish Cattle sales flood plains there is cultivation of rainfed rice, Sale of firewood sales Poultry sales millet, sorghum, cowpeas, and water melons, and Sale of poultry Larger-scale trade even a variety of 'sweet' cassava that is so low in Petty trade cyanide that it may be eaten fresh. All these crops are helped by loamy soils, whether sand or clay- Main markets based, and by average annual rainfall varying from Internal to the zone: Goronyo, Talata Mafara, Yawuri, 650 mm to around 900 mm. Lolo, Sokoto, Illela, Shinkafi, Kura, Wudil, Karaye The fishing is done mainly by poorer households as Main hazards and approximate frequency a secondary occupation, although there is a small Flooding (every 2-3 years May-June) minority of more specialist fisherfolk who may be Severe rain failure (every 10 years) immigrants, who also cultivate very small plots of Crop pests and diseases (every year) land – 0.25 ha and less – that are obtained from Insurgency (infrequent and unpredictable) the local government or community leaders. Some fishermen possess locally-made canoes from which they throw their nets; others more modestly swim with the support of a large, hollowed calabash where the trapped air makes it a floating chamber. There is usually only a limited capacity for selling the fresh, very perishable fish locally, and the main profit comes from smoked or dried fish, processed by women, that can be traded on the wider market. The available grazing on these margins and in the hinterland of the flood plains allows wealthier households to raise substantial numbers of cattle, goats and sheep. Some of the cattle are taken for seasonal far grazing to southern parts of Nigeria, and west into the Benin and Togo republics. Even poorer households may possess one or two cattle, especially plough oxen, as well as a dozen goats and sheep, and some poultry. The specialist fisherfolk may possess only poultry, while wealthier farmers keep substantial numbers that fetch good prices in town markets, as do any livestock. Poorer households depend heavily on income from paid labor for wealthier local farmers, as irrigated crops demand substantial work after the often-mechanized tilling of the soil. But the poorer households also need the limited amounts of money coming from the sale variously of their cash and food crops, fish, poultry, and two or three sheep or goats during the year, and from petty trade. For a substantial minority of these households the quest for extra cash involves the seasonal migration of a member to work in Kano city, or Niger state, or much further south in the big cities. Migrants take on a variety of work, from daily paid labor to motorcycle-taxi service, manicure, or as butchering assistants.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 30 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Komadugu-Yobe Irrigated Peppers with Rice, Millet and Vegetables (NG07) Main productive assets This zone comprises the stretch of the Poor Better-off Komadugu-Yobe river that runs eastward from Gashua in Yobe state and forms the frontier with Land (less than 1.5 ha) Land (2 to 10 ha) Niger from near Damasak in Borno state up to Small numbers of Larger numbers of livestock Lake Chad, into which the river flows. The big, livestock (up to 4 sheep, 4 (up to 15 cattle, 10 sheep, 10 distinguishing feature of the zone is the irrigated goats, 10 poultry) goats, 20 poultry) production of sweet red peppers, a commodity No mechanical Some mechanical equipment so valuable on the market in both fresh and equipment owned owned (thresher, processing) dried forms that in the matching zone across the Main foods consumed and sources river in Niger Republic it is called 'the red gold'. Poor Better-off The plantations are usually narrow, seasonally Millet (OP/MP) Rice (OP/MP) flooded areas of land just beyond the river Rice (OP/MP) Millet (OP/MP) banks, tending to measure hundreds of meters. Maize (MP/OP) Cowpeas (OP/MP) It is mainly gravity irrigation that is used, but Cowpeas (OP/MP) wealthier producers also use mechanical water- OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind pumps. Alongside the peppers other vegetables payment for labor are grown, including onions and tomatoes, Main income sources which are also cash crops, and paddy rice. Villagers also have fields in the open plains Poor Better-off beyond the immediate riverine areas. Here, in Paid labor Cash crop sales the country's shortest and lowest-precipitation Firewood sales Food crop sales rainy season (350 mm – 500 mm per annum on Petty trade Cattle sales average) they grow millet and cowpeas, largely Brick making Sheep and goat sales for home consumption. Poultry sales Large-scale trade Cash crop and rice sales Poultry sales The riverine margins as well as the savannah Fish sales Food processing plains offer sufficient grazing during the rains, and for a few months thereafter, for numbers of Main markets cattle to be kept as well as goats and sheep. Internal to the zone: Damasak, Abadan, Gashua, Geidam However, during the months when local grazing External to the zone: Diffa, Maiduguri drastically diminishes (roughly January to May), Main hazards and approximate frequency cattle are taken for far grazing on the shores of Insurgency – every year (all year round) Lake Chad, and into Cameroon and Chad. The Insufficient rainfall – every two years (Jun – Jul) livestock are almost all owned by wealthier Drought – every three years (Jun – Jul) farmers: poorer farmers typically possess no Cattle raiding – every year (all year round) cattle at all and only a handful of small ruminants, if any, so that most or all their livestock income comes from poultry sales. Among the wealthier farmers there is a wide variation in the numbers of livestock owned, especially cattle, and a wide variation in the amount of land that they cultivate. Some may be interested only in keeping a couple of plough-oxen and perhaps a milk-cow, investing their time and resources in cash crop production, while others may hold as many as 15 cattle and depend on selling two or three in the year, as well as numbers of sheep and goats, for a significant part of their income. Poorer people, beyond cultivating their hectare or so of land, irrigated and rainfed, and selling such cash crops as they can produce, look to other means of income to provide amongst other things for the food purchases that must fill the gap left by their staples production. Their main recourse is to work for their wealthier neighbors who need to hire substantial labor to maximize their cultivation; some one in ten workers undertake seasonal migration for work in Maiduguri, Kano or southern cities. Otherwise, poorer people also look to using what nature offers them: firewood to cut and sell, clay-based riverine earth to make bricks to sell, Acacia senegalensis trees to 'milk' for gum arabic to process and sell; and river fish to be caught and smoked for sale. Marketing has its problems: the zone is in the extreme northeast of the country, far from major commercial centers and depending mainly on secondary roads that are often impassable during the rainy season. The main direction for marketing cash crops is south, and Maiduguri is the first big center to which the local traders bring the peppers, fresh and dried, and other produce; from there they are taken further into Nigeria, even to the south of the country. There is some trade of cereals and other commodities into Niger, with the regional center of Diffa just across the border down-river from Damasak.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 31 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

LAKE CHAD FISHING, MAIZE, WHEAT, COWPEAS AND VEGETABLES (NG08)

Main productive assets (Note: this zone has perhaps been the most Poor Better-off affected by insurgency in recent years, and by Land (0.5-1 ha) Land (1.1 to 5 ha) 2018 it had virtually no farming activities and Small numbers of Larger numbers of livestock little fishing. The description that follows is of the livestock (up to 5 sheep, (up to 10 cattle, 10 sheep, 20 zone before these events, showing the 5 goats, 9 poultry) goats, 15 poultry, 3 camels) fundamental economy which may be expected to No mechanical Some mechanical equipment return with security. It is therefore written in the equipment owned owned (thresher, processing) 'historical present'.) Main foods consumed and sources Poor Better-off The part of Lake Chad that is within Nigeria is no longer the simple body of water that would Millet (OP/MP) Millet (OP/MP) normally constitute a lake. The original lake has Maize (OP/MP) Maize (OP) Cowpea (OP/MP) Cowpea (OP/MP) progressively dried up over decades, due to Fish (OP) Fish (MP) declining precipitation in its water catchment Rice (MP) Rice (MP) area and increasing irrigation off-take from its OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in- tributary rivers, including Komadugu-Yobe. Lake kind payment for labor Chad covered some 25,000 km2 fifty years ago, Main income sources but now covers around 500 km2. In the Nigerian Poor Better-off part, at least, the lake is today a zone of mixed Fish sales Fish sales 'terrain': it consists of quite limited areas of open Paid labor Crop sales (wheat) water and far bigger areas of cultivable land that Crop sales Livestock sales have emerged. This land is partly flooded Petty trading Large-scale trade seasonally, and partly out of the water all year, Poultry sales with even some dune formation. On the shore, Main markets the transition from lake to the sandy-soil plains of Internal to the zone: Mungonu, Baga, Dikwa zones NG04 and NG05 is marked by a belt of External to the zone: Maiduguri (main & cattle), compacted clay surface some kilometers wide, Ngumburu and this is hardly possible to cultivate by Main hazards and approximate frequency traditional means, as even after arduous tilling the roots of plants become water-logged in the Drought/desertification – every two years (Jul – Aug) Insufficient rainfall – every year (May – Jul; Sep) clay. Within the lake areas the cultivable land is (Recently, insurgency – every year, all year round) loamy, alluvial soil of comparatively high fertility. Crop production on this land is done with irrigation or using the residual moisture after the seasonal flood recession. The latter system includes maize, cowpeas and vegetables; irrigated crops are rice, wheat and again vegetables, and the irrigation is carried out by using motor-pumps to bring up water from the lake. Among the grains the wheat is a particularly valuable crop, although grown in smaller quantities than in the neighboring zone NG09 to the south.

The rainfall, at some 500-700 mm per annum on average, is sufficient to support rainfed millet production. But this production, together with cowpeas, is carried out on land outside the lake area. This is in fact the only one of the country's livelihood zones where the population lives outside the zone proper: their permanent residence is in the small towns at or relatively near the shore, e.g. Doro Gowon or Kukawa, and they move into the lake area seasonally to fish and cultivate, setting up tents or temporary huts. Very few people live in the lake area on a year-round basis.

Fish is the most valuable single product of the zone for households, giving poor and wealthier people alike the largest single proportion of their annual cash incomes. Fishing is mostly done with thrown nets from dugout canoes, some of which are owned by individuals, some owned by cooperatives of fishermen. Poorer fishermen who do not own a canoe may together borrow one from a wealthier person who in return takes a share of the catches. Fishing takes place all year round, but much more in the dry season, because fish are easier to catch in shallower waters rather than the deeper waters of the rainy season. As there is no big town within easy reach

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 32 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 of the zone, only a small part of the perishable catches can usually be sold fresh locally. The great bulk are smoked, or to a lesser extent dried, and this turns them into a product that can be transported to distant markets.

Apart from fish sales, wealthier people make money out of crop sales, especially wheat, and selling livestock, of which they own a good number, and by trading activities. Poorer people make money by hiring themselves as labor to their wealthier neighbors and selling some crops; but they own very few livestock and sell mainly chickens. They may also engage in petty trade of household commodities.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 33 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

CHAD BASIN: MASAKWA FLOOD-RECESSION SORGHUM AND WHEAT (NG09) Main productive assets This zone has two distinctive agricultural cycles, one Poor Better-off rainfed and the other dependent on residual moisture Land (less than 2 ha) Land (3 to 10 ha) in the soil as the annual flood in the lower-lying, Small numbers of Larger numbers of fadama areas recedes. The latter cycle facilitates crop livestock (up to 2 livestock (up to 8 cattle, 10 production that characterizes the zone: the masakwa sheep, 3 goats, 5 sheep, 12 goats, 12 flood recession sorghum and the irrigated wheat, poultry) poultry, 5 donkeys) both harvested some five or six months into the dry No mechanical Minimal mechanical season during the cool months of February and equipment owned equipment owned (plough) March. Two other important crops are grown with Main foods consumed and sources flood recession – cowpeas – or with irrigation – rice. Poor Better-off The Nigerian part of the greater Chad Basin receives Millet (OP/IK/MP) Millet (OP) rainfall drainage from the Jos and Adamawa plateaus, Sorghum (OP/MP) Sorghum (OP) as well as from the side of the Mandara mountains Maize (OP/MP) Maize (OP/MP) that forms part of Adamawa's border with Cameroon. Rice (MP/OP) Rice (OP/MP) This feeds the seasonal flooding and the shallow Poultry (OP/MP) Poultry (MP) aquifer from which farmers draw water through wash Sheep & goat meat Sheep & goat meat bore wells. (MP/OP) (OP/MP) OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = Although it has a niche ecology within Borno state, the in-kind payment for labor zone is quite substantial, stretching from the southern Main income sources border of Lake Chad to Bama LGA. Farmers select sites Poor Better-off for masakwa sorghum production based on soil type, land availability, and the quantity of water stored Crop sales Crop sales Paid labor Sheep & goat sales during the wet season. Sandy clay loam and vertisols Poultry sales Petty trade are commonly used. Land is prepared manually using Sheep & goat sales Poultry sales cutlasses and hoes, and cleared of trees and shrubs, Firewood sales Cattle sales to construct dykes or bunds of about 0.5 to 0.75 m to Main markets impound rainwater. Masakwa sorghum is grown by Internal : Dikwa, Gamboru/Ngala, Gwoza, Bama transplanting 4 to 5-week-old seedlings into holes External: Maiduguri (livestock) made manually; it is also directly seeded where irrigation facilities allow. Main hazards and approximate frequency Insufficient rainfall – every year (Jun – Jul) Rainy season crops rely on average annual Drought/desertification – every year (Nov – Apr) precipitation of around 700 mm (less in the far north, Crop pests/disease – every year (Jul – Aug) more in the far south) and include upland rice, Livestock pests/disease – every year (Jan – Dec) sorghum, millet, cowpeas, bambara nuts (Vigna Food price hikes – every year (Mar – Oct) subterranea) and sesame. Wheat is the most valuable Insurgency – every year of past nine years (all year cereal – essentially a cash crop – and rice and cowpeas round) are also sold together with sesame. Sorghum is more of a consumption crop for most farmers, vying with millet, although wealthier farmers with 10 hectares or even more have substantial surpluses to market.

Marketing is hampered by a poor roads infrastructure with problems of access during the rains. Nevertheless, wheat is taken by traders from the local markets to Maiduguri and Kano and across the border to N'Djamena, Chad's capital city, which is also a market for cowpeas, also in great demand in the southern markets of Lagos and Port Harcourt. Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats) are kept in modest numbers, although wealthier people obtain good prices for cattle mainly sold to join the Maiduguri -> southern Nigeria trade route.

Poorer people sell mostly poultry, but their main cash income is from selling crops and from paid labor on local farms. Otherwise they engage in a variety of activities to sell what their environment offers them, whether fish caught in local rivers and streams, wild foods including honey, or firewood and charcoal.

(In recent years these livelihoods have been severely disrupted by insurgency.)

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 34 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Hadejia–Nguru Wetlands: Mixed Cereals, Vegetables and Fishing (NG10)

Main productive assets Straddling Jigawa and Yobe states, these Poor Better-off wetlands lie in the Yobe-Komadugu sub- Land (less than 2 ha) Land (5 to 10 ha) basin of the Chad Basin, and are formed Small numbers of livestock Modest numbers of livestock by the confluence of the Hadejia, Kafin (up to 2 cattle, 4 sheep, 4 (up to 4 cattle, 10 sheep, 10 Hausa and Jama'are rivers where they goats, 20 poultry, 1 donkey) goats, 10 poultry) break into numerous channels. The No mechanical equipment Mechanical equipment owned wetlands are in turn drained eastwards owned (tractor, tiller, plough, thresher) by the Yobe-Komadugu river, which eventually flows into Lake Chad. The zone Main foods consumed and sources offers a special ecology for farmers, Poor Better-off inserted between the sahel to the north Rice (OP/MP) Rice (OP) and the sudanian savannah to the south. Millet (OP) Millet (OP) Some of the land is permanently flooded, Cowpea (MP/OP) Cowpea (OP/MP) while other parts are flooded only in the Wild foods (GA) wet season, chiefly in August and OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment September. The area of wetland has for labor drastically decreased over a 50-year Main income sources period, from possibly 3,000 km2 to under Poor Better-off one-third of that today. This has been the result not only of frequent rain failure, Food crop sales Cash crop sales including the catastrophic droughts of the Paid labor Livestock sales early 1970s and mid-1980s, but also of Petty trade Large-scale trade the reduction of the flow of the Hadeija Firewood sales river by the Tiga and Challawa dams in Food processing Kano state. Nevertheless, the zone today Natural resource sales supports the livelihoods of well over a Fishing million people on the fertile alluvial flood Main markets plains and their immediate dryland Internal: Hadejia, Nguru, Gashua, Garin Alkali, Gujungu peripheries. External: Potiskum (livestock) A rich variety of crops are grown with Main hazards and approximate frequency variously rainfed, flood recession and Low river levels – every year (Dec – May) irrigated cultivation. Rainfed (dryland) Resource use conflict – every year (Nov – May) crops are millet, cowpeas and sesame Flooding – every year (Sep – Dec) together with some sorghum and some Pests & diseases – every year (Aug – Mar) upland rice. In the wetland proper, irrigated wheat is the most valuable crop, but irrigated rice is the most voluminous, including the production of the irrigation scheme of the Hadeija Valley Project. Maize and cowpeas are also grown under irrigation or flood recession, as are several other crops aimed mainly for sale, including onions, chili peppers, sweet peppers, cassava and watermelons. The flood plains provide good grazing for livestock – cattle, sheep, goats - and the open plains surrounding the wetland are also a grazing resource during the rains and for as long into the dry season as pasture remains. During the rainy season cattle are usually taken to pastures outside of the intensively farmed areas, whether nearby or on far grazing migration. In the dry season after the harvest, from around January, cattle are brought back to feed on crop residues and to graze locally. There are competing land use demands between farmers and herders, and conflict has been increasing since the 1980s due to the use of small motor-pumps to extend irrigated farming. It will be noted that the numbers of livestock owned as shown in the summary box are relatively modest, even for wealthier farmers. This information should be nuanced a little: the big stock owners of the general area, especially cattle, are Fulani herders, most of whom also engage in crop cultivation to some extent. They are the people who tend to take animals away to external grazing areas, including animals put into their charge by the Hausa and other people who form the great majority of the zone's population, and whose stock holdings are reflected in the summary box. Wealthier Fulani herders can easily own 30 cattle, and in some cases many more. The traditional 'symbiosis' between farmer and herder has always been an advantage to both parties (although never immune to conflict over the encroachment of farms on pastureland as well as crop

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 35 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 damage by Fulani livestock allowed to stray from agreed 'corridors'). This advantageous economic relationship is threatened by the heightened level of conflict in recent years both here and elsewhere in the country. Poorer farmers who cultivate a hectare or more of land, wet and dry, are able to feed themselves from their staple crops for perhaps half the year, which means that they are dependent on the market for the other half. Their sales of food or cash crops cannot usually cover this cost as well as the other basic expenses of life, and so they seek other earnings. Top of the list is paid labor for wealthier farmers, but they also engage in petty trade, brick-making, firewood sales and the sale of collected wild foods. These sources of income prevent all but a small minority of poorer people from having to look further afield for work, whether in local towns or by seasonal migration outside the zone. Wealthier farmers make most of their money by selling cash and food crops and livestock; but they also engage in some larger-scale trading, typically wholesaling grain bought up from local farmers.

Fishing is an additional, year-round food and income source, although it peaks during the dry season months (January to April) and is lowest at the height of the rains in July-August due when the rivers are full and waters deep. An increasing problem for fishers is the growth and spread of typha grass: this weed inhibits fish reproduction and fishing, and it blocks the channels leading water to substantial fish ponds.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 36 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NORTHWEST SORGHUM, MAIZE, SOYBEANS AND RICE (NG11)

Main productive assets Set in the open-plain, sudanian savannah Poor Better-off of Zamfara and Kebbi states, this zone has relatively fertile soils (sandy and clay Land (up to 1.5 ha) Land (5 to 10 ha) loam). Precipitation is of around 700-800 Small numbers of livestock (up Larger numbers of livestock mm per annum on average, and the rainy to 2 cattle, 5 sheep, 5 goats, 2 (up to 10 cattle, 15 sheep, 8 season is comparatively long for northern donkeys, and 15 poultry) goats, 4 donkeys, 50 poultry) Nigeria, beginning already in May and Limited mechanical Mechanical equipment owned lasting into November. This sets the scene equipment owned (plough) (plough, tiller, tractor, etc.) for successful, rainfed crop production in Main foods consumed and sources which sorghum is dominant, maize is the Poor Better-off main runner-up, and upland rice and millet Millet (OP/MP) Rice (OP/MP) are secondary. Some groundnuts are Sorghum (OP) Cowpea (OP) grown, but soybeans have increasingly Maize (MP) Maize (MP/OP) engaged farmers because of their high Rice (OP/MP) Millet (OP) demand on the market. Cowpeas are another highly saleable crop, as well as a OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor basic commodity of home cooking. However, sorghum is the main marketed Main income sources surplus of this area, feeding among other Poor Better-off things the brewing industry of the south of Paid labor Cash crop sales the country. The collection markets for the Poultry sales Sheep and goat sales start of this journey are mainly within the Petty trade Large-scale trade zone, but both Funtua and Kano are also Firewood Cattle sales implicated, and Illela for grain traded Food crop sales Food processing across the border to Niger. Sheep and goat sales But sorghum is not the main staple for the Main markets zone's rural households. Millet is preferred Internal to the zone: Rijau, Wasagu, Tsafe, Dansadau by poorer people, as they purchase stocks External to the zone: Funtua coming from the sahelian NG01 zone to the north. And rice is the preferred staple Main hazards and approximate frequency of the wealthier, although they tend to buy Crop pests and disease – every year (Jun & Sep) imported rather than local rice. Flooding – every 3-5 years (Aug – Sep) There is a reasonable resource of grazing Insurgency and cattle raiding – every year (occasional) in this moderately settled zone, and Livestock pests and disease – every year (May/Jun – Jul/Aug) wealthier people possess valuable assets Insufficient rainfall – every year (May – Jun) in livestock, from cattle to small ruminants to poultry that are also highly marketable. The Sokoto 'red goats' and Sokoto gudali cattle are especially highly prized. Some of wealthier men make money as brokers in the livestock markets. Pastures begin to be substantially grazed out quite early in the dry season. Cattle tend to be sent on grazing migration as early as January and up to June. Some go considerable distances, as far as southern Nigeria and across the border into the Benin Republic. Poorer people possess few animals, but they try to maintain a pair of plough-oxen as well as a handful of small ruminants. Although they have limited land to cultivate, poorer farmers in this productive zone concentrate on food crops and are able to feed themselves with their staples harvest for at least half the year. For the cash to buy the balance of food and other necessities, they primarily hire themselves out as farm labor for wealthier neighbors. Otherwise they sell poultry and two or three small ruminants during the year, and gather and sell firewood, and possibly even sell some food crops just after the harvest to get the money to pay pressing debts or expenses. Wild foods and honey are also collected and sold, as well as game (bush-meat). There is some artisanal surface mining: the zone has resources of tantalite, gold and diamonds. Some women and men have skills in handicrafts, whether basketry, mat-making or the weaving of traditional cloth favored by, among others, politicians who like to wear it in public. Perhaps one in ten workers also go for seasonal labor migration, mostly to big cities such as Kano, Abuja, Lagos, Ibadan, where, apart from joining the army of hawkers and peddlers, they perform such work as motorcycle-taxi (okada) and unlicensed car-taxi (kabu kabu) drivers, and manicure (especially fixing on artificial nails) - an occupation of men as well as women.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 37 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Wealthier farmers sell both cash crops and food crops, and sheep and goats, but more rarely cattle, since they are reluctant to liquidate this capital unless circumstances force them to do so. They used in former times to select one or two oxen per season for fattening, to sell at an especially high price to butchers. Today, however, they have been discouraged from this activity by the prevalence of cattle-raiding, when they can lose in a minute an animal that has cost them months of effort in stall-feeding and general care. Some of the wealthier men make money as brokers in the livestock markets.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 38 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NORTHWEST SORGHUM, MAIZE AND COTTON WITH CROSS-BORDER TRADE (NG12)

Main productive assets Although it lies further south than zone NG11, Poor Better-off in the north guinean agro-ecological band of Land (less than 1 ha) Land (2 to 5 ha) Kebbi and Niger states, zone NG 12 has many Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock resemblances to zone NG11 in terms of (up to 2 cattle, 4 sheep, 7 (up to 4 cattle, 10 sheep, 10 people's assets in land and livestock, of crop goats, 15 poultry, 2 donkey) goats, 10 poultry) production, and of general cash incomes. The Limited mechanical Mechanical equipment reader may refer to the description of zone equipment owned (plough) owned (tractor, tiller, plough, NG11 for these elements. thresher, food processing) Here we highlight what is different – what Main foods consumed and sources distinguishes this zone. The big factor is Poor Better-off cotton production. Although it is a limited Sorghum (OP) Rice (OP/MP) cash crop here, this is the only livelihood zone Maize (OP) Cowpea (OP/MP) which bears cotton in its name. Two decades Rice (OP) Maize (OP/MP) ago the situation would have been very Soybean (OP/MP) different: cotton was reaching a new peak of national production and export, and OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor cultivation was widespread in savannah areas of the country, notably Katsina and Zamfara in Main income sources the northwest, and it was a major export item. Poor Better-off But the value of cotton had decreased by 50% Paid labor Cash crop sales between 1997 and 2007, and a steep fall in Poultry sales Sheep and goat sales national production finally followed, by some Petty trade Large-scale trade 50% by 2009-10, together with the closure of Firewood sales Cattle sales most of the cotton ginneries. The government Food crop sales Food processing subsequently made some effort to revive Main markets production with free improved seeds distributions etc. Internal to the zone: Gumi, Lolo, Gurusu External to the zone: Malanville (Benin Republic), Babana Zone NG12 offers a suitable environment for Main hazards and approximate frequency cotton cultivation in terms of sandy loam soils Delay in rainfall – every year (May-June) and rainfall ranging between some 800 mm Flooding – every 3-5 years (Aug-Sept) and 1100 north to south. But any continuing Crop pests/diseases – every year (June & Sept) profitability of cotton rests on its marketing, Livestock pests/diseases – every year (May-June & Sept-Oct) and here the far western location is the clue: Insurgency – intermittent and localized a big market with advantageous prices is at Malanville across the border in the far north of Benin Republic, some 50 km up-river from the Nigeria frontier. The Nigerian cotton effectively flows into the Benin cotton industry, cotton being the single major cash crop of northern Benin and by far that country's biggest export commodity. Within Nigeria the main market outlet for cotton is at Babana, but the textile industry, centered at Kaduna city, virtually stopped at the same time as the collapse in production two decades ago. Many Nigerians buy clothes made in Benin. Cross-border trade is not limited to cotton: it involves other products of the zone, notably rice and some livestock. Lolo, at the border on the Niger river, is the mediating market for goods going either way between the two countries. Together the cotton and the general cross-border trade add to the diversity of incomes in zone NG12 compared with zone NG11; this is likely to offer advantages in income security, even if it does not necessarily mean greater absolute incomes in zone NG12 than in zone NG11.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 39 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NORTHWEST AND CENTRAL MAIZE DOMINANT WITH SORGHUM, SWEET POTATOES AND COWPEAS (NG13) Main productive assets This zone covers almost all of Niger state, Poor Better-off most of central and northern Kaduna state, and the small southern prong of Kano state. Land (up to 1.5 ha) Land (2 to 3 ha) Apart from the case of zone NG15, described Small numbers of livestock Moderate numbers of (up to 1 cattle, 3 sheep, 6 livestock (up to 3 cattle, 5 later, north of zone NG13 maize is usually goats, 1 pig, and 8 poultry) sheep, 10 goats, 2, pigs, 25 grown only as a minor crop where local soil Limited mechanical poultry) and moisture conditions are favorable. But equipment owned (plough) Some mechanical the latitudes of zone NG13, containing a equipment owned (plough, transition between north and south guinean processing) agro-ecology, are where maize comes into its Main foods consumed and sources own. It is the dominant crop here, while Poor Better-off elsewhere in these general latitudes it is a Maize (OP) Maize (OP/MP) major crop, second only to sorghum (in the Sorghum (OP) Rice (MP) extensive zone NG14) or to yams (in the very Rice (MP) Cowpeas (MP/OP) large zone NG20). Kaduna state has been by Cowpeas (MP/OP) Yam (MP/OP) some margin the country's biggest producer Sweet potato (MP/OP) Sweet potato (OP/MP) of maize over the last 20 years, followed by Yam (MP/OP) Sorghum (OP/MP) Niger state. OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor NG13 consists of lowland open plains with Main income sources savannah natural vegetation. The soils are Poor Better-off predominantly sandy loam and moderately fertile, and average annual rainfall is around Paid labor Crop sales the 1100mm mark, beginning in May and Crop sales Larger scale trade Sheep, goat and poultry sales Food processing lasting into October, so giving a longer Firewood sales Poultry sales growing season than in the north. Crop Brick making Cattle sales production in this zone is overwhelmingly Petty trade rainfed, and rather intensive than extensive, Main markets land holdings being comparatively modest. It is essentially a food-crop growing area, with Internal to the zone: Giwa, Lere, Birnin Gwari, Ago External to the zone: Maziga, Kontagora maize, sorghum, cowpeas, groundnuts, sweet potatoes and some yams. The 'cash crops' in Main hazards and approximate frequency this case are therefore the food crops, with Cattle raiding – every year (throughout the year) groundnuts and cowpeas uppermost, then Delay in rainfall – every two years (April – June) the cereals, then the tubers. There are some Crop pests (army worm) – every two years (May – June) localized fadama areas, where for instance Flooding – every three years (Aug – Sept) maize is grown in the dry season as a fresh crop for roasting or boiling cobs. Ox-drawn ploughing is typical here, but wealthier farmers also hire tractors or mechanical diggers as well as equipment for threshing and groundnut oil extraction.

Livestock holdings are modest across the board – even wealthier people only keep a handful of cattle, and it seems they are discouraged from trying to raise more by the serious problem of cattle raiding that has become the number one threat to their wealth.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 40 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

CENTRAL SORGHUM, MAIZE, GROUNDNUT, COWPEAS AND SESAME (NG14)

Main productive assets NG14 covers many LGAs in Adamawa, Poor Better-off Bauchi, Gombe and Kaduna states as well as two or three in Plateau and Land (less than 1 ha) Land (2 to 7 ha) Taraba states. The zone forms the east Small numbers of livestock (up Larger numbers of livestock to 2 sheep, 3 goats, 8 poultry, 2 (10+ cattle, 10+ sheep, up to 15 and central parts of a sorghum- pigs, 2 rabbits) goats, 10 poultry) dominant belt across north-central No mechanical equipment Limited mechanical equipment Nigeria that also includes zones NG 11 owned owned (plough) and 12 (covering parts of Zamfara, Main foods consumed and sources Kebbi and Niger states). It is true that Borno and Kano states are also Poor Better-off prominent sorghum producers, but it is Sorghum (MP/OP/IK) Sorghum (OP) not the dominant crop there. Maize (MP/OP) Maize (OP/MP) Rice (MP/OP/GA) Rice (OP/MP) Zone NG14 lies in the north guinean Millet (MP/OP) Millet (OP/MP) agro-ecological band, with mainly Sweet potato (MP/OP) Sweet potato (OP/MP) undulating plains bisected by rivers and Milk (MP/OP) Milk (OP/MP) their tributaries (there are also some OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor dams: Galal, Waya, Gubi, Balanga; and natural reserves, notably Yankari). Main income sources Natural vegetation is savannah-type Poor Better-off with shrubs, grasses and scattered Agricultural labor Cash crop sales trees. Useful trees include locust bean Firewood sales Food crop sales (Parkia biglobosa), shea-nut, tamarind Poultry sales Sheep/goat and cattle sales and the tall Borassus palm ('palm wine Petty trade Large-scale trade Food crop sales Food processing tree'), as well as neem trees. There are a variety of mineral resources including Main markets coal, tin, columbite and gypsum. Internal to the zone: Alkaleri, Kumo, Gadan Maiwa, Gombe, Fishing is carried out in local rivers and Mararaba, Liman Katagum streams. External to the zone: Kano Main hazards and approximate frequency The soil is generally sandy loam/loamy Delay in rainfall – every year (May-June) and moderately fertile. Average annual Flooding – every year (July-Sept) rainfall ranges from around 1000mm in Crop pests/diseases (army worm, stem borer, quelea bird, aphids) – the north to 1400mm+ in the south. every year (July-Oct) This is a productive zone, with almost Livestock pests/diseases (FMD, pneumonia, goat/sheep pox, all crops under rainfed cultivation, helminthiasis, bloat) – every year (June-July) although some rice is grown by Human disease (malaria, cholera) – every year (June-Aug) irrigation using tube wells and the cheaper wash bore wells that even poorer farmers may afford to establish. The main food crop after sorghum is maize, while there is also upland rice, some millet, and sweet potatoes. Cash crops are groundnuts, cowpeas, soybeans and bambara nuts - all nitrogen fixers - and sesame. Land cultivated is up to about seven hectares for wealthier farmers, but not more than a hectare for the poorer. Wealthier farmers commonly hire, and sometimes own, tractors and other mechanical equipment, including for food processing. As with land, livestock ownership is also highly skewed: the poorer farmers typically possess no cattle and just a handful of small ruminants, together possibly with a pig and a couple of rabbits and a few poultry, while the wealthier may well have a dozen cattle and two dozen goats and sheep, as well as poultry. Wealthier people concentrate mainly on selling both cash and surplus food crops, as well as livestock, and they tend to engage in trade such as wholesaling grain crops. The zone is well known as a surplus producer, and Kano is a major customer for its cash crops, notably cowpeas and sesame, and Jos is one of the main customers for soybeans, while cowpeas also go far into the southern region to answer the incessant demand of the huge populations there. Farmers usually sell their produce only at their most local market, and then traders take the commodities on from there to the bigger

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 41 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 collection markets for national trade. But the road network is not good either in its reach or in its condition, and this hampers local trade.

Poorer households can typically to expect to feed themselves from their annual cereals harvest for not more than six months. Their livelihood therefore depends substantially on earning cash, and for this, selling cash crops is the least option, give their low level of production, while paid agricultural labor is the main option, as their wealthier neighbors need them to maximize their farm output. They also sell firewood and charcoal and other items they gather from nature: the dried and pounded yellow fruit-pulp and the beans of the locust bean trees (sometimes cultivated), the processed shea-nut butter, non-tree wild foods and collected honey, and fish, whether fresh or smoked. In the agricultural off-season, between December and at least March, some men undertake artisanal surface mining. A substantial minority of workers go on work migration, mainly to Nigeria's capital city, Abuja, or south to Lagos, Port Harcourt and other big cities. Here they work variously as motorcycle- taxi men, construction workers, cobblers, manicurists etc.

As almost everywhere in Nigeria, substantial damage is done to crops by pests and diseases, from stem borers, fall army worm, aphids and quelea birds to rice blast from fungal disease. At the same time livestock are threatened with an array of diseases and infestations; and for humans, in the rainy season malaria takes its toll of adult work capacity at the height of agricultural activities, as well as affecting children

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 42 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NORTHEAST MAIZE DOMINANT WITH RICE, SOYBEANS, COWPEAS AND GROUNDNUTS (NG15)

Main productive assets Located largely in Borno state, with Biu at its Poor Better-off center and with just a couple of LGAs in Yobe and Gombe, this is one of the zones in the Land (2-3 ha) Land (5 to 10 ha) country where government policy and the Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock (up interventions also of partners have (up to 2 cattle, 6 sheep, 6 to 6 cattle, 12 sheep, 25 goats, goats, 10 poultry) 25 poultry) substantially helped to define the basis of No mechanical equipment Limited mechanical equipment livelihoods. In this case the story is of maize. owned owned (plough, thresher) Considering its millet-based neighbor to the north, zone NG05, and its sorghum-based Main foods consumed and sources neighbor, zone NG14, to the south, one Poor Better-off might expect this to be a transitional area Maize (OP) Rice (OP/MP) between millet and sorghum. However, in Rice (MP/OP) Maize (OP) less than two decades the zone has come to Sorghum (OP/MP) Sorghum (OP) be dominated by maize production, with Cowpeas (MP/OP) Animal products (OP/MP) sorghum as a distinctly secondary crop and Fish (MP) millet very little cultivated. This is the result OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor of a combination local ecology, farmers' opportunity cost judgements and official Main income sources encouragement. Poor Better-off Paid labor Cash & food crop sales Maize has become an increasingly Cash & food crop sales Sheep & goat sales (more rarely marketable crop in Nigeria, even if imported Sheep & goat sales cattle) maize periodically undercuts local maize in Firewood sales Larger-scale trade terms of price. Maize is a staple of the diet in Petty trade Poultry sales a large part of the country, but it is also Poultry sales Food processing integral to many animal feed commodities, Main markets while its starch has industrial uses. In zone Internal to the zone: Biu, Mirnga, Bargu, Kwaya, Uba NG15, the north to south guinean ecology, External to the zone: Kano, Jos, southern city markets the clay loam and sandy loam soils and Main hazards and approximate frequency average annual precipitation of 600-900mm combine to offer a favorable environment Insufficient rainfall – every year (May – Jun; Aug) Flooding – every year (Aug – Sep) for maize production. Farmers cultivate large Crop pests & disease (fall army worm, aphid, weevil, fungal acreages relative to other zones. With the disease) – every year (Jun – Sep) more intensive maize production, the Livestock pests & disease (parasite) – every year (Jun – Oct) moderately fertile soils require added urea etc. for maximal harvests. Maize production has been boosted since 2004 by the support of government and NGOs, the IITA and the Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in Borno State program (PROSAB), with the introduction of improved drought- and striga-resistant seed varieties and other assistance. In the most recent period, although the zone has not been completely untouched by insurgency, it lies outside the main, insecure areas and is therefore subject to a policy of maximizing production to make up for the serious loss of grain production further north in Borno: a sort of grain reserve.

The second food crop is rice, essentially under rainfed cultivation but with some production assisted by residual moisture in low-lying, swampy locations, where also vegetables, notably peppers, tomatoes and okra, are produced for the market. As to other crops, the zone is a substantial producer of pulses. With the relatively recent introduction of soybeans and their high market demand, this has rapidly become the biggest cash crop, overtaking cowpeas and groundnuts. But surplus maize heads the commodities traded beyond the zone, destined for big markets all over central and southern Nigeria; in addition, rice joins the soybeans and cowpeas in the trade beyond the zone. Finally, vegetables are traded from the local markets north to Maiduguri, west to Kano, and south as far as Lagos.

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For livestock ownership the accent is more on goats and sheep than cattle, but all livestock gain high value as they join the massive livestock trade that begins in the north Borno collection markets, notably at Potiskum, and yearly takes countless thousands of animals to the southern markets. However, for the wealthier farmers, especially those with tens of hectares and hired mechanical cultivating and food processing equipment (for rice polishing, groundnut oil extraction), it is emphatically their crops that make them the most money. Many also engage in substantial trading, including grain wholesaling. Poorer people also tend to cultivate more land than their fellows in other zones, and some can maintain a couple of oxen for ploughing. They are unusually self- sufficient in staple food, although still dependent on the market for three to four months of the year. They sell both food and cash crops, but their biggest income is from paid labor for wealthier farmers who have requirements for field labor well beyond what their own households can offer. Poorer farmers also sell a handful of small ruminants during the year, perhaps especially during the 'lean' months before the new harvest when they have to buy virtually all the staples they eat - a period first broken by the consumption of immature, 'green' maize.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 44 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

HIGH PLATEAU IRISH POTATOES, MAIZE, ACHA (DIGITARIA) AND LIVESTOCK (NG16)

Main productive assets This zone covers the high plateau area of central Nigeria, Poor Better-off mainly in Plateau state but extending into Bauchi. Land (less than 1 ha) Land (2 to 7 ha) Undulating high plains are surrounded by escarpments Small numbers of Larger numbers of and cut across by small rivers and tributary streams. The livestock (up to 5 goats, livestock (up to 15+ altitude averages around 1300 masl, and the temperate 10 poultry, 5 pigs, 10 cattle, 10 sheep, 20 climate makes it a niche zone for crop production. The rabbits) goats, 20 pigs, 25 rainfall is relatively high for central Nigeria at 1300- No mechanical rabbits, 100 poultry) 1500mm per annum on average, with a long-wet season equipment used Mechanical equipment from the latter half of April to October. Soils are sandy hired loam, loam and laterite and are of moderate fertility. Main foods consumed and sources Poor Better-off The environment is favorable for Irish potatoes, of which the zone is the country's premier producer (with Irish potatoes (OP/MP) Irish potatoes (OP) Maize (MP/OP) Maize (OP/MP) two harvests in the year), sending the product far and Acha (MP/OP) Acha (OP/MP) wide on the national market, but most particularly to Sorghum (MP/OP) Sorghum (OP/MP) Lagos and Onitsha and other southern markets. Another Vegetables (MP/OP) Vegetables (OP/MP) niche crop, grown in smaller volume but still marketed Milk (OP/MP) to Lagos, Abuja and other centers, is acha, the smallest- OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK grained plant of the millet family (Digitaria exilis and = in-kind payment for labor Digitaria iburua). This is eaten in various forms from Main income sources porridge to bread in Nigeria and is favored by diabetics Poor Better-off for its perceived effect on insulin-secretion. Agricultural labor Cash crop sales Maize is the main food crop and rivals Irish potatoes as Charcoal sales Food crop sales the main cash earner for wealthier farmers who have Brick making Cattle sales Poultry sales Goat/pig sales several hectares to devote to the crop. Plateau state is Petty trade Large-scale trade second to Kaduna state in contributing to Nigeria's Food crop sales Food processing maize production in the last decade. Upland rice and Main markets sweet potatoes are also grown, and vegetables are grown for trading across the country. In several localities Internal to the zone: Bukuru, Mobordo, Bokkos, Jos, Mangu the pits left by old tin-mining works now form large External to the zone: Saminaka ponds with enough water to irrigate crops, notably Irish potatoes and vegetables, as well as to water livestock. Main hazards and approximate frequency The highland environment is especially good for cattle, Flooding – every year (July-Sept) and wealthier farmers may easily own a dozen, as well Crop pest/disease (army worm, stem borer) – as two or three dozen sheep and goats and numbers of every year (July-Oct) Livestock pest/disease – every year (May-June) pigs. In addition, poultry-production is also something of Cattle raiding – intermittent (any time of year) a back-yard industry here, and wealthier people commonly own 100 hens, sometimes many more.

However, this prosperous picture is hardly shared by poorer farmers, and indeed wealth in this rural economy is heavily skewed. Poorer people usually cultivate less than a hectare, often not more than half-a-hectare, as the plateau is perhaps the most densely populated area in central Nigeria away from city environs. Their own harvest of maize, other grain and Irish potatoes lasts them about four months in the year. Their assets in livestock are limited: they typically own no cattle but perhaps a dozen small ruminants, and they tend also to keep a handful of pigs, and modest numbers of poultry, which are the animals they sell most regularly. If they have access to a garden area they may make money from vegetables, but they can spare little land for cash crops, and it is a serious calculation for them how much of their potato crop to consume, how much to sell. The main cash to keep them going through the year comes from several off-farm activities: paid labor on other farms, sale of firewood and charcoal, brick-making and petty trade. It is not typical for people to migrate out of the zone for work seasonally: they are more likely to seek work in local towns in the agricultural off-season. In fact, the zone attracts in-migrants from elsewhere looking for agricultural work.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 45 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

LOWER PLATEAU RICE, SORGHUM AND CATTLE (NG17) This is an area of foothills and undulating plains Main productive assets in a south guinean savannah ecology. It Poor Better-off comprises the LGAs of Plateau state that are not Land (less than 1 ha) Land (5 to 10 ha) part of the high plateau. Its most distinctive Small numbers of Larger numbers of livestock feature is its high production of upland rice, livestock (up to 5 sheep, 8 (up to 10 cattle, 20 sheep, which differentiates it from the neighboring goats, 5 pigs, and 12 20 goats, 2, pigs, 25 poultry) zones: from the niche crops of the high plateau poultry) Some production (NG16), and the yams and maize of zone NG20, No production equipment equipment owned (tractor, and from the sorghum-based zone NG14. In owned plough, etc.) addition, zone NG17's ecology is conducive to Main foods consumed and sources cattle raising, and wealthier people often possess Poor Better-off numbers of cattle that are substantial for people Sorghum (OP/MP) Rice (OP) who are by vocation farmers rather than herders. Rice (OP/MP) Sorghum (OP) Maize (OP/MP) Meat (OP/MP) Cattle and small ruminants take on a greater Maize (OP) importance in people's incomes because the OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in- zone produces no significant cash crops except kind payment for labor for quite limited amounts of groundnuts and Main income sources sesame. This is above all a staple food crop Poor Better-off producing area, and the cash that comes from Food crop sales Cash crop sales crops is essentially from rice, yams and cassava. Paid labor Cattle sales Meanwhile, sorghum is an important staple for Poultry sales Trade most people, although the wealthier minority can Sheep/goat sales Poultry sales afford to eat chiefly the preferred, but more Petty trade expensive, rice. The poorer people, meanwhile, Main hazards and approximate frequency need to take more care about the balance Farmer/herder conflict – every year (May – Dec) between the part of their modest rice harvest Delay in rainfall – every two years (Jun – Jul) that they consume and what they need to sell. Crop pests/diseases (plus striga) – every year (Jun – Jul) The problem for poorer people is that they Flooding – every year (Jul – Aug) cultivate between one-fifth and one-tenth of the land area that wealthier people cultivate, and so they are far from self-sufficient in grain, even with their best efforts on the reasonably fertile sandy loam and clay loam soils and with rainfall of upwards of 1200mm per annum on average. They are unable to afford to keep a team of plough-oxen, let alone to hire a tractor or power digger (as do wealthier farmers). And they must feel particularly keenly any crops losses caused by the invasion of fields by the cattle of herders, a phenomenon with a long history but which has become the number one production hazard in many areas in recent years, leading to increasing conflict between farmer and herder. Another major hazard locally is the invasion of the parasitic weed striga, which causes stunting and wilting through inhibited chlorophyll formation in cereal crops.

The vital annual cash income for poorer households comes only very partially from selling their produce, whether crops or one or two of the few small ruminants or pigs or poultry they possess (they typically have no cattle at all). Otherwise their main recourse is in paid field labor for wealthier neighbors, or other local work. But the demand for their work is not high enough to guarantee their budgets, and nor do their other earnings, variously from petty trade, or brick making, or the collection and sale of firewood or roofing grasses or salt from saline or rock salt deposit, or wild foods including honey. Therefore, they seek employment also in local towns and in seasonal work migration chiefly to the big cities of the south.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 46 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

GINGER AND TURMERIC WITH MAIZE, SORGHUM, YAMS AND ACHA (DIGITARIA) (NG18)

Main productive assets This is a zone of open high plains in the south of Poor Better-off Kaduna state, extending west of the high Land (0.5- 1 ha) Land (2 to 3 ha) plateau of Plateau state. At elevations of 750- Small numbers of livestock Modest numbers of 1000 masl, a niche area for the country's (up to 2 goats, 2 pigs, 4 livestock (up to 6 goats, 15 greatest ginger production is created by the poultry) poultry, 10 pigs) moist south guinean savannah and derived No mechanical production Limited mechanical savannah ecology, with around 1250mm of equipment used production equipment hired rainfall on average per annum over a 180-190- (tilling, food processing) day crop growing period, and the moderately Main foods consumed and sources fertile sandy loam soils. Other niche crops are Poor Better-off turmeric and acha (fonio). Maize (OP/MP) Maize (OP) Sorghum (OP) Rice (MP/OP) The staple food crops are maize (both rainfed Rice (MP) Sorghum (OP) and irrigated), sorghum and yams, and there is a Acha (OP) Acha (OP) wide variety of secondary food/cash crops too: Yams (OP/MP) Cocoyam (OP/MP) upland rice, cocoyams (taro), sweet potatoes, Sweet Potatoes (OP/MP) Yams (OP/MP) soybeans, groundnuts and the small achishuru Sweet potatoes (MP/OP) cowpeas grown in two cycles in the year, the OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind early cycle fixing nitrogen that helps later season payment for labor cereals crops planted in the same fields. Main income sources Poor Better-off The cultivated holdings among this relatively Paid labor Spice crop sales dense population are comparatively small, even Firewood/charcoal sales Food crop sales for wealthier farmers, and so maximum value of Petty trade Larger-scale trade production is squeezed out of the land with Honey sales Modest livestock sales combinations of the above variety of crops, Poultry sales although with ginger uppermost as a cash Pig sales earner. On the land they have, poorer farmers Main markets favor the cultivation of staple crops, especially Internal markets: Jaba, Jama’a, Kachia maize, although they also grow small amounts External markets: Zongou Kataf, Zonkwa of other crops, especially ginger. But they are far Main hazards and approximate frequency from self-sufficient in maize, and the greater part of their September-October harvest is Crop pests and disease – every year (July) Livestock pests and disease – every two years (Dec – Feb) usually consumed by January, after which they Insufficient rainfall – every three years (May – Jun) eke out the remaining grain with purchased Flooding – every five years (Aug – Sept) maize as far as April. This then leaves some three to four months in which they are dependent on the market for their basic food, a period when their profits from crop sales is long spent (money not only from ginger but from some of their scarce grain that they sell at harvest because they need to pay pressing debts and expenses). And these are the months when food prices go up as demand on the market increases but the new harvest is still some time away.

In other words, this is the 'lean' season when they pull in their belts and look for any means of earning extra cash. As they wait for the September harvest, some relief is afforded in August when they consume immature 'green' maize standing in the field (a minority may have a crop of early yams in July). Their main earnings at this time, and throughout the agricultural cycle from land preparation to harvest, are from paid labor for other farmers. They have very few animals to sell, but necessity may force them to sell a goat or a pig and a couple of chickens. Beyond this they collect firewood to sell, sometimes converting it first to charcoal, and they sell collected wild honey, and bushmeat if they are near woodland areas where there is still game.

Wealthier farmers sell ginger and turmeric as their main cash earners, and in addition some cereals – maize, sorghum, and acha (Digitaria) which has low yields but fetches high prices. They also sell surplus yams and

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 47 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 cocoyams (cocoyams have recently suffered severely from root rot disease). But they have few livestock to sell: cattle ownership is rare, and small ruminants are kept only in small numbers mainly for domestic consumption. The experience of cattle raiding has discouraged many who might otherwise keep more cattle or at least a couple of selected oxen for fattening on crop residues and collected fodder. Some wealthier farmers engage in substantial trading, including wholesaling of produce bought up from fellow villagers.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 48 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

BENUE RIVER SUGAR CANE, RICE AND SUGAR ESTATE LABOR (NG19)

Main productive assets This zone comprises the eastern stretch of Poor Better-off the Benue river between Numan and Lau Land (less than 1 ha) Land (2 to 5 ha) towns, and extending a little down-river to Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock the west. As such it straddles Adamawa and (up to 3 sheep, 5 goats, 3 (up to 6 cattle, 9 sheep, 13 Taraba states. The zone is a continuation of poultry) goats, 20 poultry) the Niger-Benue riverine zone NG21, No mechanized production Limited production equipment described below, sharing basic economic equipment used owned (tractor, threshing) features with it. But sugar cane is the distinguishing feature of NG19 both as a Main foods consumed and sources cash crop and as a source of labor income. Poor Better-off Virtually all farmers in Nigeria today are not Rice (OP/MP) Rice (OP) simply subsistence farmers but are closely Sorghum (OP/MP) Sorghum (OP) tied to cash earnings, whether from sales of Maize (OP/MP) Maize (OP) their crops and livestock, or from paid Fish (OP/MP) Animal products (OP/MP) agricultural work, or from other activities. If Fish (OP/MP) one element – in this case sugar cane – is OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind important enough to basically affect the payment for labor economy of the villagers, especially the Main income sources poorer, then that makes for a separate Poor Better-off livelihood zone. Paid labor Cash crop sales The Savannah Sugar Company estate with Cash crop sales Food crop sales its refining mill (part of Dangote Sugar) has Food crop sales Larger-scale trade so far developed some 7000ha out of the Petty trade Modest livestock sales available 32,000ha of land near the confluence of the Benue river and its main Main markets tributary, the Gongola river, at Numan (the Numan (Ngbalang); irrigation water coming from the Kiri Dam). Yola (Jimeta), Jalingo, Abuja for smallholder sugar cane Established in 1971, this has been the only substantial sugar producing concern in Main hazards and approximate frequency Nigeria, and one of the biggest in West Flooding – every two years (Aug – Sept) Africa. The government wishes to promote Farmer/herder conflict – every year national sugar production since currently it covers less than 5% of national consumption, the rest being imported. The company employs some 5000 people on a fixed term contract basis during the harvest season, and perhaps periodically more. As such, this constitutes a major injection of income into the poorer households of the villages scattered along the river shores. More recently a further commercial sugar plantation has been established in Lau LGA. Villagers along the river have taken sugar cane production onto their smallholdings alongside their rice paddies, using small-scale gravity irrigation. Sugar is therefore their main cash crop, accompanied by rice and rainfed sesame grown on the dryer peripheries of the river flood plain (rainfall is around 1250mm per annum on average), where also sorghum and maize are grown as important staple crops. Villagers own moderate numbers of ruminant livestock, including a handful of cattle for wealthier households who obtain some addition to their annual income from animal sales, including poultry. Poorer people obtain extra income from fishing, selling much of their catches as smoked fish.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 49 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

CENTRAL YAM AND MAIZE BELT, WITH CASSAVA, RICE AND SOYBEANS (NG20)

Main productive assets NG20 is the biggest of the country's livelihood Poor Better-off zones in terms of area. Some two-thirds lie from east to center across Adamawa, Taraba, Land (0.5 – 1.5 ha) Land (5 - 10 ha) Benue, Nasarawa, FCT and Niger states, with a Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock (up to 5 sheep, 8 goats, 5 (up to 8 cattle, 20 sheep, 20 handful of LGAs in Kaduna and Kogi, bisected pigs and 12 poultry) goats, 200+ poultry) or bordered by the Benue and Niger rivers Mechanized equipment Hired tractors, power-tillers flood plains zone NG21. The remaining third used only for food and mechanized food lies in the west, covering LGAs in Ogun Osun processing (hired) processing equipment and Oyo states plus a couple in Kwara and Ekiti. Main foods consumed and sources This is where yam cultivation comes into its Poor Better-off own, Nigeria being by far the world's biggest Yams (OP/MP) Maize (OP) producer and exporter. Here also maize mainly Maize (OP/MP) Rice (MP/OP) leaves behind its chief northern partner, Cassava (MP/OP) Yams (OP) sorghum, to sit beside the yams as well as Sweet potatoes Cassava (OP/MP) cassava. The ecology is south guinea savannah, Animal products (OP/MP) with a mixture of undulating uplands and lower OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor and higher plains. Soils around the zone are variously sandy loam, clay loam and laterite, Main income sources and moderately fertile in general. Average Poor Better-off annual rainfall ranges from around 1200mm in Paid labor Cash crop sales the north to 1600mm in the south. Not Food Crop sales Food crop sales surprisingly, there is geographical variation in Firewood and other natural Livestock sales secondary crops: for instance, some sorghum product sales Larger-scale trade Modest livestock sales Modest livestock sales and even millet are found in the north while cassava increases towards the south to Main markets become the main crop after yams. But other Internal markets: Mangu, Bukuru, Lafia, Nasarawa, crops are cultivated in varying quantities all Shendam, Agyaragu, Anyigba, Edule, Lokoja, Okene, Zaki around the zone: upland and fadama rice, Biam, Logo, Katsina Ala, Ihugh, Kabba, Gboko cowpeas, soybeans, sesame, groundnuts, External markets: Kano, Lagos, Port Harcourt cocoyams, sweet potatoes, and Irish potatoes Main hazards and approximate frequency and vegetables under irrigation. Farmer/herder conflict – every year Flooding – every two years (Aug – Sept) The zone has scattered areas of forest or Fall army worm – every year (June-July) woodland that provide timber as well as bushmeat and collect wild products, including honey. The zone also has resources in valuable stone and minerals: feldspar, barite, coal, tin, limestone, clay, which are exploited with artisanal surface mining. People fish in the rivers and streams, and where they can lead water into an artificial pond, fish farming can be very profitable.

Land holdings are generally moderate by national standards: there are several other zones where wealthier people cultivate twice as much land as here. But compared to cereals, tubers are an efficient crop in terms of food yield per hectare; on the other hand, yams require very substantial labor to form the mounds for planting. Tilling is commonly done with mechanical help, using hired power tillers and tractors. Machinery is also used for food processing – rice polishing and preparation of gari from cassava. Where there is substantial fadama land there is an early planting of yams around January for a harvest from July, while the main yam cycle is rainfed, with the mature tubers taken out of the ground from September to November. Similarly, some short cycle maize is grown under irrigation, sown in October as the rains fade away, and harvested in February; but the main maize crop is rainfed and harvested from late September through October. The 'lean' season before the main food harvests is partly broken by consumption of immature 'green' maize from the end of August up to the mature harvest.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 50 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Livestock ownership is highly skewed towards wealthier farmers. Poorer people who are not in the very poorest stratum possess perhaps half a dozen goats and sheep, and a handful of pigs, but they usually own no cattle at all. Wealthier people may own around six cattle, although there are parts of the zone where it is untypical for anyone to raise cattle. But they are likely to own upwards of 15 sheep and goats and at least as many pigs, and in addition many specialize in backyard poultry keeping, with hundreds of chickens whose sale brings in a significant part of the household's income alongside other animal sales. While wealthier farmers make money largely from their crops and livestock, poorer farmers are neither self-sufficient in food nor able to sell enough produce and livestock to obtain the cash they need to buy food during at least six months of the year. For this they mainly undertake paid agricultural work as well as local urban construction, portering, motorcycle-taxi and other services and small retailing activities; but they also sell firewood and charcoal and exploit the various other natural resources listed above.

The zone produces a major surplus of yams and maize which rival each other for first place in marketed volume, while cassava is also substantially marketed from the south of the zone. The road network for trade within and out of the zone is relatively good. The flow of food commodities is largely to the southern city markets, as it is for most of the livestock sold; but some quantity of tubers is traded up to Kano.

The zone is visited seasonally by many herds of cattle (sometimes accompanied by flocks of small ruminants) owned by northern herders taking them south for grazing along agreed 'corridors' away from cultivated fields. However, cattle are sometimes inadvertently or advertently allowed to stray onto planted fields, causing serious damage to crops. In recent years this has become the hazard most feared by farmers in many places, and the incidence of farmer-herder conflict has risen to crisis levels. Other major hazards are flooding and fall army worm attacks that are a scourge of grain crops

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 51 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NIGER AND BENUE RIVERS FLOOD PLAIN RICE WITH MAIZE, VEGETABLES AND LIVESTOCK (NG21)

Main productive assets This zone comprises the cultivated flood Poor Better-off plains of the Niger and Benue rivers and their main tributaries, that is the flood plains at Land, irrigated + rainfed Land, irrigated + rainfed (5 - 8 (0.5 – 1 ha) ha) the bottom of the Mid-Niger/Bida Basin, the Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock Upper, Middle and Lower Benue Basins, and (up to 10 sheep and goats, (0-3 cattle, 10 sheep, 10 goats, the Anambra Basin. In the west the zone 0-3 pigs and 10 poultry) up to 100 poultry) begins in Mokwa LGA, Niger state, and it No mechanized equipment Power-tillers and mechanized continues right across to the eastern frontier used food processing equipment with Cameroon in Adamawa state at Fufore used LGA (interrupted only by the stretch of the Main foods consumed and sources Benue river where the sugar cane zone NG19 Poor Better-off lies). Then there is the extension of the zone Rice (OP/MP) Rice (OP) south from the confluence of the Niger and Maize (OP/MP) Maize (OP/MP) Benue rivers to Onitsha in Anambra state, Cassava (MP/OP) Cassava (OP/MP) where it cedes to the Niger delta in zone NG Sorghum (MP/OP) Cowpeas (MP/OP) 32, the coastal belt. The length of the zone is OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind thus around 1500 km. Its width, i.e. the width payment for labor of the areas extending from the banks of the Main income sources rivers where irrigated cultivation takes place, Poor Better-off is very varied along the course of the rivers. Paid labor Rice sales Along some stretches it is less than five Food Crop sales Other crop sales kilometers on either side, along other Firewood sales Livestock sales stretches it is 10 to 15 kilometers, and in Fish sales Trade some places even more, especially at the Modest livestock sales major river confluences. In addition, there Main markets are two very extensive flood plains with Bida, Mariga, Zungenu, Gbugbu, Paiko, Shiroro, Awe, associated irrigation schemes. One is in LGAs Shendam, Abafi, Kwali, Wase, Abafi, Gwagwa, Kuje, Namu, around Bida in Niger state, north of the Dengi, Amper, Tingno, Mubi, Mutum Biya, Ngoroje, Zaki Biam confluence between the Kaduna river and Main hazards and approximate frequency the River Niger. The other extends from the Niger river in its southern course, straddling Flooding - somewhere every year (August, September) Crop pests, especially bird attacks - every year (July-August) the border between Kogi and Anambra Early cessation of rains – every 3 years (September) states in Ibaji and Anambra West LGAs. The villages of the zone are scattered along the banks of the rivers, and further within the flood plainsor on their dryland edges.. At most locations the density of the population is comparatively low, but taken overall along the whole length of the zone, the population using the flood plains is sizeable. The alluvial and loamy soils are fertile or at least moderately so, but chemical fertilizers are commonly used on the rice-fields as far as farmers can afford them.

The irrigation is essentially gravity-fed to the fields from higher up the river, and irrigated rice is the default crop, so to speak, effectively a cash crop as much as a food crop. But irrigated production is by no means the whole story. Average annual rainfall is mostly in a range between 1200mm and 1500mm, in a long rainy season from as early as April and into October. Rainfed agriculture is important in providing staples: maize, upland rice, cassava, yams, cowpeas, some sorghum, as well as melons (for their seeds) and even some sesame as cash crops. With regards to irrigated crops, rice takes 80% or more of the acreage, but there is also production of short- cycle maize, 'sweet' cassava (low cyanide) and vegetables, all cash crops. Land holdings are very varied over this long zone, but irrigated areas cultivated by poorer farmers usually measure fractions of a hectare, and even wealthier farmers may have not more than one or two hectares under irrigation while also cultivating 4-5 hectares with rainfed crops. On the other hand, rice yields under irrigation are far greater than for rainfed crops, at upwards of 5 tons per hectare.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 52 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

With regard to livestock, cattle are hard to keep in this environment, and in most places only wealthier people keep one or two animals, whether cows for milk or oxen for ploughing. The small minority of people who keep more cattle need to send them away from the home area with Fulani herders for several months of the year. Small ruminants are more common, as well as poultry. Fishing as a secondary activity, in the smaller river channels as well the main rivers, is usual among poorer people, and some cash is earned from fish smoked by the women. But mostly the poorer households build up the cash they need for food and other purchase by doing paid labor (irrigated rice demands much labor at most stages, from the preparation of the land and the manipulation of irrigation to the transplanting of seedlings from the nursery plot, the weeding and the harvesting). They sell some rice and other produce, and otherwise they engage in other activities, such as selling firewood or petty trade. Rice and maize go north on the market as far as Kano, and all commodities and livestock are traded to southern markets.

Irrigation gives protection to crops and therefore to food security when there is some degree of local rainfall irregularity or failure. But the principal danger in this zone is the destruction of crops by flooding: almost every year the waters overflow river banks in one or other location in August or September; less frequently there is more widespread and severe flooding, including in areas higher up the river basins.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 53 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

CASSAVA DOMINANT WITH MAIZE, YAMS AND TREE-CROPS (NG22)

Main productive assets This very large zone covers parts of Poor Better-off the following states: Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Edo, Ekiti, Ogun, Ondo, Osun Land (~0.5 ha) Land (2-3 ha) and Oyo. Cassava is the main staple Small numbers of livestock (up Moderate numbers of livestock (0- to 5 sheep, 5 goats, 5 poultry) 3 cattle, up to 5 sheep, 10 goats, crop in the country's rainforest Tractor sometimes hired, 20 poultry) ecology as well as in the mechanical food processing Tractor and processing machinery southernmost (south guinean) areas equipment hired of savannah and derived savannah. Main foods consumed and sources NG22 is one of two zones that are most cassava-based (the other is Poor Better-off NG33 in the far southwest) in the Cassava (OP) Rice (MP) sense that no other crop, whether Yams (OP/MP) Yams (OP) Maize (OP) Cassava (OP) food or cash, comes close to it in Rice (MP) Maize (OP/MP) importance, although many other Cowpeas (MP) Cowpeas (MP/OP) crops are grown. The zone contains OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for low plains, some higher open plains, labor and scattered lowland fadama areas. Main income sources Soils are loamy, whether sandy or Poor Better-off clay, and of moderate and Food crop sales Food crop sales sometimes low fertility. Rainfall is in Paid agricultural labor Cash crop sales a range from north to south of some Seasonal urban work & petty Goat and sheep sales 1350mm to 2500mm. trade Trade The field and tree crops in the zone Sale of firewood Poultry sales Sale of small ruminants, poultry are overwhelmingly rainfed, Processing cassava, palm oil, although some lowland rice as well shea butter as vegetables are grown in swampy Main markets areas. Apart from cassava, the two important staples are maize and Internal to the zone: Ugbokolo, Otobi, Onyagede, Adoka, Ihugh, Oju, yams; cocoyams and plantain are Ukwonyo, Ikyobi, Vandekya, Taraku, Gboko, Tyowanye, Irepeni, Aku, Odoade, Ejule, Itobe, Karara, Adu; New Benin, Itam Main, Uyo, Oil Mill also grown. There is an array of cash Rumukrushi, Oregbeni, Wami Main; Kisi, Sango; Ogbese, Ojabba, crops, but none prominent enough Elegbeka, Bodija, Sasa, Odo Oba, Oje, Elekara, Odo Ori, Oja Obada to characterize the zone: oil palms, External to the zone: Mile 12 (Lagos), Ibadan, Republic of Benin cashews, citrus, mangoes, kolanuts; Main hazards and approximate frequency cowpeas and soybeans and groundnuts in the savannah areas; Crop damage by migrant herders' animals – every year Erratic rainfall – every year for a decade and some rubber in the far south of Crop pest/disease - tuta absoluta on tomatoes, fall army worm, stem the zone. The food crops are also borer, in the last two years (April-July) sold in big volume. Flooding – localized, every year (rainy season) The population is dense, although Livestock disease - avian influenza, African Swine Fever (every 5 years) other areas of the south are even more crowded. The land areas cultivated by households are relatively modest, but such is the yield of cassava and yams that poorer farmers with around 0.5 ha eat from their tubers harvest for most months of the year, and the harvest from intercropped maize and cowpeas may also last for four or five months. However, poorer people do purchase considerable amounts of food during the year for several reasons. First, their production doesn't cover the whole year. Second, rice is universally the preferred cereal, and poorer people sell cassava and cash crops to eat rice as often as they can afford. Also, maize and cowpeas, are hard to store in good condition for many months, and people sell part of their harvest only to purchase the same commodities later in the year.

The larger part of the zone, west of the Niger river, contains several large cities and many large towns, and it skirts the biggest city of them all, Lagos. We would expect this factor to affect the rural economies in at least

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 54 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 two ways: the nearby, huge market demand for food and cash crops, meat and wild products ought to guarantee high prices to the producer, especially since the transport discount will be far smaller than those that the more distant producers have to entertain when selling goods that are to be taken south. Secondly, people in this zone who take up the casual labor and service work opportunities in the nearby cities for some weeks or months of the year do not experience the time and expense faced by the migrant workers who journey south from all corners of the country. It is possible to estimate that 20-30 per cent of paid work away from own farms is done in the cities and towns. They have a plethora of activities, from construction labor to blacksmithing, motorcycle- taxi service, market porterage, food selling on the street, and crafts such as cloth weaving or wood sculpture and calabash carving.

Livestock in general, and cattle in particular, are kept in smaller numbers than further north in the country. While some wealthier people raise a handful of cattle in locations in the savannah areas, elsewhere many, especially in the rainforest region, keep no cattle at all. The numbers of other livestock also vary greatly according to individual choice and circumstance. For instance, one household may keep a couple of pigs while another may specialize with up to 30 pigs, with an eye to sales on the urban market. Similarly, most people keep not more than 20 poultry while individual households keep some hundreds as a backyard industry, equally with a view to the urban demand. Again, some households farm the big snails that provide meat for the household as well as for the market, in fresh or dried form, where it is highly popular.

The minor rivers and streams offer fish for consumption and sale. The forest areas too offer a wide variety of wild items that are consumed or exploited for sale by poorer people, for instance locust beans, mushrooms, walnuts, honey, snails and bushmeat, including rabbits and the grass-cutter rodent (or greater cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus) that also favors plantations and the leaves of tubers; and firewood is collected and sold, as wood or charcoal. There is some exploitation of hardwood timber and some artisanal surface mining of minerals and stone: feldspar, barite, coal, bitumen, gemstones, gold, marble, talc.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 55 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

CITRUS FRUIT WITH TUBERS, CEREALS, SOYBEANS AND GROUNDNUTS (NG23)

Main productive assets This zone would be subsumed by its tuber, maize, sorghum or rice producing neighbors, if it Poor Better-off were not for intensive citrus production. The Land (0.5-2 ha) Land (3 to 5 ha) suitability of the area for citrus production was Small numbers of livestock Moderate numbers of recognized as early as the first post-colonial (up to 2 sheep, 7 goats, 0- livestock (5 sheep, 10 goats, 10 pigs, and 10 poultry) 2 pigs, 25 poultry) administration when the governor of Northern Production equipment Some production Nigeria, Sir Ahmadu Bello, looked for investment sometimes hired (power equipment owned (power- areas for the Agricultural Development Plan of tiller, food processing) tiller, threshing, etc.) the time. Although citrus fruits, dominated by Main foods consumed and sources oranges, are widely grown in southern and Poor Better-off central states (Nigeria is Africa's biggest citrus producer), citrus is the principal cash crop in Cassava (OP/MP) Yams (OP) NG23. Here is the country's most concentrated Yams (OP/MP) Rice (MP/OP) Maize (MP/OP) Cassava (OP) source of the fruit, which is traded mainly to Sorghum (MP/OP) Maize (OP/MP) north-central and north Nigeria. Apart from Rice (MP) Animal products (MP/OP) oranges there are grapefruits, tangerines, OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind lemons and limes. payment for labor The zone covers eight LGAs in Benue state and Main income sources two in Taraba. It is within the south guinean Poor Better-off agro-ecology with predominantly savannah Food crop sales Citrus sales natural vegetation, and it has a terrain of Paid labor Other cash & food crop sales lowland open plains with fadama areas, and the Firewood & charcoal sales Food processing sandy-loam soils most suitable for citrus Cash crop sales (citrus+) Poultry sales cultivation. Average annual rainfall is in a range Urban work Goat and sheep sales Brick making Trade of 1250-1500mm. Citrus may be the chief cash- crop, but there are others, notably soybeans, Main markets groundnuts and sesame. The main food crops, Internal: Lessel, Ushongo, Vandeikya, Ihugh, Adikpo, also sold by most farmers, are yams, cassava, Korinya, Tyowanye, Akpagher, Ikyobo upland and lowland rice, maize, and sorghum. External (for citrus): Abuja, Jos, Kano, other northern Sweet potatoes are also produced. Beyond the markets zone's internal markets, yams are mainly traded Main hazards and approximate frequency south to big cities (Port Harcourt, Enugu, Lagos), Farmer/herder conflict – every year (Oct – June) rice is traded to Enugu, Ebonyi and Abia states, and soybeans go in many directions, including Jos, Benin City and Lagos, and they also join the cross-border trade of other commodities with Cameroon. The road network within the zone and from the zone is relatively good. Livestock keeping is very secondary in this zone, cattle ownership being rare, and most of the animals – goats, pigs, poultry – tend to be sold in the local markets for local consumption.

Poorer people need to find cash to cover among other things the food they begin purchasing from some six months after the main harvest, especially cereals, including the rice that they prefer but that is the most expensive staple. Beyond their modest citrus production (given their usually small land-holdings), their sale mainly of tubers does not by any means fully meet their cash needs, and nor does their second recourse, local paid labor, fully make up the gap. Therefore, they find work in local towns, especially in the dry season months after harvest; but as the locally available employment is not always enough, perhaps one in six workers travels south to work in one of the bigger cities for several weeks, one of the main jobs being motorcycle-taxi service.

Citrus trees are susceptible to fungal diseases that may variously attack leaves or branches or roots, and that continue to affect stored fruit. However, chemicals spraying appears to be effective enough to control these problems locally. What is reported as the big hazard in the zone is the damage done to food crops as well as citrus seedling nurseries and young orchards by invading animals, especially cattle, of herders who trek their animals down from the north for seasonal grazing and whose animals stray from the agreed 'corridors'.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 56 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

COCOA DOMINANT WITH OIL PALMS, CEREALS AND TUBERS (NG24)

Main productive assets This zone comprises Toungo LGA in Adamawa state Poor Better-off and Gashaka and Kurmi LGAs Taraba state. It is one of three livelihood zones in the country where Land (0.5 - 1 ha) Land (2 to 4 ha) cocoa production is substantial enough to Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of (up to 3 sheep, 7 goats) livestock (up to 20 cattle, fundamentally define the zone (the others being No mechanized equipment 10 sheep, 15 goats) zones NG26 and NG28 in the southeast and used Power-tiller hired southwest). The zone lies in the foothills of the Main foods consumed and sources Mambila mountains and of the western limit of Cameroon's Adamaoua mountain range that forms Poor Better-off the border with Nigeria. The modest elevation and Rice (MP/OP) Rice (OP) high rainfall (averaging 2000+ mm per annum) offer Cassava (OP/MP) Maize (OP) a niche for cocoa production, which benefits also Yams (OP/MP) Cowpeas (MP) Maize (MP/OP) Yams (OP/MP) from fertile soils. The zone is relatively sparsely populated. OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in- kind payment for labor Other cash crops flourish also in this environment: Main income sources oil palms, fruits (citrus, mangoes) and groundnuts. Poor Better-off All crops are rainfed only. The staple food crops Paid labor Cash crop sales produced are upland rice, maize, yams and cassava. Petty trade Food crop sales The preferred main staple is rice, and even poorer Food crop sales Livestock sales people, who produce little, typically buy enough to Firewood sales Larger-scale trade eat it at least as much as the cheaper staples. Food processing (esp. palm-oil extraction) Oil palms provide the main secondary crop earnings Main markets for wealthier people, who employ workers, Food crops are sold at small markets inside the zone. including women, to extract the oil from the palm- External to the zone (cocoa and palm oil: Jalingo, Tako, fruit pulp, using either manually operated presses Lagos, Ibadan, and Yola for cross-border trade with or the new machines powered by small diesel Cameroon. engines. Women are also highly implicated in the Main hazards and approximate frequency work of harvesting cocoa and extracting and drying Black pod disease for cocoa – endemic the beans for eventual sale to traders. In general, paid work of one kind or another is the mainstay of the household income of poorer people, although they also sell food crops and small amounts of cash crops. Paid work is overwhelmingly found locally and is overwhelmingly agricultural: cash crop care and/or processing require considerable labor, while only a few local towns are of enough size to offer many people casual employment in the months of low agricultural activities.

The south guinean savannah environment is conducive to cattle rearing, and wealthier people generally keep upwards of half-a-dozen; but poorer people very rarely possess a single cow, although they do have smaller ruminants. Although the area is technically in the south guinean agro-ecological belt, there are substantial areas of rainforest with trees giving some of the best-quality hardwood timber in the country. Some farmers informally use facilities left by old timber estates that used to be involved in timber export to China and elsewhere. Otherwise, the forests offer many products for poorer people to exploit, whether the different wild foods or the game for bushmeat that all provide income through marketing. Wider trade in farm produce is hampered by the large distances between the zone and main markets of the country.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 57 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

MAMBILA HIGHLAND: CATTLE, MAIZE, IRISH POTATOES, TEA, COFFEE AND KOLA NUTS (NG25) Main productive assets This zone covers the single, albeit quite large, LGA Poor Better-off of Sardauna, in the far southeast corner of Taraba Land (0.5 - 1 ha) Land (2 to 5 ha) state. The Mambila Plateau, the highest in the Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of country, has an average elevation of about 1,600 (up to 6 sheep, 9 goats) livestock (50 cattle, 15 masl. Some villages lie as high as 1800 masl, and No mechanized production sheep, 18 goats) some mountain peaks are over 2000 masl. The equipment No mechanized production zone is a tourist destination. equipment The highland terrain is fit for cattle keeping and is Main foods consumed and sources also a niche environment for several special Poor Better-off crops, of which tea and coffee are the most Maize (OP/MP) Rice (MP) unusual for Nigeria and the most valuable here. Irish potatoes (OP/MP) Maize (OP) The montane ecology is heavily forested in Beans (OP/MP) Irish potatoes (OP) uncleared parts. Cultivation is on moderately Rice (MP) Beans (OP) fertile clay loam soils, and rainfall is very high at OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in- 2000-2500mm per annum. Crops are rainfed kind payment for labor except in swampy areas where there is fadama Main income sources cultivation. Poor Better-off Paid labor Cash crop sales The zone has the highest concentration of cattle Modest food and cash crop Cattle sales in Nigeria. It is not uncommon for wealthier sales Sheep and goat sales people to possess 50 head, while a few have Petty trade Food crop sales twice that number. Cattle outnumber small Firewood sales ruminants here, and wealthier people usually Brick making keep no more than about 35 sheep and goats. Main markets Their sale of livestock rivals their sale of cash Internal to the zone: Gembu, Mayo Ndaga, Nguroje crops for income earned. But wealth here is External to the zone: Yola, Jalingo, Kano, Lagos, Cameroon highly skewed, so that poorer villagers usually Main hazards and approximate frequency possess no cattle at all and fewer than a dozen Farmer-herder conflict - yearly sheep and goats. And with the very limited land they cultivate, they only have a very small share in the zone's production of cash crops.

The crops grown mainly for home consumption are maize, cowpeas and sweet potatoes. But rice is the preferred cereal for consumption, and as it is not grown in the highland, it must be bought. Wealthier people can afford to have it as their main staple; poorer people can only afford to eat it more occasionally, and maize is their firm staple. Irish potatoes, the signature food crop of highland areas, are probably sold as much as consumed, as are the sweet bananas, plantain and special fruit such as pears. Of the main cash crops, tea is chiefly traded to Lagos and Kano, and to Yola which mediates a main trade route into Cameroon. Coffee goes mainly to Lagos and Irish potatoes have a major market in Jalingo. These commodities are also traded into Cameroon, as are livestock. The big livestock collection markets in the zone are at Mayo Ndaga and Nguroje, and the destination of most livestock is south to fill the insatiable demand of the great urban populations that guarantees high prices for the livestock producers. The forests offer hardwood timber that is processed by some wealthier people and traded out of the zone. Poorer people exploit the wild plant foods and honey and game, for sale as well as for consumption.

Conflict with herders because of animal damage to crops is almost ubiquitous in Nigeria today. But this zone has also seen a different form of farmer-herder conflict. There is a history of traditional herders buying land in the zone to set up ranches and exploit the exceptional grazing of this environment. But as the local farming population has increased, so has their need for cultivable land. Communities have tried to get back the land acquired by herders, and conflict has resulted that has recently caused fatalities.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 58 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

CROSS RIVER COCOA WITH OIL PALMS, TUBERS, RICE AND PLANTAINS (NG26)

Main productive assets This zone comprises Boki, Etung and Ikom LGAs Poor Better-off in Cross River state. It extends from the northern edge of the hills containing the Cross Land (0.2 - 1.5 ha) Land (2 to 5 ha) Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock River National Park, and it lies partly on the last (up to 10 sheep, 15 goats, (up to 20 sheep, 50 goats, 20 of these hills and partly in somewhat lower- 10 pigs, 25 poultry) pigs, poultry in the 100s) lying terrain. The ecology is both rainforest Some mechanical Fish ponds (with mangroves bordering the waterways – equipment owned (cocoa Some mechanical equipment the tributaries of the River Cross) and derived bean dryers, gari owned (cocoa bean dryers, savannah, that is, areas that have long been processing) palm oil extraction, food cleared of forest and have taken on processing) permanently the character of natural Main foods consumed and sources savannah. The combination of elevation, fertile Poor Better-off clay-loam soil, and high rainfall – 2200- Cassava (OP) Rice (MP/OP) 2500mm per annum – offers a niche area for Yam (OP) Yams (OP) cocoa. Plantain (OP) Plantain (OP) The zone is in fact the most cocoa-oriented of Beans (PM) Fish (MP) Beans (MP) all in the country, and land is dedicated to cocoa to the extent that separate land for food OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor crops is limited, and cassava, yams and Main income sources cocoyams, and pulses including bambara nuts Poor Better-off (Vigna subterranea) are commonly planted as 'nurse crops' among the cocoa trees before Paid labor Cash crop sales Cash crop sales Sheep/goat sales these reach the fruit production stage at Sheep, goat and pig sales Poultry sales around four years. Another tree, oil palm, gives Poultry sales Larger-scale trade the palm oil that is the second most important Firewood sales agricultural cash earner here. The environment Main markets also provides something of a niche area for plantain, which is both a food crop and a cash Internal to the zone: Okundi, Ikom Main, Effraya External to the zone: Lagos (cocoa) crop; and limited amounts of upland rice are produced and smaller amounts of maize. The Main hazards and approximate frequency zone is essentially self-sufficient in food crops Fungal disease on coffee – endemic, periodic peaks rather than a surplus producer; at the same Delays in rainfall – every 2 years (May) time it brings in on the market quantities of More severe rain failure – every 5 years (May-Sept) rice, whether from the surrounding, rice Flooding – every 5 years (June-Aug) Landslides – every 5+ years (July-Aug) producing zone NG27 or cheaper-quality imported rice.

Nearly all farmers, except those with the very smallest landholdings, cultivate cocoa. The harvest is largely taken in November, and post-harvest processing of the crop involves considerable work in extracting the fresh beans from the fruit pulp and drying them. Much care is taken over the drying of the beans, because this critically affects the final quality of the product and therefore the producer price. Today drying machines are much in use, so that reliance is no longer just on exposure of beans to the sun (when the beans must be brought into the house or store every evening to prevent wetting by rainfall or dew). Cocoa is bought up by licensed cocoa buyers and merchants; the export is via Lagos port.

Commodity processing as paid work also includes the extraction of palm oil and the fermenting and drying of cassava for gari production. Some people buy groundnuts from the neighboring zone to press oil from them for sale. Household enterprise among wealthier people also involves fish farming: ponds are dug where clay-rich earth forms an effective lining; otherwise ponds may be lined with concrete, or they may even be manufactured, collapsible polygon ponds. Pond owners cultivate anything from 500 to 5000 fish for sale in the year; even some poorer people may manage to produce and sell 100 fish or more – a significant addition to their tight budgets.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 59 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

All these production activities, whether field crops, tree crops, processing or fish farming, require considerable labor, and the bigger producers need to hire laborers for several months of the year, reaching a peak at the cocoa harvest time. The poorer the household, the more likely it is that their primary income is from this paid labor. But the local labor supply is not enough, and producers employ considerable numbers of incoming, migrant workers too.

Although virtually no cattle are kept, goats and sheep are numerous: even poorer households may have as many as 20, together with half a dozen pigs, and wealthier people tend to keep many more small ruminants and pigs. It is common for wealthier people also to keep large numbers of poultry as a backyard enterprise – sometimes many hundreds. Livestock sales generally provide the second biggest part of households' incomes across the board.

Black pod fungal disease on cocoa can destroy as much as 40% of a harvest. Floods are a rarer hazard, but as cocoa trees take about four years to start fruiting, the loss of an established plantation to flooding (or landslide) is likely to be a bigger blow than the loss of part of one year's harvest to disease.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 60 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

SOUTHEAST RICE DOMINANT WITH CASSAVA, YAMS AND OIL PALMS (NG27)

Main productive assets This is a large southern zone covering many Poor Better-off LGAs in Ebonyi, Cross River and Enugu states plus a couple in Anambra and Abia. The Land (0.5 ha or less) Land (3 to 5 ha) ecology is derived savannah and rain forest, Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock (0-2 cattle, 6 sheep, 10 (20+ cattle, 60 sheep and and rainfall is in a range from north to south goats, 25 poultry, 4 pigs) goats, poultry in the 100s) of 1500-2000mm per annum. The clay and No mechanical equipment Limited mechanical equipment sandy loam soils are moderately fertile, owned owned (food processing) although repeated use of the same land for Main foods consumed and sources rice cultivation results in a strong requirement for chemical fertilizers. There is Poor Better-off a plethora of swampy areas where the water Cassava (OP) Cassava (OP/MP) and residual moisture in the soil can be used Cocoyams (OP) Rice (OP) Sweet potato (OP) Yams (OP) for rice paddies. Irrigation accounts for about Yams (OP/MP) Meat (OP/MP) 30% of rice production while 70% is rainfed. Maize (MP/OP) Fish (MP) Ebonyi is at the heart of this zone and is Rice (IK/OP) particularly associated with the high quality OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind Abakaliki rice. In terms of the volume of rice payment for labor production over the last decade, this small Main income sources state has stood beside the far larger states in Poor Better-off the central and northern regions that are Rice sales Rice sales major rice producers. The zone is important Paid labor Cash crop sales in the government's quest for increased Cash crop sales Cattle and small ruminant sales national rice production (until recently, at Petty trade Poultry sales least, imported rice accounted for some half Firewood sales Larger-scale trade of rice consumed in the country). Farmers in Main markets the zone have been given help with Internal to the zone: Onitsha, Ogbete/Afor Ugbawka, improved seed varieties and other material Abakaliki/Eke Afigbo, Okpoma (Yala) and technical matters. The major milling External to the zone: Port Harcourt, Abuja facilities at Enugu city deal with rice from far Main hazards and approximate frequency beyond the present zone. Flooding – every 3 years (Jun/July-Sept/Oct) It is the primacy of rice production and trade Farmer-herder conflict – every year (April-Oct) that essentially differentiates this zone from Gall midge on rice – every 5 years (Aug/Sept) the bigger zone NG22 - the 'default' cassava- Communal conflict – every 5 years (Feb-April) dominated zone of the south. The two zones Delay in rainfall – every 2 years (April-May) both straddle the savannah or derived savannah and rainforest ecologies, and they share many crops, including not only cassava as the first staple for most people, but also yams and cocoyams (taro), and oil palms and cashews as cash earners – as well as rice itself. Rice is the preferred staple over most of Nigeria (and not only in the towns and cities that account for half the population), hence the importation of millions of tons each year; but it is also the most expensive cereal. In zone NG27, as elsewhere, even the middle-income villagers who produce and sell rice may not give it first place in their staples consumption, let alone an exclusive place, and other cereals as well as tubers figure prominently in their diet. Also, when people purchase rice, even in the present zone, it is not only or even always mainly local rice, but also imported rice. Many people who can afford it prefer the long-grain unbroken rice that is the higher- quality import, while there is some price competition between local rice and cheaper-quality imported rice.

Livestock raising is an important part of the rural economy. The most valuable animals are the humpless, short- horn muturu cattle indigenous to the rainforest and southernmost savannah areas of Nigeria. Wealthier household may have 20 of these, and some households many more, while even poorer households often manage to keep one or two alongside a dozen sheep and goats. Poultry-keeping is something of a backyard industry for wealthier people. Herds of the humped Fulani cattle are seasonally present in the zone as they are

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 61 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 trekked down from the north for grazing. These stray from the agreed 'corridors' onto cultivated fields, causing damage frequent enough and great enough to cause serious conflict between farmers and herders.

Agricultural ministry estimates give the average rice yield in the states where this zone lies as around 2 – 2.15 tons per hectare. A poorer farmer who cultivates less than half-a-hectare of rice will sell most of it to buy cheaper staples, but even so this will not cover the household requirement to purchased food as well as other necessities, nor will the sale of small volumes of cash crops and a handful of animals. Therefore, poorer households must have one or more members engaged in paid labor on other farms as the second most important source of cash, if not the most important. Apart from this there are labor opportunities beyond the farms, whether in food processing, or collecting and selling forest items from wild plant foods and honey to bushmeat including grass- cutters (cane rats). Cash is also to be found in quarrying for gravel, in artisanal mining of lead, and in mining rock-salt or salt deposits at saline lakes.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 62 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

SOUTHWEST COCOA WITH OIL PALMS, TUBERS AND CEREALS (NG28)

Main productive assets This is the biggest of the three cocoa-based Poor Better-off livelihood zones and the one with the longest Land (0.1 - 0.5 ha) Land (2 to 3 ha) history of cocoa cultivation (the others being Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock NG24 center-east and NG26 in the southeast). (less than 2 sheep, 2 goats, (up to 7 sheep, 10 goats, 20 The zone is a combination of discrete parts 5 poultry, 3 pigs) poultry, 10 pigs) together covering many LGAs in Osun, Ondo No mechanical equipment Limited mechanical and Ekiti, and a single LGA in the far south of owned equipment owned (food Oyo (Oluyole). Nigeria is the fourth largest processing) producer of cocoa in the world and the third Main foods consumed and sources largest exporter after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Poor Better-off Cocoa is the country's highest earning Cassava (IK/OP) Cassava (OP/MP) agricultural export, but in recent decades Yam (IK/MP) Yam (OP/MP) investment in its production, processing and Maize (OP) Maize (OP/MP) marketing has taken a distinctly second place Rice (IK) Rice (OP/MP) to the petroleum industry. The southwest Cowpea (MP/IK) Cowpea (OP/MP) produces well over half of the country's cocoa, Vegetables (GA/MP) Vegetables (OP/MP) but the industry suffers from ageing OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind plantations, low mechanization, high spoilage, payment for labor and pest and disease attacks, especially the Main income sources black pod fungus that is difficult to control by Poor Better-off poor farmers who can hardly afford to apply Paid labor/share cropping Cash crop sales the expensive chemicals required. Cocoa Petty trade Food crop sales productivity – the efficiency and quality of Sheep/goat sales Sheep/goat sales production and therefore its profitability for Food crop sales Poultry sales the farmer - has been in decline. Large-scale trade Main markets Lying in the humid forest ecology, the terrain of Internal to the zone: Oje, Ogbese, Odo Ori, Elegbeka, Shasha the zone is lowland and open plains. The loamy External to the zone: N/A clay soils are reasonably fertile, and annual Main hazards and approximate frequency rainfall is in the range 1100-1300mm. Although Crop damage from migrating northern cattle – every year the rainfall regime - the amount of rain and Erratic rainfall – every year (year-round) length of the rainy season from May to October Price instability – every year (year-round) – is very conducive to cocoa production, the Cocoa black pod disease – every year (rainy season) trees are particularly sensitive to variations away from the regular precipitation during the season, whether dry spells or excessive rainfall, either of which affects the quality of the harvested beans. The great majority of farmers cultivate less than two hectares, and for the poorer people it is usually less than half- a-hectare. For those who possess only a fraction of a hectare to put under cocoa, sharecropping is a widely used option. They work on someone else's land and take one-third of the harvest, the rest going to the landowner who, however, contributes to production equipment and inputs. Otherwise, bigger landowners need to employ numbers of laborers for this labor-intensive production, from tending plant nurseries and transplanting seedlings (after which trees must grow for four years before first fruiting), to weeding and general care of both young and established plantations, and then the November harvest and beyond. The processing of the beans is lengthy and demanding, requiring the pods to be broken and the contents – pulp with beans at the center – to be slightly fermented while pressed under weights to drain off the main liquid, before the sun-drying process can begin (few farmers possess mechanized drying equipment). Licensed agents attached to processing/export companies buy the beans at the farm gate or from farmer' cooperatives, inspecting the product for quality and pricing it accordingly.

As regards other production, the main staple crop is cassava, backed up by yams and maize, and cowpeas are grown as a standard accompaniment for meals, as well as vegetables. Rice is grown but mostly sold, finally

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 63 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 reaching the Lagos market. All the cocoa is transported by the agents to Lagos for export. The reasonable proximity of the huge Lagos market-demand guarantees the highest prices for such livestock as people can sell – sheep, goats, pigs, poultry. But even wealthier people keep no cattle.

For poorer people who need for their survival more cash than they can get from their crop and livestock sales and agricultural laboring, money can be made from the bounty of the forest: wild foods (mushrooms, fruits, honey), snails and game for bushmeat, and firewood. Palm oil processing from wild groves is also a major activity. In addition, the towns and the great cities of the highly urbanized southwest offer rural people seasonal employment after their harvest in many sectors, including construction, blacksmithing, plumbing, welding, transport (motorcycle-taxi driver), domestic service, and as shop attendants, barbers' assistants, and ambulant snack retailers, and as petty traders/hawkers.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 64 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

SOUTHWEST RICE, CASSAVA AND CATTLE WITH CROSS-BORDER TRADE (NG29)

Main productive assets This small zone is contained in four western Poor Better-off LGAs of Ogun state to the northwest of Lagos city, nestling between the border with Benin Land (1-1.5 ha) Land (3-5 ha) and the large, cassava-dominant zone Small numbers of livestock Moderate numbers of (NG22). The central yams and maize belt (1-2 cattle, 4 sheep, 9 goats, livestock (4-6 cattle, 12 (NG20) lies to the north. The ecology of the 2 pigs, 9 poultry) sheep, 14 goats, 20 poultry, 8 zone is derived savannah. This is a productive pigs) agricultural zone with complementary Main foods consumed and sources livestock rearing and trading activities. Poor Better-off The zone’s topography is low-lying and made Cassava (OP/MP) Rice (OP/MP) up of open savannah plains with depressions Maize (OP/MP) Cassava (OP) where groundwater gives the opportunity Rice (MP/OP) Maize (OP/MP) for fadama rice to be grown. Local natural Animal products (OP/MP) resources include timber, mineral deposits OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind (quartz and limestone), wild foods, game and payment for labor fish. The local soils are loamy and considered Main income sources to be of moderate fertility. Population Poor Better-off density is medium – and much lower than in Paid labor Sale of food crops the adjacent peri-urban zone of Lagos. Sale of food crops Sale of cash crops Annual rainfall ranges between 1200-1350 Sale of small livestock Sale of sheep and goats mm and fall between May and October. July, Sale of firewood/charcoal Sale of cattle August and September are the months with Petty trading Cross-border trading the heaviest rainfall. While there is only a single agricultural season, rice, maize and Main markets cassava may produce a second ‘late harvest’. Internal to the zone: Abeokuta, Sango-Ota (cassava) External to the zone: Lagos (cassava, maize, rice, and Rice is a major crop, which partly charcoal), Benin Republic (cassava, cattle) distinguishes this zone from its neighbors. It Main hazards and approximate frequency is mainly rainfed, but there is also irrigated Erratic rainfall patterns – annual basis over past 10 years production, e.g. near the Abeokuta river. Flooding – during heavy rainfall Cassava and maize are the other big staples, Crop disease/pests (stem borer, armyworm) – annual basis and in fact for most people the main staples, over past 2 years (March to July) as much of the rice is sold. Cashews and palm Crop damage by visiting cattle herds -> Farmer-herder conflict oil are secondary cash earners, and there is substantial market gardening of vegetables. Cereals are harvested between September and December and the harvest for cashews and oil palm peaks at the end of the year. Cattle are the most important livestock, but households also own poultry, sheep and goats and pigs. The grazing in this zone is an extension of the cattle- favoring natural savannah of zone NG20, and the zone is visited seasonally by Fulani herders from the north taking their cattle on seasonal migration. At these times the Fulani herds outnumber the local cattle; the frequent straying of the visitors' cattle into cultivated fields has led to farmer-herder conflict that has increased markedly in recent years. However, some Fulani have settled permanently in the zone.

Other important activities beyond farming include timber processing and brick-making during the dry season, tourism related activities, motorcycle-taxi transport (okada) and crafts (e.g. tie-dying). Households also sell firewood and charcoal and wild foods (e.g. mushrooms, palm wine, honey, game and freshwater fish) at different times of the year as they become available, to supplement their farming income. There is year-round cross- border trade with the Benin Republic, where cattle are in especially high demand; but the trade is two-way, and rice is traded in, as well as cloth and clothes from Benin's cotton industry. Food crop sales (maize and cassava) are the main source of income for all households. Poorer households also rely on paid agricultural labor and petty trading. Wealthier households sell cash crops (cashews, rice and larger volumes of cassava), small stock and poultry and, less frequently, cattle. Access to land in its various forms (upland and lowland plots and grazing land) is the primary local determinant

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 65 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 of wealth. Poorer households cultivate up to 1.5 hectares (including irrigated rice) while wealthier households typically cultivate 3-5 ha.). The majority of households use hired tractors or power-tillers and mechanical threshers, but it is only wealthier households who have sufficient capital to hire agricultural laborers, most often from local, poorer households. Rice is a labor- and input- intensive crop and only wealthier households can produce sufficient amounts for both family consumption and sale. Yet even these households purchase rice during the year: they want to realize the capital from their harvest immediately to fund trading activities and for other purposes, and they calculate that it is worth selling the greater part of their rice harvest early and then purchasing rice later in the year to make up for the shortfall created.

All households own livestock as a complementary income generation activity but generally herd sizes are small. Poorer households own 1-2 cows and 8-15 sheep and goats, 1-2 pigs and some chickens. Wealthier households typically own no more than 4-6 cattle and 10-25 sheep and goats, 3-8 pigs and poultry. While they sell small ruminants and pigs and poultry on a yearly basis, they may not wish to sell cattle every year. Poorer households will only sell cattle in times of exceptional need. Despite geographical proximity to Lagos, market access is considered only average due to the poor state of the local infrastructure and because of seasonal access problems when localized flooding is common. The main products sold locally are rice, cassava, maize, oil palm and vegetables. These are also sold in Lagos, whose market demand is a magnet for all commodities. Animals and animal products (especially eggs) are also both sold locally and transported to Lagos. Cowpeas, tomatoes and peppers are sourced from northern Nigeria. In terms of labor markets, most of the local demand is for farming labor, however labor opportunities can be found off-farm and in local towns, as well as in Lagos.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 66 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

CASHEWS WITH OIL PALMS, TUBERS AND MAIZE (NG30)

Main productive assets This zone straddles the south of Kogi state and Poor Better-off the northwest of Enugu state, reaching the two northernmost LGAs of Abia state. As such, the Land (0.5 to 2 ha) Land (3 to 5 ha) zone straddles south guinean savannah, Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock (up to 2 sheep, 5 goats, 10 (up to 10 sheep, 10 goats, 30 derived savannah and rainforest ecologies. pigs, 10 poultry) poultry, 40 pigs) Soils are mainly sandy or sandy loam with some No production equipment Limited production clay loam; annual rainfall ranges from 1300mm owned equipment owned (power- to 1800mm from north to south. tiller) It is derived savannah that is perhaps at the Main foods consumed and sources heart of the zone, as cashew plantations were Poor Better-off found to be a profitable way of using relatively Cassava (OP) Cassava (OP) infertile and often marginal and eroded land Maize (OP) Maize (OP) left by decades of forest clearing for lumber. Yam (OP) Rice (OP/MP) Indeed, cashew plantations have historically Rice (MP) Yam (OP/MP) been associated with afforestation schemes for Beef (MP) the control of erosion. The exploitation of the Poultry (MP/OP) oil palms, in wild or planted groves, follows the OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor same logic. Cashews are also widely grown in Main income sources central Nigeria and to an extent elsewhere in southern Nigeria, but this is the area of the Poor Better-off country where livelihoods depend most Cash crop sales Food crop sales directly on cashew production. Food crop sales Cash crop sales Paid labor Food processing Cashew nuts are prized as a snack food in Petty trade Sheep/goat sales Nigeria and abroad (the nuts must be roasted Brick making before consumption to rid them of a toxin). In Main markets the harvested pod, the pulp covering the kernel Internal markets – Ayingba, Ejule, Ogugu, Ankpa with the nut inside is appreciated as a sweet External markets – Enugu, Lokoja, Okene, Port Harcourt, fruit. The nuts can be processed into cashew Jamata, Lagos, Kabba, Abuja, Kano butter and cheese; the pulp can be made into a Main hazards and approximate frequency fruit drink or even a liquor; and the kernel Palm oil price volatility – 2016 (July-Sept) shells can be used in the manufacture of paints Crop pest/disease (army worm) – 2017 (July-Aug) and lubricants, although Nigeria lags far behind other major cashew nut producing countries in profiting from the use of kernels. This is because the cashews are mostly purchased for export as pods that are processed in the destination country: mainly India, also European countries and the USA. There is little processing in Nigeria beyond the requirement for retailing the nuts in local markets. The cashews are sold by farmers directly to agents of exporting companies, and the Enugu 9th Mile market is an important base for cashew traders. Palm oil is a near rival to cashews as a generator of income in the zone and possibly exceeds cashews in several locations; but recently the concentration on cashew production has reduced palm oil extraction, even to the extent of creating a local market shortage of palm oil and a consequent price hike.

The main staple foods produced are cassava, yams and maize, while other crops include bambara nuts, cowpeas and sesame. There is limited, localized production of plantain, sweet bananas, cocoa and rubber. The food crops are largely sold in local markets for local consumption: the zone hardly trades out these commodities, and indeed it imports yams from Benue and Nasarawa and maize and cowpeas from northern Nigeria. Livestock are kept and marketed in very modest numbers – small ruminants, pigs, poultry. Cattle are not raised except for some muturu cattle kept by a few households. Forest products that are exploited include timber, wild foods, snails and game.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 67 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

LAGOS PERI-URBAN: FISHING, POULTRY, PIGGERIES, MARKET GARDENING AND COCONUTS (NG31) Main productive assets This small but densely-populated Poor Better-off zone extends from the peripheries of Land (around 1 ha) Land (2 to 3 ha) Lagos city into the coastal belt: east Small numbers of livestock (0- Larger numbers of livestock to the border with the Benin 2 cattle, around 6 sheep and 6 (individuals variously keep up to 20 Republic (Badagary LGA), and west to goats, 20 poultry, up to 5 pigs) cattle, 30 sheep, 30 goats, 500 encompass both the coast itself and Power tiller hired poultry, 50 pigs) the shores of the Lagos lagoon and Canoe and fishing nets owned Tractor/power tiller owned or hired the lake/lagoon further east (Lekki either individually or shared Canoe and fishing nets and Epe LGAs), then edging the Individual or cooperative share of coastal belt proper (zone NG32). The maritime boat with outboard motor zone is bounded in the north by the cassava-dominant zone NG22. Main foods consumed and sources Poor Better-off Peri-urban Lagos is in the humid Cassava (OP/IK) Rice (OP/MP) forest and mangrove agro-ecological Yams (MP) Cassava (OP) zone. The topography behind the Maize (MP/OP) Maize (OP/MP) ocean shore is lowland plain with Rice (OP/MP) Fish (OP/MP) riverine and lagoon areas, and the Fish (OP/IK) Pulses (MP) natural vegetation cover is of Vegetables (OP/IK) Vegetables (OP/MP) mangrove and rainforest. These offer resources of firewood (and therefore OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor charcoal) from the mangroves, and inland fresh water and salt water fish Main income sources and crustaceans, game, honey and Poor Better-off other wild foods. The zone is Sale of fish Sale of fish endowed with petroleum and Paid agricultural and fishing Sale of poultry, other livestock mineral deposits. The local soil is a labor Sale of processed foods mixture of sandy loams and some Sale of poultry Cross-border and large-scale trade loamy clay. Overall, soil fertility is Sale of processed foods Boat construction and repair considered moderate. Annual rainfall Crafts sales ranges from 1400 to 2100 mm, falling Firewood/charcoal sales between April and October, but Petty trade peaking between June and July and Main markets allowing two cycles for maize and Internal to the zone: Oke-Aro, Oyingbo, farmgate markets vegetables. External to the zone: Ketu Mile 12, Oko-oba Agege, Lyana Iba (Lagos The local economy is fundamentally markets) affected by the immediate proximity Main hazards and approximate frequency of Nigeria's (and Africa's) biggest city Erratic rainfall patterns – annual basis over past 10 years with its huge market demand for all Crop disease/pests (stem borer, armyworm) – every two years (April commodities, and with prices for the to July) Tuta absoluta on tomatoes - past 2 years, rainy season peri-urban producers boosted by a Flooding – during heavy rainfall lack of the transport discounts that Crop damage by migratory cattle intrusion -> farmer-herder conflict are suffered by more distant Avian influenza – every five years or so producers. Some of the artisanal fishing, shallow-sea as well as inland, is performed by vocational fishers who may not cultivate more than a kitchen garden. Farming, on the land available, concentrates on production that brings the highest financial profit rather than primarily on food production – farms are more small businesses than subsistence operations with complementary sales. Among wealthier households generally there is substantial production of smaller livestock, including sheep and goats, but individual households may specialize in certain animals – one may keep as many as 50 pigs, another may maintain a backyard poultry industry with 500+ hens. Still others engage in fish farming, selling from 500 to 1000 fish in a year; even some poorer households produce upwards of 200 fish. Cattle-keeping is much more limited in this crowded environment with very limited open grazing, but it is not unusual for even poorer people to own a cow, while some wealthier households may keep as many as twenty head for dairy and for sale to town

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 68 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 butchers. The main staple food produced is cassava, and there is also maize and fadama rice. As regards tree crops, while there are some oil palms and plantain, the big item is coconut palms, so well-adapted to coastal conditions. Newly planted coconut groves take five years to mature, after which the coconuts are harvested all year round. In addition, market gardening is a lucrative, if labor-intensive, way to use limited areas of land, especially fadama land. Poor households mainly use manual agricultural tools but some hire power-tillers and food processing machines. Wealthier households often own the different types of mechanical equipment, except for tractors, which they hire. Dugout canoes and nets are used for inland fishing. Sea fishing is organized in maritime cooperatives: groups of farmers who come together to purchase outboard motor boats often with the support of government loans with favorable repayment plans. They fish together, and the costs and benefits are shared out. Households who are part of fishing cooperatives have better access to all three variables and can rely more heavily on the income derived from this activity. Fish sales are the main source of income for many households, followed by crop and animal sales and the sale of processed foods. Much of the food processing (fufu, gari and lafun from cassava, coconut oil extraction, fish smoking) provides paid occupations especially for women. There is also money to be made from artisanal products and crafts (e.g. nets and boats and their repairs, basket weaving, and soap produced from plantain or coconut pods with added coloring). Wealthier households also profit from general trading opportunities between the zone and the city. Additional income-generating activities available to local households are agricultural labor, brick making, tourism related services, firewood sales and transport services. Households with sufficient capital can engage in timber processing and in larger-scale cross-border trade with Benin, including vegetables and processed cassava. Most of the labor market is local and agricultural, followed by local off-farm labor and urban labor. Only 20% of labor carried out by households living in the zone is outside the zone, mainly in Lagos, where every kind of unskilled or semi-skilled work can be found, from domestic service or motorcycle-taxi service to barber's or blacksmith's assistant, and from street hawking of snack foods to market porterage.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 69 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

COASTAL STRIP AND NIGER DELTA: INLAND AND COASTAL FISHING, CASSAVA, PLANTAIN, OIL PALMS AND RUBBER (NG32) Main productive assets This zone spans the length of Nigeria’s Poor Better-off coastline from the eastern edge of the Land (0.2 to 1 ha) Land (up to 2 ha) Lagos peri-urban zone (NG31) to the Small numbers of livestock (less Modest numbers of livestock (up international border with Cameroon. than 2 goats, 5 poultry) to 2 sheep, 7 goats, 15 poultry, 5 The coastal 'belt' thickens Sometimes canoe and fishing pigs) substantially in the middle stretch net Dugout canoes and nets where it contains the Niger Delta and No mechanical equipment Fish culture ponds the estuary up to Onitsha. The zone owned Some mechanical equipment covers LGAs or parts of LGAs in Ondo, owned Bayelsa, Rivers, Anambra, Akwa Ibom Main foods consumed and sources and Cross River states. Poor Better-off Behind the coast itself the ecology is Cassava (OP/barter) Rice (MP) lowland rainforest, but there are Fish (OP) Cassava (OP/MP) many inlets of greater or lesser reach Plantain (OP) Plantain (OP) inland that are lined with mangroves, Yam (MP/OP) Yam (OP/MP) as are the waterways of the Delta. Rice (MP) Meat (OP/MP) The rural population live primarily by Cowpeas (MP) a combination of fishing and rainfed OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for field crop cultivation, with also tree labor crops: oil palm, sweet bananas, Main income sources plantain. Soil fertility is moderate, Poor Better-off with a mixture of clay, loamy and Sale of fish/seafood Sale of fish/seafood alluvial soils. Natural resources Fishing and agricultural labor Food crop, palm oil and rubber include crude oil, timber, rubber and Sale of firewood/charcoal sales wild foods, including fish and game. Petty trading Food processing/marketing Annual precipitation averages around Timber sale 2500 mm over a single, long rainy Larger-scale trading season spanning March to October, with peak rainfall in July. Population Main markets density for the zone is low to medium. Internal to the zone: Swali, Ogberikoko, Ikang, and Ibaka fish markets; Calabar Beach market The local economy relies on a mixture External to the zone: N/A of fishing, farming and some degree of trading for all households Main hazards and approximate frequency independent of their level of wealth. Oil pollution (pipeline leaks at sea and inland) – every 1 or 2 years Fishing is mainly carried out inland, in Flooding – every three years (Sep-Nov); last extreme flooding event the river estuaries upstream, along in 2012 the mangroves, and in creeks. Coastal fishing hugs the shore: real maritime fishing requires motorized boats and big dragnets which are out of the reach of most local households. Inland fishing takes place throughout the year, but it becomes more difficult once the rains have filled the rivers; then when the flows are slower, and levels diminish, peak fish catches are obtained in October and early November. Common species caught include catfish and tilapia and a variety of crustaceans (lobster, crabs and prawns). Fish farming is also widespread in the zone. Poorer households with small catches, or shares of catches as payment for fishing labor, may sell the fresh fish directly to local consumers daily. But given the very perishable nature of fish, selling larger amounts of fresh fish requires the seller to live near enough to a substantial town, with sufficient customers to be able to sell the fish within a day, whether directly in the market or to retailers. For most fishers who are not in this situation, and especially in the season of peak catches, the recourse is to preserve the fish through smoking, or less often drying, which allows the fish to be stored and sold in bulk to traders at the village gate, so to speak, or to retailers in markets. Fishing is a men's activity while women take care of the smoking and marketing. Poorer households do not typically own fishing equipment and must hire canoes and nets from their wealthier counterparts. Payment for hire is often in cash or with a share of the daily catch. Poorer households also work as fishing labor for these households. Wealthier households use their own equipment, and since they have access to hired fishing labor to support their activity, the volumes of fish caught can be considerably larger than for poorer fishers.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 70 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Virtually all households own agricultural land, but cultivated areas are small by general Nigerian standards: poorer households cultivate between 0.2 and one hectare per season, while wealthier households cultivate not more than two hectares. Wealthier households can hire tractors for land preparation and may have their own chainsaws for timber cutting. Farmers grow cassava, plantains, maize, yams and vegetables (in that order in terms of volume of production). These crops are mainly grown for household consumption and a small amount of sales. Most households also have oil palms and some households grow rubber trees. The production of latex requires considerable investment and a delay in returns until the trees reach maturity for tapping; therefore, rubber trees are more common among wealthier households. Cassava is the chief staple food in the zone. Poorer household often exchange fish for additional cassava once their own production is exhausted. Wealthier households can afford to consume more rice, a preferred but more expensive staple, which they must usually obtain entirely from the market as rice is little produced here. Most households produce sufficient plantains for family consumption but supplement any yam production with purchases. The typical animals kept in the zone are poultry, goats and sheep and pigs. But they are kept in very small numbers across the board and bring little income. Typical cash-earning activities besides fishing and fishing labor include cassava processing, palm oil extraction, palm wine processing, crafts (basket weaving, thatching), canoe carving (out of the local mahogany logs), selling firewood or charcoal (especially mangrove wood), manual sand or gravel dredging, and petty trading. Market access across the zone is considered average and worsens the farther away from Lagos. The main road linking Lagos, Benin City and Port Harcourt lies beyond the zone. Additionally, the lack of storage facilities and refrigerated transport for fresh fish is a major disadvantage for the development of the local fishing industry. The main goods traded locally are cassava, plantains and yams. Plantains are also sold outside of the zone, in the neighboring zones and major cities. The rice purchased is largely imported, coming from Lagos, while cowpeas and tomatoes come down from the major producer areas in the north of the country. Animals are generally sold locally as the volume of trade is low; most butchered beef on sale is from animals trucked or trekked down from the north. Dugout canoes, firewood, timber and sharp sand are sold locally. The hardwood timber is also sold internationally; the wealthier local households benefit from this export market. There is a considerable local market for fishing labor and for agricultural labor. Labor opportunities are also available in local towns and cities, with labor in local towns typically peaking in January - the height of the 'lean' season when there is also low demand for local agricultural labor. Perhaps surprisingly, only around one in six workers are thought to go seasonally to the big cities outside the zone, such as Port Harcourt and Lagos. The location of Africa’s most important oil-producing region partly within the zone means that it is also one of the most polluted areas. Oil leaks and spills have been damaging the environment and the local livelihoods for decades and continue to do so on an almost annual basis.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 71 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

SOUTHEAST CASSAVA, CEREALS AND OIL PALMS WITH EXTENSIVE OFF-FARM WORK AND TRADE (NG33)

Main productive assets This zone in the far southeast of Nigeria covers LGAs in Abia, Anambra, Delta, Imo Poor Better-off and Rivers states, together with a single Land (around 0.5 ha) Land (1 to 2 ha) LGA in Cross River. It is part of the wide Small numbers of livestock Modest numbers of livestock area of southern and south-central (around 2 sheep, 5 goats, 3 (up to 5 sheep, 10 goats, 15 Nigeria that is dominated by cassava pigs, 15 poultry) poultry, 6 pigs, 20 to 100 cultivation, otherwise represented most Some mechanical food poultry) extensively by the far larger zone NG22. processing equipment owned Tractor hired, mechanical food But what particularly distinguishes NG33 processing equipment owned is the density of its rural population, Main foods consumed and sources which stands out as the highest in the Poor Better-off country in a zone with also a particularly Cassava (OP/MP) Cassava (OP/MP) high proportion of urban population, if Yams (OP/MP) Rice (MP/OP) not indeed the highest in the country Maize (MP/OP) Yams (OP/MP) apart from Lagos state. The two facts are Rice (MP) Maize (MP) not-unrelated. Rural populations are Vegetables (MP/OP) Vegetables (OP/MP) particularly dense in wide areas fanning Cowpeas/smoked fish (MP) Cowpeas (MP) out from nearly all the country's biggest Meat/fresh & smoked fish(MP) cities, and that phenomenon adds particularly to the density in this OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor concentrated zone. But there are surely other historical, social, cultural and Main income sources political reasons too. At all events, the Poor Better-off limited and fragmented land available to Paid agricultural work Sale of food crops people, although devoted mainly to tuber Sale of food/cash crops Sale of cash crops crops that yield a good amount of staple Food processing work & retail Trade in processed foods (gari, food per unit area, is insufficient to Urban work & petty trade palm oil) provide for the great majority of farmers Sale of cash crops Other trade all the food or cash crops that would Brick making Temporary urban occupations guarantee a livelihood, and to an unusual Sale of firewood Sometimes remittances degree they subsidize their livelihoods Main markets with off-farm earnings. Internal to the zone: Ndioro, Orieagu; Okigwe, Lokpa (livestock); The zone is essentially within the humid Umuahia, Ariaria-Aba, Uyo, Owerri, Onitsha (city markets) forest agro-ecology, crossed by minor External to the zone: Port Harcourt, Calabar and major rivers including the Orash and Main hazards and approximate frequency the Imo. The topography is characterized Delays in rainfall – annual (Mar-Apr) by low plains. Natural vegetation cover is Flooding – every two years (August) relatively dense and includes forests and Crop pests/diseases (e.g. army worm) – annual (June) wild oil palm groves, hampering Herder cattle damages crops/farmer-herder conflict – every year mechanical land preparation. Natural resources include crude oil, minerals (such as kaolinite and stone quarries), rubber, wild foods (including honey, oil palm fruit and fish) and firewood. Annual rainfall is around 2300mm to 2500mm. The sandy loam soils are only moderately fertile in general and production is only rainfed and with a single season (facts that indicate that population density is not the result of exceptional agricultural resources and productivity). The agriculture is overwhelmingly for subsistence, although some cash crops are grown and some of the food crops are sold. Apart from cassava, households grow maize and yams and small amounts of rice. Maize is very commonly intercropped with the tubers, saving other land for other uses. Melons are also intercropped with yams (melon seed provides a minor cash crop for crushing and use as egusi sauce). Households also grow oil palms, and households with insufficient land for their own plantations collect these fruits from wild groves. There are some pockets of cocoa and cashew production across the zone. Only small numbers of livestock are owned – small ruminants, pigs, poultry (some wealthier households maintain a backyard industry with 100 or so hens). Cattle ownership is unusual even among wealthier households; but the zone is a destination for Fulani

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 72 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 herders trekking their cattle from the north to graze here during the dry season. As elsewhere, the straying of this cattle from agreed 'corridors' onto cultivated plots, causing serious damage to crops, has resulted in farmer- herder conflicts that have increased in recent years. Poorer households depend to some extent on the sale of food crops (especially cassava in tuber and processed form) and palm oil. With regard to off-farm earnings, poorer households find local paid labor opportunities on other people's farms and in food processing for others (gari from cassava, palm oil extraction), firewood sales, brick-making, and sometimes artisanal surface mining of minerals. But poorer people also tend to be exceptionally mobile in their search for work seasonally, when agricultural and food processing work is in less demand. They especially go to the nearest big towns, where they engage variously in many kinds of work: brick laying and other construction labor; motorcycle-taxi service under some financial arrangement with the owner of the motorcycle; assisting blacksmiths, tailors, hairdressers and barbers; leather-goods making (shoes, bags); and running or assisting in small shops and kiosks. They engage in artisanal soap-making, wood sculpture carving and other arts/crafts. They work in domestic service. They work as or for market retailers. They work in the big, informal catering sector, whether assisting in street-side restaurants or as ambulant snack-sellers. They are street-hawkers of small items, and they perform all kinds of fetching and carrying service, in markets and elsewhere. Wealthier households live more by selling food and cash crops and, modestly, livestock. But they are also commonly involved in trading activities inside the zone and out of the zone, including across the border with Cameroon. The main trade is in processed food and manufactured goods. They may well also have a household member involved in less menial tasks in town, according to education and skills, and they may receive some remittances from a close family member residing permanently in a city and with a fulltime occupation. Overall market access for the zone is considered average, but it is poor on secondary roads during the rainy season when flooding is common. Beyond the main road linking Port Harcourt, Aba, Uyo and Calabar, which crosses the zone, infrastructure is poor, and the main markets are distant from most rural villages. The main crops traded locally are cassava, maize and vegetables, while the cash crops (palm oil and some cashews and cocoa) are transported to Lagos, some for export. The palm oil is also traded internally as far as northern Nigeria. Livestock are mostly marketed within the zone. Pigs are especially sold in Port Harcourt, with its large consumer base. Some quantity of staples are traded into the zone: rice from Lagos (imported rice) or from Ebonyi (local rice), yams from Anambra and Benue, and cowpeas from Nasarawa and Kaduna.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 73 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NORTHEAST CATTLE, SMALL RUMINANTS AND FOOD CROPS WITH CROSS-BORDER LIVESTOCK TRADE (NG34)

Main productive assets This zone consists of a strip of land along the Poor Better-off Nigeria-Cameroon frontier that is only some ten kilometers wide but stretches all the Land (0.5 – 1.5 ha) Land (3 to 7 ha) way from Kala/Balge LGA in Borno state to Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock (up (0 - 2 cattle, 5 sheep, 7 to 10 cattle, 25 sheep, 30 Ganye LGA in the south of Adamawa state. goats, 10 poultry) goats, 40 poultry) Although it is sparsely populated in general, Ox-ploughs used Ox-ploughs and some its length means that it contains a mechanical equipment used significant population nevertheless. Given (tractor, food processing) that, the zone has distinctive physical and Main foods consumed and sources economic features. For most of its length it Poor Better-off is highland, and it is quite rugged on the western slopes of the Mandara mountain Millet - north (MP/OP) Rice (MP/OP) chain in the north and the Alantika Yams – south (OP/MP) Millet - north (OP/MP) Sorghum (MP/OP) Yams - south (OP) mountains in the south that historically Maize (MP/OP Maize (OP/MP) defined the border. The one lowland area is Sweet potatoes – south Cowpeas the valley of the Benue river that bisects the (OP/OP) Animal products highlands. The zone runs through the Cowpeas (MP/OP) sudanian savannah and north and south Rice (MP/OP) guinean savannah agro-ecological belts, but OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind it contains many stretches of highland payment for labor forest (which have provided cover for Main income sources insurgent forces in recent years). Soils are Poor Better-off clay loam and generally fertile. Annual Paid labor - local agricultural Cattle sales rainfall ranges from 500-600mm in the Cash/food crop sales Cash/food crop sales north to 1300-1500mm in the south, with a Paid labor – nearby towns Small ruminant sales distinctly shorter wet season in the north Livestock sales Livestock brokering than in the south of the zone. Petty trade/firewood sales Food processing (groundnut oil) Main markets The zone is not well defined by its staple food crops, as these vary with growing Internal: Banki (cattle), Gwoza, Ganye, Mubi, Gashaka, Ngurore External to the zone: Madagali, Maiduguri, Dikwa conditions from north to south, with millet prominent in the north and yams Main hazards and approximate frequency prominent in the south, although maize, Insufficient rainfall – every year (May-June & Sept-Oct) sorghum, upland rice and intercropped Crop pests/diseases – every year (Sept-Oct) cowpeas are found along the zone's length. Parasite infestation – every 2-3 years (May-June & Sept) Groundnuts are grown mainly as a cash crop, as well as vegetables in places where ponds or depressions allow soil moisture to be retained into the dry season. Sesame is grown in the north. Cowpeas are as much a cash crop as a crop for home consumption. In the south, wealthier farmers also sell surplus yams and maize that reach markets outside the zone in the center and north of the country; and from the zone's northern half, millet and sesame reach Maiduguri and Kano. Grain crops are also traded across the border. However, trade offtake inside Nigeria is reduced by the long distances to the main commercial centers as well as the poor local road infrastructure and widespread inaccessibility because of road conditions in the main rainy months. (In recent years insurgency has added to market isolation). There is some trade of food items into the zone via main neighboring markets: rice and maize from Yola and Mubi, yams from Taraba, Nasarawa and Benue, Irish potatoes from Bauchi.

It is livestock and livestock trade that most define this zone. As in all the country's highland areas, the environment is particularly suitable for cattle, and wealthier people hold respectable numbers (although not spectacular numbers as in the Mambila highlands further south - zone NG25). They also keep substantial numbers of sheep and goats as well as poultry. Poorer people have far fewer animals, although they may aspire

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 74 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 to one or two cattle. But all animals, including poultry, have particularly high value as they are sold not only to the traders taking them south to the big city markets, but also across the border into Cameroon. In addition, wealthier people often act as brokers between the seller and the trader, a lucrative activity; and in this they deal not only with local livestock but with animals coming in from other zones, particularly in the north. Furthermore, the livestock trade goes both ways as livestock from Cameroon come in to join the trade to southern Nigeria; indeed, more livestock come in from Cameroon than go there from Nigeria. But the trade into Cameroon is enough to add significantly to the economy of the zone's villagers.

Poorer people benefit from the livestock trade, and from modest crop sales, but they gain a good proportion of their needed cash income from other activities. Paid work is the main recourse, both as laborers on local farms and labor in the central towns of their LGAs – towns that are outside the zone but usually not far away. Here, apart from construction and other labor, they engage in petty trade and the sale of forest products – wild plant foods, tamarind fruit and bush-meat.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 75 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NIGER-BENUE FISHING AND FOOD CROPS (NG35)

Main productive assets This zone represents a minority population Poor Better-off living within the wider flood plain zone (NG21). They are the most 'riverine' people in Land (0 – 0.2 ha) Land (0.3 to 0.5 ha) the sense that they live in villages and hamlets Small numbers of livestock Larger numbers of livestock (0 - 2 cattle, 5 sheep, 7 (up to 10 cattle, 25 sheep, 30 alongside or very near to the main river goats, 10 poultry) goats, 40 poultry) courses, and because they depend much Ox-ploughs used Ox-ploughs and some more than their neighbors (who may be in the mechanical equipment used same village) on fishing the rivers. They also (tractor, food processing) engage in cultivation, but the fish factor, so to Main foods consumed and sources speak, gives a different structure to their Poor Better-off livelihood, especially their cash income, and to the relative economic risks they face. Rice (MP/OP) Rice (MP/OP) Maize/sorghum (MP) Maize/sorghum (MP/OP) Although they are a minority population, they Garden maize (OP) Yams (MP) are present along most of the 1500 km or so Cowpeas (MP) Cowpeas (MP) of the Niger and Benue rivers as well as along Fish Sweet potatoes (MP) their main tributaries; as such they number Fish thousands of people. OP = own production, MP = market purchase, GA = gathering, IK = in-kind payment for labor Their dependence on fishing is evidenced by Main income sources the very small amounts of land they cultivate, sometimes hardly more than a kitchen garden Poor Better-off and almost never of a size to be anywhere Fish sales Fish sales near the capacity to feed the household. This Fishing labor Small ruminant and poultry refers to those who do cultivate: as many as Agricultural labor sales Casual work in towns Limited rice sales half of this population reportedly do not Livestock sales Petty trade cultivate at all. They are often specialist Petty trade/firewood sales fisherfolk who have come from elsewhere Main markets originally and settled along the rivers; only some have acquired a plot of land by an Nearby LGA center markets; visiting fish traders arrangement with local title-holders or even Main hazards and approximate frequency by using marginal land without contract. The Flooding – somewhere every year (Aug-Sept) threat of flooding of such river-bank land is one factor that may discourage households from cultivation. On such land as people do use they either cultivate only rice by irrigation or they may also cultivate maize or sorghum, and sometimes melons (the seeds are a cash crop); and they commonly have a corner for vegetables for the household. But at all events they buy most of the food they eat, and the handful of animals – sheep, goats, poultry (no cattle) – that they can keep do not allow more than a minimal offtake for sale. While these households do not live by fishing alone, it is fishing that overwhelmingly provides their livelihood.

The fishing is mainly by thrown nets, usually from dugout canoes, from which fish traps are also set. Typically, a household will own a canoe, but occasionally two or more households combine in order to afford to have one constructed, purchasing the big log from which it is carved out and paying for the service of the skilled canoe- maker, unless there is one within the group. The very poorest who have no canoe are at a major disadvantage. They may operate sub-optimally with large calabashes up-turned in the water so that the trapped air gives them a float. But mostly they work for other people. These may be fellow-fishers, or they may be neighboring rice- farmers who own a canoe used for fishing as a secondary occupation. They work either for a share of the catch or for cash payment.

Although fish is naturally a substantial addition to their diet, people's fish catches are much more for sale than for home consumption. But fish are the most perishable of all produce, and the fishers rarely live within striking distance of a town where most potential customers for fresh fish live – i.e. a town near enough to be able to sell fresh fish within a day, including to retailers who may then fry the fish and sell it over a few days. Therefore,

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 76 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018 only a small proportion of fish are sold fresh, mainly to villagers within the fisher's vicinity. The great bulk of fish are smoked by the women of the house (and a smaller proportion dried), and in this state they are so much less perishable that they can be stored and then sold to a visiting trader in bulk or be taken to the nearest market. From there the smoked fish is traded far and wide, reaching especially the cities of the south – Ilorin, Ibadan, Lagos etc. – where it is put in sauces daily in bigger or smaller pieces: even poorer people, who can virtually never afford to buy meat, do buy some smoked fish, if only to add very small amounts to stews as flavoring.

Poorer fishermen who are unable to support themselves sufficiently through fishing activities tend to do paid labor for rice farmers in their neighborhood; they are paid either in cash or in kind, i.e. rice. In addition, they look periodically for laboring or other work in local towns, and perhaps one in ten go further away seasonally to find casual work in big cities to the south, usually from about January to March, when cultivation activities are quiet. These are also other people's avenues for extra cash when there has been a problem with fishing. The chief problem comes from excessive rainfall that brings great increases in river flow, deepening and speeding up the shallower waters near river banks where fishing is most practical in the rainy period, and causing flooding of the many lesser river-channels that fill with fish in season. There is such flooding somewhere in the zone every year. Much more rarely there is wider, catastrophic flooding that affects not only river-valley people but villages far up the river basins. Overfishing of some stretches of river is a longer-term problem.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 77 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Annex 1: Northeastern crisis

The Boko Haram insurgency began in 2009 in Map 13. Conflict and insecurity in Northern Nigeria northeastern Nigeria. The conflict has centered around three states: Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe. As of June 2018, nearly 30,000 fatalities have been reported, including civilians, Boko Haram militants, and Nigerian military and police forces.6 The displaced population in Nigeria reached 1.88 million in April 2018, with the majority (over 1.4 million) in Borno State; and more than 213,400 Nigerian refugees have fled to neighboring countries in Cameroon, Niger, and Chad. Displaced populations are heavily dependent on humanitarian assistance given market disruptions, above-average staple prices, and restricted off-season economic activities.7 Ongoing violence has disrupted food supply and hindered access Source: International Crisis Group, 2017. to basic services. Nigeria is also facing continued cycles of violence between pastoralists and farmers in the north-central region and separatist protests in the south. Conflicts between herders and sedentary communities caused an estimated death toll of 2,500 people in 2016, as herders are driven further south due to desertification, insecurity, and loss of grazing land to expanding settlements.8

Humanitarian actors reached 2.58 million people Figure 6. Boko Haram related conflict events in Nigeria since 2009 in the northeast with food assistance in April Fatalities and Incidents in Boko Haram Crisis since 2009

2018, although estimates indicate that over 7.7 9000 600 9 million in the region are in need. Nigerian 8000 500 military operations are underway in the 7000 s s t e i n t i e northeast and while the army has made l 6000 400 d a i t c a n F

5000 i

considerable gains since 2016, Boko Haram f 300 f o o

r 4000 r e attacks have continued and led to further e b b m 3000 200 m u displacement (Table 2). The conflict is expected u N 2000 N to shift to more sporadic attacks in 2018 due to 100 Boko Haram’s loss of controlled territory in 1000 0 0 2016, however the humanitarian response is 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 likely to remain restricted due to limited access (June) to populations in need of food and other Fatalities Incidents assistance. High numbers of internally displaced Source: ACLED conflict data, downloaded June 2018. persons (IDPs) and the flow of returnees, both from within Table 3. Displaced populations in NE Nigeria Nigeria and neighboring countries, will persist.10 The ongoing State Feb 2018 Apr 2018 conflict has destroyed key infrastructure, and particularly education and health facilities, as food insecurity remains high in Borno 1,364,539 1,421,600 the northeast due to the Boko Haram conflict. Adamawa 164,150 173,152 Yobe 105,311 124,909 Taraba 63,272 65,208 Bauchi 53,309 61,055 Gombe 31.909 35,274 Source: FEWS NET Food Security Outlook

6 ACLED conflict data 7 FEWS NET Food Security Outlook Update for Nigeria, May 2018 8 International Crisis Group: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/252-herders-against-farmers-nigerias-expanding- deadly-conflict 9 https://www.acaps.org/country/nigeria/country-profile 10 https://www.acaps.org/sites/acaps/files/products/files/acaps_humanitarian_overview_analysis_of_key_crises_into_2018.pdf

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 78 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Year Timeline of Major Events in Boko Haram Crisis (sources: BBC and CNN) 2002/2003 The group is founded under Muslim cleric Mohammed Yusuf in 2002 in Maiduguri. First known attack occurs in December 2003 on police stations in Yobe state. 2009 July: Boko Haram uprising to create an Islamic state in Nigeria begins in Bauchi and spreads to Borno, Kano and Yobe. Police officers killed by militants and joint military task force responds. Hundreds of Boko Haram members are killed, and Yusuf dies in police custody. 2010 December: Boko Haram claims responsibility for Christmas Eve bomb attack near city of Jos that kills at least 80 people and sparks clashes between Christians and Muslims. 2011 March: Vice-President Goodluck Jonathan wins presidential elections. August: Suicide bomb attack on UN compound in Abuja kills 23 people. November/December: Attacks on churches and markets kill hundreds of people in Yobe, Damaturu, and Borno states. President Jonathan declares a state of emergency. 2012 January: More than 200 killed in a day of coordinated bombings and shootings in Kano. 2013 April to June: Attacks and battles continue, leaving hundreds of civilians dead in various states. May: Government declares state of emergency in three northern states of Yobe, Borno and Adamawa and sends in troops. September: More than 150 people murdered in roadside attacks in the northeast. Security forces also fight Boko Haram insurgents in the capital Abuja. November: The US State Department declares Boko Haram a terrorist organization. 2014 January-July: Attacks continue and intensify, with increasing numbers of deaths, abductions, and displaced peoples throughout the northeast. April: 276 girls kidnapped from a boarding school in town of Chibok in Borno State. May: Militants storm villages in Borno and twin blasts in Jos market kill 118 people. US sends 80 troops to search for kidnapped schoolgirls; UN Security Council adds Boko Haram to sanctions list. November: Boko Haram launches a series of attacks in northeastern Nigeria, capturing towns near Lake Chad and running raids into Chad and Cameroon through early 2015. 2015 February-March: Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon and Niger form military coalition and push Boko Haram back into Sambisa Forest. March: Muhammadu Buhari wins presidential election. Boko Haram switches allegiance from al-Qaeda to the Islamic State (IS). April: Nigerian troops rescue 450 women and girls in the Sambisa forest during a military operation. September: Attacks continue; but 241 women and children are rescued and 43 militants arrested after a military raid. 2016 February: Two villages in northeast Nigeria are attacked; two female suicide bombers dispatched by Boko Haram kill 58 people at a Nigerian refugee camp. October: Boko Haram releases 21 Chibok schoolgirls to authorities after negotiations with the Nigerian government in exchange for fighters. 2017 January: Nigerian government prematurely announced defeat of Boko Haram, resulting in an increase of suicide bombings and IED attacks by the group. May: 80+ of the schoolgirls kidnapped in Chibok are released after government negotiations. December: Clashes between herders in Benue and Taraba states prompt thousands to flee. 2018 February: More than 100 girls feared abducted by Boko Haram in Yobe state. May: Nigerian army claims to have rescued more than 1,000 Boko Haram captives, mostly women and children, in Borno state.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 79 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Annex 2: Workshop participants Livelihood Zoning Plus Southern workshop - Lagos, 23 to 27 July 2018 NAME POST PHONE NUMBER E-MAIL 1 Godwin Ihedioha FEWS NET, Abuja 08055737912 [email protected]

2 Isa Mainu FEWS NET, Abuja 07036613648 [email protected]

3 Atiku M Mohammed FEWS NET, Abuja 08065531267 [email protected]

4 Brian Svesve FEWS NET, Harare - [email protected]

5 Erin Fletcher FEWS NET, - [email protected] Consultant 6 Stephen Browne FEWS NET, - [email protected] Washington 7 Julius Holt FEWS NET, - [email protected] Consultant 8 Ajibola Bolanle Ondo ADP 08035300453 [email protected] Olukemi 9 Elabi Onaolapo Oyo ADP 08181661451 [email protected] Solomon 10 Osiyoye O. A. Ogun ADP 08033777121 [email protected]

11 Adegbola Bamidele Ekiti ADP 08064460268 [email protected]

12 Princewill Edoba Edo ADP 08054499997 [email protected] Igbinedion 13 Tonbara Kenigbolo Bayelsa ADP 08037702673 [email protected]

14 Godwin Akujieze Anambra ADP 08065369525 [email protected]

15 Ubi Ebeten Okoi Cross River ADP 07037791118 [email protected]

16 Godwin Chukwukezie Abia ADP 08135992294 [email protected] C. 17 Grace Mbrey Ebonyi ADP 08035493182 [email protected]

18 Obasi Cajetan C. Imo ADP 08037368616 [email protected]

19 Adegbemisole Fayoyin Osun ADP 08023327485 [email protected]

20 Okechukwu Sunday S. Rivers ADP 08034816955 [email protected]

21 Njom Patrick Enugu ADP 08064946041 [email protected]

22 Odiurho Daniel Delta ADP 08028805358 [email protected]

23 Idongesit Udoh Akwa Ibom ADP 08130705755 [email protected]

24 Oni Timothy O. NISER, Ibadan 08033950670 [email protected]

25 Dr. O. A. Akintola NIHORT, Ibadan 08034298038 [email protected]

26 Dr. Tokula Mark NRCRI, Umudike 07030076702 [email protected] 27 Nkpena Charles RRDCD, Calabar 08036744283 [email protected]

28 Justina Balogun Lagos ADP 07038590492 [email protected]

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 80 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Livelihood Zoning Plus Central workshop - Abuja, 30 July to 3 August 2018 NAME POST PHONE NUMBER E-MAIL 1 Godwin Ihedioha FEWS NET, Abuja 08055737912 [email protected]

2 Isa Mainu FEWS NET, Abuja 07036613648 [email protected]

3 Atiku Mohammed FEWS NET, Abuja 08065531267 [email protected]

4 Brian Svesve FEWS NET, Abuja 08146244851 [email protected]

5 Julius Holt FEWS NET, Abuja 08146232767 [email protected]

6 Jibarang Yildap K. ADP, Plateau 08092081604 [email protected]

7 Obasi Sunday ADP, Kogi 08036234550 [email protected]

8 Abel Gideon ADP, Nasarawa 08063155716 [email protected]

9 Wahab Adebowale NAERLS, Zaria 08138039987 [email protected] A. 10 Ajayi Olu ADP, Kwara 08035022743 [email protected]

11 Bishop E.O Ohioma NBS, Abuja 08068134740 [email protected]

12 Bulama Dauda NPFS, Abuja 08039354816 [email protected]

13 Habu Haruna ADP, Taraba 07037703470 [email protected]

14 Adamu Muazu ADP, Adamawa 08060075222 [email protected]

15 Pine Celestine ADP, Benue 07039282014 [email protected]

16 Abubakar Habibu NCRI, Badeggi 08062707390 [email protected] Ndagi 17 Tijani Lamidi ADP, FCT, Abuja 08036336516 [email protected]

18 Yahaya Husseini FAO, Abuja 08033363352 [email protected]

19 James Adam NIMET, Abuja 08037880190 [email protected]

20 Dr. Idris Usman ADP, Niger 08065917755 [email protected] Gbogan 21 Ifeoma Omesiete WFP, Abuja 09024961140 [email protected]

22 Chinedu Anyaegbu Save the 08067507323 chinedu.anyaegbu@savethe Children, Abuja children.org 23 Deborah L. Yusufu ADP, Kaduna 08033895547 [email protected]

24 Dr. Jacob Fintan OXFAM 08065653142 [email protected] Shehu

Livelihood Zoning Plus Northern workshop - Kano, 6 to 10 August 2018 NAME ADDRESS PHONE NUMBER E-MAIL 1 Godwin Ihedioha FEWS NET, Abuja 08055737912 [email protected]

2 Isa Mainu FEWS NET, Abuja 07036613648 [email protected]

3 Atiku Mohammed FEWS NET, Abuja 08065531267 [email protected]

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 81 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NAME ADDRESS PHONE NUMBER E-MAIL

4 Brian Svesve FEWS NET, Abuja 08146244851 [email protected]

5 Julius Holt FEWS NET, Abuja 08146232767 [email protected]

6 Bashir A. Ali ADP, Borno 08039646551 [email protected]

7 Joram Sabuda ADP, Gombe 08036584216 [email protected] Massam 8 Saleh Adamu ADP, Bauchi 08025622507 [email protected] Zidanga 9 Mahmood Bala MANR, Bauchi 08039172312 [email protected] Umar 10 Abubakar Garba ADP, Jigawa 08036891948 [email protected]

11 Reuben T. Sonkop ADP, Kaduna 07032055324 [email protected]

12 Habubu Idris KNARDA, Kano 08028910185 [email protected]

13 Dr. D.A Anogie LCRI, Maiduguri 08087462722 [email protected]

14 Dr. Dogara NAMDA, Minna 08068109250 [email protected] Danbaba 15 Abubakar Abande ADP, Yobe 08034727656 [email protected]

16 Ahmed Tika MANR, Yobe 08036933512 [email protected]

17 Malami A. Magaji ADP, Sokoto 08068144167 [email protected]

18 Nasiru Abdullahi ADP, Kebbi 08106773788 [email protected]

19 Ma’aruf Musa ADP, Zamfara 08169458643 [email protected] Muhammad 20 Abubakar Musa Animal 08035071378 [email protected] Science/ABU, Zaria 21 Istafanus Adamu Save the Children, 07032793042 [email protected] UK 22 Suleman Abdullahi KTARDA, Katsina 07084498120 [email protected]

23 Muhammad ADP, Jigawa 08083916687 [email protected] Hassan Jikas 24 Dauda CAZS, UniMaid 07033400377 [email protected] Mohammed 25 Olorundare NAPRI, ABU, Zaria - [email protected] Emmanuel 26 Muhammad HJKYB, Yobe 08036830217 [email protected] Chiroma 27 Henry Okoli WFP 08101390401 [email protected]

28 Gambo Isa SG 2000, Kano 07031681478 [email protected]

29 Murtala M. CDA, BUK 08037051250 [email protected] Badamasi 30 Ibrahim Abdu Na CDA, BUK 08062261443 [email protected]

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 82 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NAME ADDRESS PHONE NUMBER E-MAIL Abdu

31 Dr. Ja’afer A. SRRBDA, Sokoto 08069823636 [email protected] Sadeeq 32 Abunakar Chika SRRBDA, Sokoto 08064893252 [email protected]

33 Mustapha B. Mala N2 Africa, Borno 08069594207 [email protected]

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 83 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Annex 3 Administrative areas by Livelihood Zone

NG01 - Sokoto millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and livestock STATE LGA Katsina Batsari Katsina Jibia Katsina Safana Kebbi Arewa Kebbi Argungu Kebbi Augie Kebbi BirninKe Kebbi Gwandu Kebbi Kalgo Kebbi Yauri Kebbi Zuru Sokoto Gada Sokoto Gudu Sokoto Illela Sokoto Isa Sokoto Kware Sokoto Rabah Sokoto Sabon Birni Sokoto Shagari Sokoto Silame Sokoto Sokoto North Sokoto Sokoto South Sokoto Tambawal Sokoto Tangazar Sokoto Tureta Sokoto Wamakko Sokoto Wurno Sokoto Yabo Zamfara Bakura Zamfara Birnin-Magaji/Kiyaw Zamfara Kaura-Na Zamfara Maradun Zamfara Shinkafi Zamfara Talata-Mafara Zamfara Zurmi

NG02 - Kano-Katsina Sahelian: millet, sorghum, sesame and gum arabic STATE LGA Jigawa Babura Jigawa Gwiwa Jigawa Kazaure

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 84 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG02 - Kano-Katsina Sahelian: millet, sorghum, sesame and gum arabic Jigawa Roni Jigawa Yankwashi Kano Bichi Kano Dambatta Kano Kunchi Kano Makoda Kano Tsanyawa Katsina Daura Katsina Dutsi Katsina Dutsin-M Katsina Ingawa Katsina Kaita Katsina Kankiya Katsina Batagarawa Katsina Baure Katsina Bindawa Katsina Charanchi Katsina Danmusa Katsina Katsina (K) Katsina Kurfi Katsina Kusada Katsina Mai'Adua Katsina Mani Katsina Mashi Katsina Matazu Katsina Rimi Katsina Sandamu Katsina Zango Kebbi Aleiro

NG03 - Kano-Katsina Sudanian: maize, sorghum, groundnuts and rice STATE LGA Kano Ajingi Kano Albasu Kano Bagwai Kano Bebeji Kano Bunkure Kano Dala Kano DawakinK Kano DawakinT Kano Doguwa Kano Fagge Kano Gabasawa

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 85 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG03 - Kano-Katsina Sudanian: maize, sorghum, groundnuts and rice Kano Garko Kano Garum Mallam Kano Gaya Kano Gezawa Kano Gwale Kano Gwarzo Kano Kabo Kano Kano Kano Karaye Kano Kibiya Kano Kiru Kano Kumbotso Kano Kura Kano Madobi Kano Minjibir Kano Nassaraw Kano Rano Kano RiminGad Kano Rogo Kano Shanono Kano Sumaila Kano Takai Kano Tarauni Kano Tofa Kano Tundun Wada Kano Ungogo Kano Warawa Kano Wudil Katsina Bakori Katsina Dandume Katsina Danja Katsina Faskari Katsina Funtua Katsina Kafur Katsina Kankara Katsina Malumfashi Katsina Musawa Katsina Sabuwa

NG04 – Northeast Sahelian: millet, sesame, cowpeas and livestock STATE LGA Borno Abadam Borno Mobbar

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 86 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG04 – Northeast Sahelian: millet, sesame, cowpeas and livestock Jigawa Biriniwa Jigawa Gagarawa Jigawa Garki Jigawa Gumel Jigawa Maigatari Jigawa MalamMad Jigawa Ringim Jigawa Sule-Tan Jigawa Taura Yobe Bade Yobe Borsari Yobe Geidam Yobe Jakusko Yobe Karasuwa Yobe Machina Yobe Nguru Yobe Yunusari Yobe Yusufari

NG05 – Borno-Yobe-Bauchi millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and sesame STATE LGA Bauchi Damban Bauchi Darazo Bauchi Gamawa Bauchi Giade Bauchi Itas/Gad Bauchi Jama'are Bauchi Katagum Bauchi Misau Bauchi Shira Bauchi Warji Bauchi Zaki Borno Jere Borno Kaga Borno Konduga Borno Kukawa Borno Mafa Borno Magumeri Borno Maiduguri Borno Gubio Borno Guzamala Borno Monguno Borno Nganzai

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 87 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG05 – Borno-Yobe-Bauchi millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and sesame Gombe Funakaye Gombe Gombe Gombe Kwami Gombe Nafada Jigawa BirninKu Jigawa Buji Jigawa Dutse Jigawa Gwaram Jigawa Jahun Jigawa KafinHau Jigawa Kiyawa Jigawa Miga Yobe Damaturu Yobe Fika Yobe Fune Yobe Nangere Yobe Potiskum Yobe Tarmuwa

NG06 – Sokot-Rima-Kano riverine rice and fishing STATE LGA

NG07 – Komadugu-Yobe irrigated peppers with rice, millet and vegetables STATE LGA

NG08 – Lake Chad fishing, maize, cowpeas and vegetables STATE LGA Borno Lake Chad

NG09 – Chad Basin: masakwa sorghum and wheat STATE LGA Borno Bama Borno Dikwa Borno Gwoza Borno Kala/Balge Borno Marte Borno Ngala

NG10 Hadeija-Nguru wetlands: mixed cereals and vegetables STATE LGA

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 88 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG10 Hadeija-Nguru wetlands: mixed cereals and vegetables Jigawa Auyo Jigawa Guri Jigawa Hadejia Jigawa Kaugama Jigawa KiriKasa

NG11 – Northwest sorghum, maize, soybeans and rice STATE LGA Kebbi Bunza Kebbi Dandi Kebbi Danko Wasagu Kebbi Jega Kebbi Maiyama Kebbi Sakaba Kebbi Suru Zamfara Anka Zamfara Bukkuyum Zamfara Bungudu Zamfara Gummi Zamfara Gusau Zamfara Maru Zamfara Tsafe

NG12 – Northwest sorghum, maize and cotton with cross-border trade STATE LGA Kebbi Bagudo Kebbi Fakai Kebbi Koko/Bes Kebbi Ngaski Kebbi Shanga Niger Agwara Niger Borgu

NG13 – Northwest and central maize, rice, cowpeas and sweet potatoes STATE LGA Kaduna Chikun Kaduna Igabi Kaduna Kaduna North Kaduna Kaduna South Kaduna Kajuru Kaduna Kauru Kaduna Kubau Kaduna Lere

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 89 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG13 – Northwest and central maize, rice, cowpeas and sweet potatoes Niger Edati Niger Kontagora Niger Lavun Niger Magama Niger Mariga Niger Mashegu Niger Mokwa Niger Rafi Niger Rijau Niger Wushishi

NG14 – Central sorghum dominant with maize, groundnuts and cowpeas STATE LGA Adamawa Fufore Adamawa Girie Adamawa Gombi Adamawa Hong Adamawa Lamurde Adamawa Madagali Adamawa Michika Adamawa Shelleng Adamawa Song Adamawa Yola North Adamawa Yola South Bauchi Alkaleri Bauchi Bauchi Bauchi Dass Bauchi Gamjuwa Bauchi Kirfi Bauchi Ningi Bauchi Tafawa-B Bauchi Toro Gombe Akko Gombe Balanga Gombe Billiri Gombe Dukku Gombe Kaltungo Kaduna Birnin-G Kaduna Giwa Kaduna Ikara Kaduna Kudan Kaduna Makarfi

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 90 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG14 – Central sorghum dominant with maize, groundnuts and cowpeas Kaduna Sabon-Ga Kaduna Sanga Kaduna Soba Kaduna Zaria Plateau Kanam Plateau Kanke Taraba Karim-La

NG15 – Northeast maize dominant with rice, soybeans and groundnuts STATE LGA Borno Hawul Borno Kwaya Kusar Borno Askira/U Borno Bayo Borno Biu Borno Chibok Borno Damboa Borno Shani Gombe Yamaltu Yobe Gujba Yobe Gulani

NG16 – High plateau Irish potatoes, maize, acha (Digitaria) and livestock STATE LGA Bauchi Bogoro Bauchi Dass (part) Bauchi Tafawa-B. (part) Bauchi Toro (part) Plateau Barkin Ladi Plateau Bassa Plateau Bokkos Plateau Jos East Plateau Jos North Plateau Jos South Plateau Mangu

NG17 – Lower plateau rice, sorghum and cattle STATE LGA Plateau Langtang North Plateau Langtang South Plateau Mikang Plateau Pankshin Plateau Qua'anpa

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 91 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG17 – Lower plateau rice, sorghum and cattle Plateau Riyom Plateau Shendam Plateau Wase

NG18 – Ginger and turmeric with maize, sorghum, yams and acha (Digitaria) STATE LGA Kaduna Jaba Kaduna Jema'a Kaduna Kachia Kaduna Kagarko

NG19 – Benue river sugar cane, rice and sugar estate labor STATE LGA Adamawa Numan - riverine Taraba Lau – riverine

NG20 – Central yams and maize belt, with cassava, rice and soybeans STATE LGA Adamawa Demsa Adamawa Mayo-Bel Adamawa Numan Benue Guma Benue Katsina (Benue) Benue Logo Benue Ukum Federal Capital Abaji Territory Federal Capital AbujaMun Territory Federal Capital Bwari Territory Federal Capital Gwagwala Territory Federal Capital Kuje Territory Federal Capital Kwali Territory Kaduna Kaura Kaduna ZangonKa Kogi Kotonkar Kwara Baruten Kwara Kaiama Nassarawa Akwanga Nassarawa Awe Nassarawa Doma

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 92 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG20 – Central yams and maize belt, with cassava, rice and soybeans Nassarawa Karu Nassarawa Keana Nassarawa Keffi Nassarawa Kokona Nassarawa Lafia Nassarawa Nasarawa Nassarawa Nassarawa Egon Nassarawa Obi Nassarawa Toto Nassarawa Wamba Niger Agaie Niger Bosso Niger Chanchaga Niger Gbako Niger Gurara Niger Katcha Niger Lapai Niger Muya Niger Paikoro Niger Shiroro Niger Suleja Niger Tafa Taraba Ardo-Kola Taraba Bali Taraba Donga Taraba Gassol Taraba Ibi Taraba Jalingo Taraba Lau Taraba Wukari Taraba Yorro Taraba Zing Ekiti Moba Ogun Imeko-Afon Osun Boluwaduro Osun Boripe Osun Egbedore Osun Ejigbo Osun Ifedayo Osun Ifelodun Osun Ila Osun Odo0tin

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 93 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG20 – Central yams and maize belt, with cassava, rice and soybeans Osun Olorunda Osun Orolu Oyo Atiba Oyo Atisbo Oyo Irepo Oyo Iseyin Oyo Itesiwaju Oyo Iwajowa Oyo Kajola Oyo Ogbomosho North Oyo Ogbomosho South Oyo Ogo-Oluw Oyo Olorunsogo Oyo Orelope Oyo Ori-Ire Oyo Oyo East Oyo Saki East Oyo Saki West Oyo Surulere

NG21 – Niger and Benue rivers floodplain rice with maize, vegetables and livestock STATE LGA Adamawa Numan (part – sugar estate) Benue Makurdi (wider flood plain) Kogi Ibaji (part – wider flood plain) Kogi Idah (part – wider flood plain) Niger Lavun (wider flood plain) Taraba Lau (part – sugar estate)

NG22 – Cassava dominant with rice, maize, yams and tree-crops STATE LGA Benue Ado Benue Agatu Benue Apa Benue Gwer East Benue GwerWest Benue Obi Benue Ogbadibo Benue Ohimini Benue Oju Benue Okpokwu Benue Oturkpo

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 94 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG22 – Cassava dominant with rice, maize, yams and tree-crops Kogi Adavi Kogi Ajaokuta Kogi Bassa Kogi Igalamela-Odolu Kogi Ijumu Kogi Kabba/Bu Kogi Lokoja Kogi Mopa-Muro Kogi Ogori/Magongo Kogi Okehi Kogi Okene Kogi Omala Kogi Yagba East Kogi Yagba West Kwara Asa Kwara Edu Kwara Ekiti Kwara Ifelodun Kwara Ilorin East Kwara Ilorin South Kwara IlorinWe Kwara Irepodun Kwara Isin Kwara Moro Kwara Offa Kwara Oke-Ero Kwara Oyun Kwara Pategi Edo EsanNort Edo EsanSout Edo EsanWest Edo Etsako Central Edo EtsakoEa Edo EtsakoWe Edo Igueben Edo Ikpoba-Okha Edo Oredo Edo Edo Orhionmw Edo Akoko-Ed Edo Egor Edo EsanCent Edo OviaNort

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 95 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG22 – Cassava dominant with rice, maize, yams and tree-crops Edo OviaSouth-West Edo Owan East Edo OwanWest Edo Uhunmwonde Ekiti Ado-Ekiti Ekiti Efon Ekiti EkitiEas Ekiti Emure/Ise/Orun Ekiti Gboyin Ekiti Ijero Ekiti Ikole Ekiti Ilejemeje Ekiti Irepodun/Ifelodun Ekiti Oye Ogun AdoOdo/Ota Ogun EgbadoSouth Ogun Ijebu North-East Ogun IjebuEast Ogun IjebuNorth Ogun IjebuOde Ogun Ipokia Ogun Obafemi-Owode Ogun Odeda Ogun Odogbolu Ogun Remo-North Ogun Shagamu Ondo Akoko North-East Ondo Akoko South-East Ondo Akoko South-West Ondo AkokoNorthWest Ondo Idanre Ondo Irele Ondo Odigbo Ondo Okitipupa Ondo Ondo West Osun Atakumosa East Osun Atakumosa West Osun Ayedaade Osun Ayedire Osun Ede North Osun Ede South Osun Iwo Osun Ola-Oluwa

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 96 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG22 – Cassava dominant with rice, maize, yams and tree-crops Oyo Afijio Oyo Ibarapa East Oyo Ibarapa North Oyo Ido Oyo Lagelu Oyo Ona-Ara

NG23 – Citrus fruits with yams, cassava and groundnuts STATE LGA Benue Buruku Benue Gboko Benue Konshish Benue Kwande Benue Tarka Benue Ushongo Benue Vandeiky Taraba Takum Taraba Ussa

NG24 – Cocoa dominant with oil palms, cereals and tubers STATE LGA Adamawa Teungo Taraba Gashaka Taraba Kurmi

NG25 – Mambila highland: cattle, maize, Irish potatoes, tea, coffee and kola nuts STATE LGA Taraba Sardauna

NG26 – Cross River cocoa with oil palms, rice, yams and plantain STATE LGA Cross River Boki Cross River Etung Cross River Ikom

NG27 – Southeast rice dominant with cassava, yams and oil palms STATE LGA Abia Bende Ebonyi Abakalik Ebonyi Afikpo Ebonyi AfikpoSo Ebonyi Ebonyi Ebonyi Ezza North

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 97 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG27 – Southeast rice dominant with cassava, yams and oil palms Ebonyi Ezza South Ebonyi Ikwo Ebonyi Ishielu Ebonyi Ivo Ebonyi Izzi Ebonyi Ohaozara Ebonyi Ohaukwu Ebonyi Onicha Anambra Ayamelum Cross River Abi Cross River Akamkpa Cross River Bekwarra Cross River Obanliku Cross River Obubra Cross River Obudu Cross River Ogoja Cross River Yakurr Cross River Yala Cross Enugu Aninri Enugu Awgu Enugu Enugu East Enugu Igbo-eze North Enugu Igbo-eze South Enugu Isi-Uzo Enugu Nkanu East Enugu Nkanu West Enugu Uzo-Uwani

NG28 – Southwest cocoa with oil palms, tubers and cereals STATE LGA Ekiti EkitiSouth-West Ekiti EkitiWest Ekiti Ido/Osi Ekiti Ikere Ekiti Ise/Orun Ondo Akure North Ondo Akure South Ondo Ifedore Ondo IleOluji/Okeigbo Ondo Ondo East Ondo Ose Ondo Owo Osun Ife East Osun Ife North

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 98 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG28 – Southwest cocoa with oil palms, tubers and cereals Osun Ife South Osun IfeCentral Osun Ilesha East Osun Ilesha West Osun Irepodun Osun Irewole Osun Isokan Osun Obokun Osun Oriade Oyo Oluyole

NG29 – Southwest rice, cassava and cattle with cross-border trade STATE LGA Ogun AbeokutaNorth Ogun EgbadoNorth Ogun Ewekoro Ogun Ifo

NG30 – Cashews with tubers, maize and oil palms STATE LGA Abia Isuikwua Abia Umu-Nneochi Enugu Ezeagu Enugu Igbo-Eti Enugu Nsukka Enugu Oji-River Enugu Udenu Enugu Udi Imo Okigwe Kogi Ankpa Kogi Dekina Kogi Ofu Kogi Olamabor

NG31 – Lagos peri-urban – fishing, poultry, piggeries, market gardening and coconuts STATE LGA Lagos Badagary Lagos Epe Lagos Ibeju/Lekki Lagos Ikorodu

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 99 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG32 – Coastal belt: maritime and inland fishing, cassava, plantain, oil palms and rubber STATE LGA Anambra Anambra East Anambra Anambra West Anambra Onitsha North Anambra Anambra East Anambra Anambra West Cross River Biase Bayelsa Brass Bayelsa Ekeremor Bayelsa Kolokuma/Opokuma Bayelsa Nembe Bayelsa Ogbia Bayelsa Sagbama Bayelsa Southern Ijaw Bayelsa Yenegoa Cross River Akpabuyo Cross River Bakassi Cross River Calabar South Delta Bomadi Delta Warri North Lagos Ojo Ondo Ese-Odo Ondo IlajeEseodo Rivers Akukutor Rivers Andoni/O Rivers Asari-To Rivers Bonny Rivers Degema Rivers Gokana Rivers Ogu/Bolo Rivers Okrika Rivers Opobo/Nkoro

NG33 – Southeast cassava and oil palms with extensive off-farm work and trade STATE LGA Abia Ikwuano Abia Isiala Ngwa North Abia Isiala Ngwa South Abia Oboma Ngwa Abia Ohafia Abia Abia Ugwunagbo Abia Ukwa East Abia Ukwa West

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 100 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG33 – Southeast cassava and oil palms with extensive off-farm work and trade Abia Umuahia South Anambra Aguata Anambra Anaocha Anambra AwkaNort Anambra AwkaSout Anambra Ekwusigo Anambra Idemili North Anambra Idemili South Anambra Ihiala Anambra Njikoka Anambra NnewiNort Anambra NnewiSou Anambra Ogbaru Anambra OrumbaNo Anambra OrumbaSo Anambra Onitsha South Anambra Oyi Cross River Odukpani Delta IsokoNor Delta IsokoSou Delta Ndokwa East Delta Oshimili North Delta Oshimili South Delta Patani Delta Ughelli North Imo Oguta Imo Ohaji/Eg Delta AniochaN Delta AniochaS Delta Burutu Delta Ethiope West Delta EthiopeE Delta IkaNorth Delta IkaSouth Delta Okpe Delta Ndokwa West Delta Sapele Delta Ughelli South Delta Ukwuani Delta Warri South Delta Warri South-West Imo Aboh-Mba Imo Ahizu-Mb

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 101 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG33 – Southeast cassava and oil palms with extensive off-farm work and trade Imo Ehime-Mb Imo Ezinihit Imo Ideato South Imo IdeatoNo Imo Ihitte/U Imo Ikeduru Imo IsialaMb Imo Isu Imo Mbaitoli Imo Ngor-Okp Imo Njaba Imo Nkwerre Imo Nwangele Imo Obowo Imo Oguta Imo Ohaji/Eg Imo Orlu Imo Orsu Imo Oru East Imo Oru West Imo Owerri North Imo Owerri West Imo Unuimo Rivers Oyigbo Rivers Tai Rivers Abua/Odu Rivers Ahoada East Rivers Ahoada West Rivers Eleme Rivers Emuoha Rivers Etche Rivers Ikwerre Rivers Khana Rivers Obio/Akp Rivers Ogba/Egbe Rivers Omumma

NG34 – Northeast cattle, small ruminants and food crops with cross-border livestock trade STATE LGA Borno Ngala Borno Gwoza Borno Bama Borno Kala/Balge

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 102 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

NG34 – Northeast cattle, small ruminants and food crops with cross-border livestock trade Adamawa Madagali Adamawa Michika Adamawa Mubi North Adamawa Mubi South Adamawa Maiha Adamawa Fufore

NG35 – Niger and Benue rivers fishing and foodcrops STATE LGA Various All along the banks of the Niger and Benue rivers

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 103 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Annex 4: Seasonal and Consumption Calendars

Figure 7. Seasonal Calendar (NG01 – Sokoto millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and livestock) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Millet h h p p p p s s w w w w w w h h Rice (irrigated) p p p p s s s s w w w w h h Sorghum h h p p p p s s s s w w w w w w Sweet potatoes w w h h p p p p s s s s w w w w Cowpeas h h p p p p p p w w w w h h Groundnut w w h h p p p p p p s s s s w w w w Vegetables h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h Livestock Peak births b b b b b b b b Peak milk availability m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock migration 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other Paid agricultural labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade, firewood sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fishing, brick making 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food crop sales, border trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Main Hazards Flooding 2 2 2 2 Insufficient rainfall 1 1 1 1 Crop pests 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cattle raiding 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 104 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 8. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG01 – Sokoto millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and livestock) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Millet op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Sorghum mp mp op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Sweet potatoes mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Rice mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp Income Paid labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Firewood sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brick making 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Expenditures Staple foods peak 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 105 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 9. Seasonal Calendar (NG02 – Kano-Katsina Sahel: millet, sorghum, sesame and gum arabic) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l l Cropping Millet h p p p p p s w w w h h h Sorghum h p p p p p s w w w h h h Cowpeas h p p p p p s w w w h h h Sesame h p p p p p s w w w h h h Groundnuts h p p p p p s w w w h h h Sweet potatoes w w h h h p p p s s s s s w w Tiger nuts w h h h h h p p p s w w w w w w Hibiscus h h h p p p p s s w w w w h h Gum arabic w w w w h h h p s s s w w w Livestock Peak births & milk availability 1 1 1 1 Peak livestock sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 Livestock migration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Agricultural labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Flooding 1 1 Conflict 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crop pests 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 106 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 10. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG02 – Kano-Katsina Sahel: millet, sorghum, sesame and gum arabic) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Millet op op op op op op mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk ik ik ik ik ik op Sorghum op op op op op op mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk ik ik ik ik ik op Peak Income Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agricultural labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures High staple food expenses 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 107 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 11. Seasonal calendar (NG03 – Kano-Katsina Sudan: maize, sorghum, groundnuts and rice) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Rice h h p p p s s w w w w w h Maize h p p s s w w w w h h Sorghum h h h h h p p s s w w w w w Cowpeas w h h h p s p s w w Groundnuts h h h h Soya beans h h h p p s s w w Sugar cane h h h h h h h h h h p p s s w w w w h h h h h h Livestock Peak births & milk availability 1 1 1 1 Peak livestock sales 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 Livestock migration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Agricultural labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Surface mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Cattle raiding 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Farmer/herdsmen conflicts 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crop disease and pests 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flooding 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 108 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 12. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG03 – Kano-Katsina Sudan: maize, sorghum, groundnuts and rice) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Sorghum op op op op op op op op op op mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk Maize op op op op op op op op op op mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk Peak Income Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Farm labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock sales 2 2 2 2 Cash crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food processing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Staple foods 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 109 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 13. Seasonal Calendar (NG04 – Northeast Sahel: millet, sesame, cowpeas and livestock) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Millet p p s s s s s w w w h h Sesame p p s s s s s w w w h h Cowpea (early) p p s s w w h h Livestock Peak births b b b b Peak milk availability m m m m m m mm Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock migration 1 1 1 1 Other Dune palm fruit, honey 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales, petty trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other wild foods 1 1 1 1 Main Hazards Insufficient rainfall 2 2 2 2 2 Flooding 1 1 Pest/diseases 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 110 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 14. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG04 – Northeast Sahel: millet, sesame, cowpeas and livestock) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Millet op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm mk mk mk mk mk mk opop Cowpea op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp opop Income Cash crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food crop sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak firewood sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak paid labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak surface mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Staple foods peak 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own prod mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 111 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 15. Seasonal Calendar (NG05 – Borno-Yobe-Bauchi millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and sesame) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Millet p p p p s s w w w h h h Cowpeas w w h h h h p p s s w w Groundnuts h h p p p s s w w w w h Rice (rainfed) h h h h p p p s s w w w w h Rice (irrigated) p p p p s s w w w w h h h h Sesame h h p p p s s w w w w w Vegetables h h h h h h h h h h Livestock Peak births b b b b b b Peak milk availability m m m m m m m m Peak cattle sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak goat and sheep sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock migration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Brick making 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales, petty trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Groundnut oil extraction 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tourism 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Insufficient rainfall 1 1 1 1 Localized flooding 2 2 2 2 Pests/diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 112 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 16. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG05 – Borno-Yobe-Bauchi millet, cowpeas, groundnuts and sesame) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Millet op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Rice mp op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Income Peak paid labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brick making 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Expenditures Staple foods 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 113 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 17. Seasonal Calendar (NG06 – Sokot-Rima-Kano riverine rice and fishing and NG07 – Komadugu-Yobe irrigated peppers with rice, millet and vegetables) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Rice (rainfed) h h h h p p p p s s s s w w Rice (irrigated) p p s s s s w w h h h h h h Millet h h p p p p s s w w h h Sorghum h h h h h h p p p p s s w w Maize (rainfed) h h h h h h p p p p s s w w Maize (irrigated) p p s s w w h h h h Cowpeas h h h h h h p p p p s s w w Groundnuts (rainfed) h h h h p p p p s s w w Groundnuts (irrigated) p p s s w w h h h h Cassava h h p p s s w w Vegetables h h h h h h h h h h h h h h Sweet potatoes p p s s w w h h Red peppers (irrigated) p s s s w w h h h h p p Livestock Peak births b b b b b b b b b b Peak milk availability m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock migration 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other Peak fishing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Firewood sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brick making 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cross-border trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade & poultry sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food crop sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Insufficient rainfall 1 1 1 1 Flooding 2 2 2 2 Pests and diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 114 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 18. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG06 – Sokot-Rima-Kano riverine rice and fishing and NG07 – Komadugu-Yobe irrigated peppers with rice, millet and vegetables) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Millet op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Sorghum mp mp op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Maize op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Rice op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Peak income Paid labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trade & firewood sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Poultry sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food crop sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Red pepper sales (fresh/dried) 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak staple food expenses 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 115 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 19. Seasonal Calendar (NG08 – Lake Chad fishing, maize, cowpeas and vegetables and NG09 – Chad Basin: dry season masakwa sorghum and wheat) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Wheat (irrigated) p p p s s s w w w w h h Masakwa (flood recession) sorghum s s s s w w w w h h h h p p p p Maize (irrigated) s s s s w w h h p p Rice (irrigated) p p s s s s w w h h h h p p Sorghum (rainfed) w w h h h h p p p p s s w w w w Cowpeas h h h h h h p p s s s s s w w w Millet h h h h h h p p p p w w w w h h Sesame w w h h h h h h p p s s s s w w Livestock Peak births & milk availability m m m m m m m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock migration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Fishing peak 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Paid labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food processing 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty and cross-border trading 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Gum arabic 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Main Hazards Drought/desertification 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Insufficient rainfall 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crop diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 Insurgency 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest Crops Legend

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 116 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 20. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG08 – Lake Chad fishing, maize, cowpeas and vegetables and NG09 – Chad Basin: dry season masakwa sorghum and wheat) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Millet op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Sorghum op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Maize op op op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Cowpea mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm Rice pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm Income Agricultural labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crop sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 Small ruminant sales 1 1 1 1 Expenditures High staple food expenses 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 117 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 21. Seasonal Calendar (NG10 – Hadeija-Nguru wetlands: mixed cereals and vegetables) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Rice (irrig. - Hadeija Valley Project) h h p s w w Rice (irrigated) p p s s w w h h Vegetables h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h Cassava p s p s w w w w h h h h Sesame p s s s w w h h Cowpeas h h h p s h h h h p p s s Wheat p s w w h h Maize s s w w h h p s w w h h p s w w h h p Millet h p s s w w w h h Livestock Peak births b b b b b b Peak milk availability m m m m m m Peak cattle sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak goat and sheep sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock migration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Livelihood Activities Fishing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Potash extraction 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Mat making 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wild foods collection 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Firewood collection 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Main Hazards Resource use conflicts 2 2 2 2 2 Reduced irrigation water 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flooding 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 118 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 22. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG10 – Hadeija-Nguru wetlands: mixed cereals and vegetables) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op Millet op op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Cowpeas op op op op op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Wild foods c c c c c c c c c c c c c c Income Food crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Paid labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wild product sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Firewood sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food processing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Staple foods 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 119 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 23. Seasonal Calendar (NG11 – Northwest sorghum, maize, soybeans and rice and NG12 – Northwest sorghum, maize and cotton with cross-border trade) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Rice (rainfed) p p s s w w w w h h Rice (irrigated) p p s s w w w w h h Sorghum h h p s w w w w Maize p s w w h h Soybeans h h p s w w w w h h Cowpeas h h p s w w w w Cotton h h h h h h p s w w w w Livestock Peak births & milk availability m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock migration 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other Hunting, surface mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Wild foods 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood, timber sales, fishing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food processing 1 1 1 1 Honey production 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Insufficient rainfall 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flooding 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crop prests 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cattle raiding 2 2 2 2 Insurgency 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 120 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 24. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG11 – Northwest sorghum, maize, soybeans and rice and NG12 – Northwest sorghum, maize and cotton with cross-border trade) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Sorghum mp mp op op op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Maize op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm mp mp pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp op op Millet op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op Rice op op op op op op pm pm mp mp mp mp op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm Income Firewood and fish sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Honey production 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wild food sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Surface mining 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hunting 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Staple foods peak 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 121 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 25. Seasonal Calendar (NG13 – Northwest and central maize, rice, cowpeas and sweet potatoes and NG14 – Central sorghum dominant with maize, groundnuts and cowpeas) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Maize (rainfed) h h h h p p p s s s w w w Maize (irrigated - cobs for roasting) s w Sorghum h h h h h h p p p p s s w w w w w w Cowpea w w h h h h p p p p p p p s s w w w Sweet potatoes h h h h p p p p s s w w w w w w Yams h h h h h p h p h p p s s s s s w w w w w w h h Groundnut h h h h h h p p p s s s w w w w h h Soybean h h h h h h p p p p s s w w w w w w Millet h h h h h h p p p s s s w w w w h h Livestock Peak births & milk availability m m m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock migration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Agricultural labor (wet and dry) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brick making 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Transportation services 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Main Hazards Cattle raiding 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Insufficient rainfall 1 1 1 Flooding 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 122 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 26. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG13 – Northwest and central maize, rice, cowpeas and sweet potatoes and NG14 – Central sorghum dominant with maize, groundnuts and cowpeas) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Maize pk pk pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Sorghum op op op op pk pk pk pk mk mk mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Rice op op pk pk pk pk pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Cowpea op op pk pk pk pk pk pk pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Yam op pk pk pk pk pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Income Food crop sales 1 1 1 1 Cash crop sales 2 2 Firewood & charcoal sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food processing 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Staple foods 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 123 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 27. Seasonal Calendar (NG15 – Northeast maize dominant with rice, soybeans and groundnuts) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l l Cropping Maize h h p p p p s s s w w h Soybean h h h p p p p s s s w w w Rice (rainfed) h h h p p p p s s w w w w Cowpeas h h h p p s s s w w w Groundnuts h h h p p p p s s s w w w Sorghum h h h p p s s w w w w w w Livestock Peak births b b b b b b Peak milk availability m m m m m m m m m m m m Peak cattle sales 1 1 1 1 1 Peak goat and sheep sales 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock migration 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Livelihood Activities Paid labor; petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brick making 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Larger trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Insufficient rainfall 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pests/diseases (fall army worm) 2 2 2 2 Flooding 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 124 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 28. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG15 – Northeast maize dominant with rice, soybeans and groundnuts) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Maize op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mpop Rice mp mp op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mpmp Sorghum mp mp op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mpmp Cowpea mp mp mp op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mpmp Income Paid labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Brick making; petty trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Firewood sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Expenditures Staple foods 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak health costs 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 125 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 29. Seasonal Calendar (NG16 – High plateau Irish potatoes, maize, acha (Digitaria) and livestock and NG17 – Lower plateau rice, sorghum and cattle) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l Cropping Irish potato (wet and dry) p p s w w h p p p s w w h h p p Acha h h p s p s w w Maize (rainfed) h h h h p s s s h h h Maize irrigated) s s s w w w h h h Rice (rainfed) h h h h p s s w w w Rice (irrigated) p p s s w w w h h h h h Sorghum h h h p p s s s w w w w w Yam h h h h h s s s w w h h h h p h Benniseed h h h h p s w w Cassava w w p s s s s s s s w w Groundnut p s p s w h w h h h Livestock Peak births & milk availability m m m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 Livestock disease 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock migration 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other Agricultural labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Firewood sales, trade, brickmaking 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fishing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Wild food collection 1 1 1 1 Surface mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 126 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 30. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG16 – High plateau Irish potatoes, maize, acha (Digitaria) and livestock and NG17 – Lower plateau rice, sorghum and cattle) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Maize op op op op op op op mp op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op mp op op op op Rice mp mp op op op op op op op op op op op mp op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Sorghum mp mp op op op op op op op op op op op mp op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Yam op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op mp op mp op op Irish potatoes mp mp mp mp mp mp op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op mp mp Peak Income Food crop sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Agricultural labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cattle sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Casual labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 Trade, food processing, brickmaking 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures High staple food expenses 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 127 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 31. Seasonal Calendar (NG18 – Ginger and turmeric with maize, sorghum, yams and acha (Digitaria) and NG20 – Central yams and maize belt, with cassava, rice and soybeans) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l l Cropping Yam (early) p p s s w w w w h h h h Yam (late) h h h h p p s s p s w w w w w w h h Maize (rainfed) h h p p s s w w w h Maize (irrigated) p p s s w w w h h h Cassava w w h h p s s s w w w w Sesame h h h h p p p s w w w w Soybean h h h h h h p p s s w w w w w w Ginger h h h h h h h h p p s s s w w w w w w Livestock Peak births m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Agricultural labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food processing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cross border trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 128 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 32. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG18 – Ginger and turmeric with maize, sorghum, yams and acha (Digitaria) and NG20 – Central yams and maize belt, with cassava, rice and soybeans) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Maize op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op Yam op op op op op op pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp pm pm pm pm pm pm Sorghum mp mp op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Cassava pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm op op op op op op Acha op op op op pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Peak Income Food crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agricultural labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 Honey sales 2 2 2 2 Brick making 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Expenditures Staple foods 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 129 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 33. Seasonal Calendar (NG19 – Benue river sugar cane, rice and sugar estate labor, NG21 – Niger and Benue rivers floodplain rice with maize, vegetables and livestock, and NG35 – Niger and Benue rivers fishing and food crops) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l Cropping Rice (irrigated) p p p p s s s s s s w w w w h h h h Rice (rainfed) h h h h p p p p p p s s w w w w Maize h h p p p p s s s s w w w w Sorghum w w h h p p p p p p s s s s w w w w w w Cassava w w h h h p h p s s s s w w w w Sugar cane w w h h p p p p s s s s w w w w w w w w Sesame w w h h p p p p s s s s s s w w w w Livestock Peak births & milk availability m m m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 2 2 2 2 Other Agricultural labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brick making 2 2 2 2 Cross-border trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood collection 2 2 2 2 Fishing peak 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Surface mining 2 2 2 2 2 2 Wild food & game 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hazards Flooding 2 2 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 130 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 34. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG19 – Benue river sugar cane, rice and sugar estate labor, NG21 – Niger and Benue rivers floodplain rice with maize, vegetables and livestock, and NG35 – Niger and Benue rivers fishing and food crops) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice mp mp op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp Maize mp mp op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp Sorghum mp mp op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp Cassava op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp pk pk pk pk op op op op op op Income Labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food crop sales 1 1 1 1 Petty trading 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Fish sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food processing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Peak food expenses 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 131 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 35. Seasonal Calendar (NG23 – Citrus fruits with yams, cassava and groundnuts, NG24 – Cocoa dominant with oil palms, cereals and tubers, and NG30 – Cashews with tubers, maize and oil palms) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l Cropping Cassava h h h h h h h h s s s s s w w w w w Maize (early) h h p p p s s s w w w h h Maize (late) w h h h p s s s w w Rice (rainfed) p p p s s w w w h h h h Rice (irrigated) p p s s s w w w h h p p s s w w w h h Yams p s s s s h h h h h h p p s s w w h h h p p Sorghum p s s s s h h h h h h p p p s w w h h h p p Sweet potatoes w w h h h h h p p s w w h h p s Oil palm h h h h h h h h p p s s w w Cowpea w h h h p p p s s s w w Cashew h h h h s s Cocoa (harvest after 4 yrs) w w h h p p s s w w w w w w w w Mango h h h h h h p p p s s s w w Soybeans h h h h p p p s s s w w w w w w Citrus h h h h h h p p p s s s s w w w w Groundnuts (early) p p p s s w w h h h Groundnuts (late) w h h p s s w Sesame h h h h h h p p p s s s s w w w Livestock Peak births & milk availability m m m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock disease 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other Agricultural labor peak 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood and charcoal peak sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trading, transport 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brick making, oil palm extraction 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cross-border trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Main Hazards Flooding 2 2 2 2 2 2 Wildfire 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 132 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 36. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG23 – Citrus fruits with yams, cassava and groundnuts, NG24 – Cocoa dominant with oil palms, cereals and tubers, and NG30 – Cashews with tubers, maize and oil palms) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice mp mp op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp Maize mp mp op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp Sorghum mp mp op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp Cassava op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp pk pk pk pk op op op op op op Income Labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food crop sales 1 1 1 1 Petty trading 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Fish sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food processing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Peak food expenses 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 133 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 37. Seasonal Calendar (NG22 – Cassava dominant with rice, maize, yams and tree-crops, NG26 – Cross River cocoa with oil palms, rice, yams and plantain, NG27 – Southeast rice dominant with cassava, yams and oil palms, and NG28 – Southwest cocoa with oil palms, tubers and cereals) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l Cropping Rice (rainfed) h h p p p s s w w w h h Cassava w w h h h h p p s s w w h h h p s s Maize h h h h h h p p s s p s s s w w Sweet Potato h h p p s s w w Yams h h p p s s w w Groundnuts p p s s h h Cocoa (harvest after 4 yrs) w w h h p p s s w w w w w w w w Oil Palm/Cashew (harvest after 4/5 yrs) h h c c c c w w Livestock Peak births 1 1 1 1 Peak sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other Hunting, brick making, palm wine 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Firewood, transport, cassava, trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Honey, palm oil, fishing, timber 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Farmer/herder conflict 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Insufficient rainfall 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crop pests/diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Flooding 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cocoa price instability 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Communal land conflict 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple prices 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep c c Transplant s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Livelihood Zone 22 in this table refers to the areas that fall within the Savanna agro-ecology.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 134 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 38. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG22 – Cassava dominant with rice, maize, yams and tree-crops, NG26 – Cross River cocoa with oil palms, rice, yams and plantain, NG27 – Southeast rice dominant with cassava, yams and oil palms, and NG28 – Southwest cocoa with oil palms, tubers and cereals) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Cassava pk pk pk pk pk pk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk mk pk pk pk pk pk pk pk pk Maize mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp pm pm op op op op op op op op Yam op op pk pk pk pk purchase and in-kind payment pk pk pk pk op op Rice pk pk pk pk purchase and in-kind payment pk pk Cocoyam/Sweet Potato mp mp mp mp pk pk pk pk pk pk pk pk pk pk mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mpmp Income Peak agricultural labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trading 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak firewood sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak crop sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak cash crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak food processing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Peak staple food expenses 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legend p p Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 135 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 39. Seasonal Calendar (NG22 – Cassava dominant with rice, maize, yams and tree-crops and NG33 – Southeast cassava and oil palms with extensive off-farm work and trade) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Cassava s s h h h h p p p p s s s s s s w w w w s s Maize h h h h p p p p s s s s h h h h w w Rice (rainfed) h h h h p p p p s s s s w w h h Rice (irrigated) s s w s w w w w h h p p s s w w w h h p p Yams h h h h p p s s s s s s w w w w w w Plaintain w w w w w h h h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w w w Pineapple h h h h h h p p s s s s w w w w w w w w Cocoyam h h h h p p s s s s s s w w w w w w Oil Palm, Cocoa, Cashew w w h h h h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w w w w w Rubber h h h h h h h h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w w w Kola Nut w w h h h h h h h h p p p p s s s s w w w w w w Livestock Peak births/milk availability b b b b b b b b b b Peak sales m m m m m m Livestock diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock migration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other (peak times) Petty trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brick laying 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Handicrafts 1 1 1 1 Blacksmith, soap making 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Transportation 1 1 1 1 Tailoring 2 2 2 2 Leatherwork 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hair dressing 2 2 2 2 2 2 Catering services 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Main Hazards Flooding 2 2 2 2 2 2 Herdsmen attacks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crop pests/disease 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock pests/disease 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 136 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 40. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG22 – Cassava dominant with rice, maize, yams and tree-crops and NG33 – Southeast cassava and oil palms with extensive off-farm work and trade) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Cassava op op op op op op op op op op op op pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp pm pm op op Maize op op pm pm op op op op pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op Rice pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp pm pm Yam pm pm op op op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Plaintain pm pm op op op op op op op op op op pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Income (peak times) Crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trading 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Paid labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Transportation 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Brick laying 1 1 1 1 1 1 Carpentry 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Staple foods 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 137 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 41. Seasonal Calendar (NG25 – Mambila highland: cattle, maize, Irish potatoes, tea, coffee and kola nuts) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Maize h h h h p p p s s s s w w w w Irish potatoes p p s s s s w w w h h h h h h h Beans p p p s s s w w h h h h h Sweet potatoes h h h h p p p s s w w w Tea h h h h p p p p p s p s s s s s s s h h h h h h Coffee h h h h h h s s s s s w w w w w Kolanut h h h h h s s s s w w w w w w Livestock Peak births & milk availability 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 2 2 2 Other Agricultural labor peak 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood & timber sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty & cross border trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tourism 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding Green Harvest h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 138 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 42. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG25 – Mambila highland: cattle, maize, Irish potatoes, tea, coffee and kola nuts) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Maize op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp pm op Irish potatoes pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op pm pm Beans pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op pm pm Rice mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Peak Income Agricultural labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Petty trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food crop sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Brick making 1 1 1 1 Expenditures Peak staple prices 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 139 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 43. Seasonal Calendar (NG29 – Southwest rice, cassava and cattle with cross-border trade) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Rice h h p p s s s transplant w w h h Cassava w w w w h h h h p p p s s s s w Yam h p p s s s s s s s w w w w w w h h h h Maize h h p p p p s s s w w w h h Cashew h h h p s s s w s w Groundnut p s p s w w w h h h Mango w w p h p h s h s w s w w w Shea-nut tree (shea butter) h h h h h h h h p p p s s s s w s w w w Livestock Peak cattle births/milk production m m m m m m m m m m Peak goat/sheep births b b b b Livestock diseases 3 3 3 3 3 3 Livestock migration 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Other Paid agricultural labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Food crop & product sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chicken and goat sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Main Hazards Peak herdsmen attacks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crop pests/diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Flooding 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wildfire 2 2 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices l l l l l l l l l Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep c c Fire tracing s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 140 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 44. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG29 – Southwest rice, cassava and cattle with cross-border trade) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp op Yam op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Maize op op op op pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Cassava pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op op op op op pm pm pm pm Vegetables mk mk mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mk mk op op op op op op op op mk mk Wild foods c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c Income Paid labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food crop sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cashew nut harvest labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak charcoal sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 Shea nut harvest labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak hunting 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Peak firewood sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Expenditures Staple foods 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Education/school fees 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Holidays/celebrations 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Festivals (e.g. masquerade) 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 141 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 45. Seasonal Calendar (NG31 – Lagos peri-urban – fishing, poultry, piggeries, market gardening and coconuts and NG32 – Coastal belt: maritime and inland fishing, cassava, plantain, oil palms and rubber) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l l l l l Cropping Rice h h p p s s s transplant w w h h Vegetable h h h h p p p p s s s s h h h h p p s s Cassava p p s s w w p p p p s w s s s s h h h h h h p p Maize w w h h h h p p p s s s w w h h h p p s s s Yam p p s s s s p p p p Fishing Inland fishing Coastal fishing peak 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Aquaculture (fish farming) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock Peak poultry production b b b b b b b b Peak pig production 3 3 3 3 3 3 Peak livestock births b b b b b b b b b b Livestock diseases 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Other Artisanal activities 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Fish smoking 1 1 1 1 Palm wine production 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Hunting 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sand dredging labor 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Flooding 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crop pests/diseases (rice) 2 2 Oil/Industrial waste pollution 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stress & High Expenditures High staple prices 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Human diseases 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 142 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 46. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG31 – Lagos peri-urban – fishing, poultry, piggeries, market gardening and coconuts and NG32 – Coastal belt: maritime and inland fishing, cassava, plantain, oil palms and rubber) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Rice op op pk pk pk pk mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op Cassava mp mp op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp op op op op mp mp mp mp Maize mp mp mp mp op op pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp op op pm pm pm pm Fish mp mp mp mp pk pk pm pm mp mp mp mp pk pk pk pm pm pm pk pk pm pm mp mp Yam/Plantain mp mp mp mp mp mp pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm mp mp pk pk pk pk mp mp

Income Peak crop sales 1 1 1 1 Peak food product sales (cassava, fish) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Artisanal products 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Peak firewood, palm wine sales 2 2 2 2 Local agricultural labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Expenditures Peak staple food expenses 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Legend p p Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 143 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 47. Seasonal Calendar (NG34 – Northeast cattle, small ruminants and food crops with cross-border livestock trade) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Seasons Rainy season r r r r r r r r r r r r Dry season d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Lean season l l l l l l Cropping Millet h h p p p p s s s s w w w h Rice (rainfed) h h h h p p p s s s w w w w w w Maize h h p p s s s s w w w w h h Sorghum h h p p s s s s w w w w h h Yams h h h h p p s s p s w w w w w w h h Cowpea h h h h p p p p s s s w w w Groundnut h h h h p p p p s s s w w w w h Vegetables h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h Livestock Peak births b b b b b b b b b b Peak milk availability m m m m m m m m m m Peak livestock sales 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Livestock diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Livestock migration 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other Cross border trade 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Paid labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Food processing 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Main Hazards Insufficient rainfall 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crop pests 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Stress & High Expenditures High staple food prices 1 1 1 1 1 1 Human diseases 2 2 2 2 2 2 Crops Legend p p Land prep s s Sowing w w Weeding h h Harvest

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 144 NIGERIA Livelihood Zone Map and Descriptions September 2018

Figure 48. Consumption Calendar for Poor Households (NG34 – Northeast cattle, small ruminants and food crops with cross- border livestock trade) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Staple foods Millet pk pk pk pk op op op op op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm Sorghum pk pk pk pk op op op op op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm Rice mp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Maize mk mk mk mk op op op op op op op op pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pk pk Yam op op op op op op pm pm pm pm mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp pm pm pm pm pm pm Cowpea mp mp mp mp op op op op op op op op mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp mp Income Agricultural labor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Firewood sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Petty trade 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Crop sales 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Expenditures Staple foods 2 2 2 2 2 2 Education/school fees 1 1 1 1 1 1 Holidays/celebrations 2 2 Legend op op Own production mp mp Market purchase ik ik In-kind c c Gathering

Famine Early Warning Systems Network 145