Traduir La Terra Mitjana: La Traducció De Referents Culturals I Jocs De Paraules En El Senyor Del Anells

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Traduir La Terra Mitjana: La Traducció De Referents Culturals I Jocs De Paraules En El Senyor Del Anells Traduir la Terra Mitjana: La traducció de referents culturals i jocs de paraules en El senyor del anells Miquel Pujol Tubau Directora: Dra. Maria González Davies Programa de doctorat: “Metodologia i anàlisi de la traducció”, bienni 2003-2005 Curs acadèmic 2007-2008 Universitat de Vic Facultat de Ciències Humanes, Traducció i Documentació Departament de traducció Juny de 2008 ÍNDEX 1. AGRAÏMENTS ....................................................................................................................... i 2. INTRODUCCIÓ ..................................................................................................................... ii 3. LA LITERATURA FANTÀSTICA ....................................................................................... 1 3.1. Definició de fantasia ..................................................................................................... 3 3.1.1. Definicions excloents ............................................................................................... 6 3.1.2. Definició inclusiva de Hume .................................................................................. 10 3.2. Fantasia i realisme: Perspectives històriques .............................................................. 12 3.3.1. La societat i les literatures tradicionals .................................................................. 12 3.3.2. L’escepticisme i el creixement del realisme ........................................................... 14 3.3.3. Els límits del realisme ............................................................................................ 16 3.3.4. Horitzons més enllà del buit ................................................................................... 17 4. TOLKIEN I LA LITERATURA FANTÀSTICA: LINGÜISTA I CREADOR .................. 20 4.1. “On fairy-stories”: els pilars transparents que sostenen El senyor dels anells ........... 20 4.2. Una vida de llengües i creació .................................................................................... 27 4.2.1. Infantesa i joventut: plantació i reg de la llavor ..................................................... 27 4.2.2. Anys d’universitat: l’arbre es nodreix de llengües ................................................. 30 4.2.3. La creació d’una mitologia: l’arbre comença a brotar............................................ 32 4.2.4. Primers fruits: “In a hole on the ground there lived a hobbit” ............................... 33 4.2.5. L’arbre en la màxima expressió: El senyor dels anells .......................................... 38 4.2.6. El fruit madur i el retorn a la terra .......................................................................... 42 5. LA TRADUCCIÓ DE REFERENTS CULTURALS .......................................................... 46 5.1. Delimitació de la cultura ............................................................................................. 48 5.1.1. El mediador cultural i la definició de cultura ......................................................... 48 5.1.2. Enfocaments a l’estudi de la cultura ....................................................................... 50 5.1.3. Models de cultura ................................................................................................... 51 5.1.4. El marc ................................................................................................................... 52 5.1.5. Nivells lògics .......................................................................................................... 52 5.2. Canvi en els marcs: la traducció i la mediació ............................................................ 56 5.2.1. El procés de traducció i la cultura .......................................................................... 56 5.3. La selecció dels marcs: Orientacions de la comunicació ............................................ 58 5.3.1. Mites culturals ........................................................................................................ 58 5.3.2. L’iceberg cultural ................................................................................................... 58 5.4. Les tipologies de referents culturals ............................................................................ 59 5.5. Procediments de traducció de referents culturals ........................................................ 61 6. LA TRADUCCIÓ DE JOCS DE PARAULES .................................................................... 65 6.1. Definició i tipologia del joc de paraules ................................................................. 65 6.2. La significativitat comunicativa del joc de paraules .............................................. 67 6.3. La perspectiva textual ............................................................................................. 70 6.4. L’explotació dels trets lingüístics ........................................................................... 71 6.5. La traduïbilitat dels jocs de paraules i els seus graus ............................................. 73 6.6. Tècniques de traducció dels jocs de paraules ......................................................... 75 6.7. Restriccions a la traducció de jocs de paraules ...................................................... 80 7. CORPUS DE TRADUCCIÓ DE REFERENTS CULTURALS I JOCS DE PARAULES PRESENTS EN EL SENYOR DELS ANELLS ............................................................................... 83 7.1. Referents culturals analitzats ....................................................................................... 85 7.2. Jocs de paraules analitzats ......................................................................................... 107 8. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................ 144 9. ANNEX 1: GUIDE TO THE NAMES IN THE LORD OF THE RINGS .......................... 151 9.1. Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings .................................................................... 151 9.2. Names of Persons and Peoples .................................................................................. 152 9.3. Place-Names .............................................................................................................. 166 9.4. Things ........................................................................................................................ 181 10. BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................ 185 10.1. Webgrafia ....................................................................................................................... 191 11. ÍNDEX DE TERMES ANALITZATS ............................................................................... 192 1. AGRAÏMENTS ~ A la doctora Maria González Davies, per haver acceptat dirigir aquest treball d’investigació i pels seus savis consells i suport en tot moment. ~ A la doctora Xus Ugarte Ballester per haver accedit a tutoritzar aquest treball d’investigació. ~ Als meus pares Jaume i Consol, pel seu suport incondicional. ~ Al professorat i personal administratiu de la Facultat de Traducció i Documentació de la Universitat de Vic per l’ajuda en diferents qüestions i per donar-me totes les facilitats per poder desenvolupar aquest treball d’investigació. ~ Als amics aficionats a l’obra de Tolkien, per les nombroses hores de tertúlia sobre el món de la Terra Mitjana, que m’han servit per anar coneixent diferents matisos de la història i que em van fer decidir a elaborar aquest estudi. ~ De manera pòstuma, a John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, per donar forma a aquest món màgic i als traductors i traductores que han treballat per aconseguir que milions de persones de tot el món poguessin descobrir les històries de la Terra Mitjana. i 2. INTRODUCCIÓ El treball d’investigació que podran llegir a continuació respon a l’interès per analitzar la traducció d'una obra de la literatura fantàstica com és El senyor dels anells. Tanmateix, la complexitat i magnitud literària que assoleix aquesta novel·la de John Ronald Reuel Tolkien fa que sigui impossible abordar tots els elements interessants que en poden transcendir a nivell de la traducció. És per això que he decidit estudiar-la des del punt de vista de la traducció dels referents culturals i els jocs de paraules, dos àmbits que constitueixen dos aspectes presents en l’obra i que plantegen unes dificultats i peculiaritats prou interessants com per dedicar-hi un estudi. Com a reflexió inicial em baso en la hipòtesi que algunes de les races de la Terra Mitjana, el món secundari creat per Tolkien, es formen, a banda d’altres elements, per mitjà de jocs de paraules i referents culturals britànics. És fonamental que aquesta afirmació sigui tinguda en compte en l’acte de traducció de l’obra, per tal de respectar la intenció de J. R. R. Tolkien, que en aquesta obra buscava també la creació d’una mitologia britànica versemblant, com si de veritat la Terra Mitjana hagués constituït el passat real del nostre planeta amb els avantpassats britànics com a protagonistes. Les races a què em refereixo són els hòbbits, els ents i els homes. La composició d’aquest estudi es divideix en quatre blocs: (1) característiques de la literatura fantàstica; (2) aspectes relacionats amb l’autor des de dues vessants: l’una com a acadèmic i l’altra com a escriptor i creador; (3) teoria de la traducció de referents culturals i de jocs de paraules; i (4) corpus de termes
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