Checklist of the Birds of California

Home , American tree sparrow, Eurasian dotterel, Greater pewee, Jack snipe, Neotropic cormorant

WESTERN BIRDS

Volume 12, Number 2, 1981

CHECKLIST OF THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA

California Bird Records Committee, Checklist Subcommittee

LEE JONES, Chairman, P.O. Box 1284, Topanga, California90290 KIMBALL GARRETT, Departmentof Biology,University of California,Los Angeles, California 90024 ARNOLD SMALL, 608 North Camden Drive, BeverlyHills, California90210

The last checklistof the birds of California was published in this journal more than a decadeago (McCaskieet al. 1970). It listed501 species.Shortly afterits publication the CaliforniaBird RecordsCommittee (hereafterCBRC) was formed to review records of noteworthy speciesfrom California, in- cluding those previouslyunrecorded in the state. The checklistpresented here includesonly thosespecies which have passedthe scrutinyof thiscom- mittee. The CBRC is composedof nine members,each electedto a 3-year term, and a secretaryelected to a 1-year term. The speciesreviewed by the CBRC currentlyconsist of those birdsthat have averagedfour or fewer recordsper year over the past 10 years. These speciesare indicatedin the list with an asterisk('). Any submittedrecord receivingnine or ten favorablevotes is consideredvalid and, if new to the state, is included on the state list. At the annual CBRC meetingin 1979 it was decidedthat some species,while not acceptablefor inclusionon the main list, are of sufficientmerit to be included in a separateunresolved category. A listof thesespecies and the definitionof the unresolvedcategory follow the main list. Since the publicationof the last checklistmany additional specieshave beenaccepted by the CBRC, some have been deletedand othershave been added or deletedas a resultof taxonomicrevisions. The following46 species have been added to the statelist since the lastchecklist was published:Mot- tled Petrel, Cook's Petrel, Stejneger'sPetrel, StreakedShearwater, Greater Shearwater, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, Red-tailed Tropicbird, Masked Booby, Red-looted Booby, NeotropicCormorant, Bewick'sSwan, Baikal Teal, Garganey, MongolianPlover, Piping Plover, EurasianDotterel, Hud- sonjan Godwit, Red-necked Stint, Lesser Black-backed Gull, Sandwich Tern, Crested Auklet, Groove-billedAni, Violet-crownedHummingbird, Blue-throated Hummingbird, Red-headed Woodpecker, Yellow-bellied Western Birds 12:57-72, 1981 57 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST

Sapsucker, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Acadian Flycatcher, Suiphur-bellied Flycatcher, Eurasian Skylark, Sedge Wren, DuskyWarbler, Northern Wheatear, Veery, Gray-cheekedThrush, Rufous- backed Robin, Yellow Wagtail, White Wagtail, Sprague's Pipit, Golden- cheeked Warbler, Red-faced Warbler, Pyrrhuloxia, Le Conte's Sparrow, Common Grackle and White-winged Crossbill. Four specieshave since been deleted from the 1970 checklist.These are the Cape Petrel,American Black Duck and RingedTurtle-Dove, which have beenplaced in the unresolvedcategory, and the Gray Partridge(Perdix perdix), which is not included on either list becausethere is no evidence that it was ever firmly establishedin a wild statein California. Taxonomic revisionsat the specieslevel have resultedin a net lossof two species. Most authorities now believe the Red-naped Sapsucker, Sphyrapicusnuchalis in the 1970 Checklist,to be conspecificwith Yellow- bellled Sapsucker ($phyrapicus varius). Similarly, the Bewick's Swan, formerlyCygnus bewickii, is consideredby mostauthorities to be conspecific with the Whistling Swan (Cygnus columbianus), and the Yellow-green Vireo, formerly Vireo fiavoviridis,is now generallyconsidered to be conspecificwith the Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus).On the other hand, recent evidence (Hand 1981; LeVailey, unpubi. manus.; Deviilers,unpubi. manus.) stronglysuggests that the Yellow-lootedGull, formerlyLarus occidentalis livens, of the Gulf of California is specificallydistinct from the WesternGull (L. occidentalis).The net resultis a listof 541 speciesaccepted for inclusion on the California state list. Since the publicationof the Fifth Editionof the AmericanOrnithologists' Union Check-listof North AmericanBirds in 1957, much additionalmaterial has been gatheredon the taxonomicrelationships of birdsat all levels.The Californiachecklist reflects current trends in the field of avian taxonomyand attemptsto approachclosely the taxonomictreatment that will be adoptedin the forthcomingSixth Editionof the AOU Check-list.The taxonomyused here reflects the taxonomic treatments in numerous recently published papers and books, especiallyVolumes I (2nd ed., Mayr and Cottreii 1979) and VIII (Trayior 1979) of Peters'Check-list of the Birdsof the World. Treat- ment of the familiesnot coveredin thesetwo volumeshas been basedpartly on Morony, Bock and Farrand'sReference List of the Birds of the World (1975) and numerousrecent papers that deal with specificgroups of birds. Englishnames used in the checklistfollow those adopted by the American BirdingAssociation (ABA) (1975 plussupplements) with severalexceptions. Althoughthe nameschosen by the ABA, in general,reflect those in common usage,a few are consideredinappropriate by the CBRC. In caseswhere the Englishnames we have chosendiffer from those adopted by the ABA we have included the ABA name in parentheses. Species which have been introduced and subsequentlyestablished as viable wild populationsin the state are indicatedwith an 'T' followingthe species'name. The criterionfor establishmentis that the specieshas been shown to have a viable breedingpopulation continually existing in the wild for 10 or more years.Those nativespecies formerly occurring in the statebut subsequentlyextirpated are indicatedwith an "E." The numberof speciesoc- curringin Californiafollows parenthetically the name of each family. 58 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST

CHECKLIST OF THE BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA--1981

GAVlIDAE (4) Flesh-looted Shearwater Red-throated Loon Puffinus carneipes ø Greater Shearwater Gavia stellata Arctic Loon Puffinusgravis Bu!ler's Shearwater Gavia arctica • Common Loon Puffinus bulleri Gavia iramet Sooty Shearwater * Yellow-billed Loon Puffinusgriseus Short-tailed Shearwater Gayla adamsii Puffinus tenuirostris Black-vented (Manx) Shearwater PODICIPEDIDAE (6) Puffinus opisthomelas * Least Grebe Tachybaptusdominicus HYDROBATIDAE (8) Pied-billed Grebe * Wilson's Storm-Petrel Podilymbuspodiceps Oceanites oceanicus Horned Grebe Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Podiceps auritus Red-necked Grebe Oceanodroma furcata Leach's Storm-Petrel Podiceps grisegena Oceanodroma leucorhoa Eared Grebe Ashy Storm-Petrel Podicepsnigricollis Oceanodroma homochroa Western Grebe Black Storm-Petrel Aechmophorusoccidentalis Oceanodroma melania DIOMEDEIDAE (4) * Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma castro ' WanderingAlbatross * Wedge-rumped(Galapagos) Storm-Petrel Diomedea exulans Oceanodroma tethys * Short-tailed Albatross Least Storm-Petrel Diomedea albatrus Oceanodroma microsoma Black-looted Albatross Diomedea nigripes PHAETHONTIDAE (3) * LaysanAlbatross Diomedea immutabilis * White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus Red-billedTropicbird PROCELLARIIDAE (12) Phaethon aethereus Northern Fulmar * Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda Fulmarusglacialis ' Mottled (Scaled) Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata SULIDAE (4) ' Cook's Petrel ' Masked Booby Pterodroma cookii Sula dactylatra * Stejneger'sPetrel ' Brown Booby Pterodroma Iongirostris $ula leucogaster ' Streaked Shearwater Blue-looted Booby Calonectris leucomelas $ula nebouxii ß Pink-looted Shearwater ' Red-looted Booby Puffinus creatopus $ula sula 59 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST

PELECANIDAE (2) CICONIIDAE' (1) American White Pelican Wood Stork Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Mycteria americana Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis ANATIDAE (41) PHALACROCORACIDAE (4) FulvousWhistling-Duck Double-crested Cormorant Dendrocygnabicolor Phalacrocorax auritus Black-belliedWhistling-Duck Neotropic(Olivaceous) Cormorant Dendrocygnaautumnalis Phalacrocorax olivaceus Tundra (Whistling)Swan Brandt's Cormorant Cygnus columbianus Phalacrocoraxpenicillatus Trumpeter Swan PelagicCormorant Cygnus buccinator Phalacrocoraxpelagicus Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons FREGATIDAE (1) Snow Goose Anser caerulescens MagnificentFrigatebird Ross' Goose Fregatamagnificens Anser rossii ARDEIDAE (12) Emperor Goose Anser canagicus American Bittern Brant Botauruslentiginosus Branta bernicla Least Bittern Canada Goose lxobrychusexilis Branta canadensis Great Blue Heron Wood Duck Ardea herodias Aix sponsa Great Egret EurasianWigeon Egretta alba Anas penelope Snowy Egret AmericanWigeon Egretta thula Anas americana Little Blue Heron Gadwall Egretta caerulea Anas strepera Tricolored (Louisiana) Heron Baikal Teal Egretta tricolor Anas formosa ReddishEgret Green-wingedTeal Egretta rufescens Anas crecca Cattle Egret Mallard Bubulcus ibis Anas platyrhynchos Green Heron Northern (Common) Pintail Butorides striatus Anas acura Black-crownedNight-Heron Garganey Nycticoraxnycticorax Anas querquedula Yellow-crownedNight-Heron Blue-wingedTeal Nycticorax violaceus Anas discors Cinnamon Teal THRESKIORNITHIDAE ($) Anas cyanoptera White Ibis Northern Shoveler Eudocimus albus Anas clypeata White-faced Ibis Canvasback Plegadischihi Aythya valisineria Roseate Spoonbill Redhead Ajaia aja•a Aythya americana 60 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST

Ring-necked Duck Sharp-shinnedHawk Aythya collaris Accipiter striatus ' Tufted Duck Cooper's Hawk Aythya fuligula Accipiter cooperii Greater Scaup Northern Goshawk Aythya marila Accipitergentills LesserScaup Bay-winged (Harris') Hawk Aythya a#inis Parabuteo unicinctus E ' King Eider Red-shouldered Hawk $omateria spectabilis Buteo lineatus Harlequin Duck Broad-wingedHawk Histrionicus histrionicus Buteo platypterus Oldsquaw SwainsoWs Hawk Clangula hyemalis Buteo swainsoni Black Scoter Zone-tailed Hawk Melanitta nigra Buteo albonotatus Surf Scorer Red-tailed Hawk Melanitta perspicillata Buteo jamaicensis White-wingedScorer FerruginousHawk Melanitta fusca Buteo regalis Bufflehead Rough-leggedHawk Bucephala albeola Buteo lagopus Barrow'sGoldeneye Golden Eagle Bucephala islandica Aquila chrysaetos Common Goldeneye Bucephalaclangula FALCONIDAE (5) Hooded Merganser American Kestrel Mergus cucullatus Falco sparuerius Red-breastedMerganser Merlin Mergus serrator Falco columbarius Common Merganser Peregrine Falcon Mergus merganser Falco peregrinus Ruddy Duck Gyrfalcon Oxyura jamaicensis Falco rusticolus Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus CATHARTIDAE (2) Turkey Vulture PHASIANIDAE (10) Cathartes aura Chukar California Condor Alectoris chukar I Gymnogyps californianus Ring-neckedPheasant Phasianus colchicus I Blue Grouse ACCIPITRIDAE (17) Dendragapus obscurus Osprey Ruffed Grouse Pandion haliaetus Bonasa umbellus Black-shouldered(White-tailed) Kite Sage Grouse Elanus caeruleus Centrocercusurophasianus ' MississippiKite Sharp-tailedGrouse lctinia mississippiensis Tympanuchusphasianellus E Bald Eagle Common (Wild) Turkey Haliaeetus leucocephalus Meleagrisgallopavo I Northern Harrier Gambel's Quail Circus cyaneus Callipepla gambelii 61 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST

California Quail RECURVlROSTRIDAE (2) Callipepla californica Black-necked Stilt Mountain Quail Himantopus mexicanus Oreortyx pictus American Avocet Recurvirostra americana RALLIDAE (8) Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis Black Rail Laterallus jamaicensis SCOLOPACIDAE (38) Clapper Rail GreaterYellowlegs Railus Iongirostris Tringa melanoleuca Virginia Rail LesserYellowlegs Railus limicola Tringafiavipes Sofa SolitarySandpiper Porzana carolina Tringa solitaria Purple Gallinule Willet Porphyrio martinicus Catoptrophorussemipalmatus Common Gallinule WanderingTattler Gallinulachloropus Heteroscelus incanus American Coot SpottedSandpiper Fulica americana Actitis macularia Upland Sandpiper GRUIDAE (1) BartramiaIongicauda Sandhill Crane Whimbrel Grus canadensis Numeniusphaeopus Long-billedCurlew CHARADRIIDAE (10) Numenius americanus Black-bellied Plover Hudsonian Godwit Pluvialis squatarola Limosa haemastica Lesser Golden-Plover Bar-tailed Godwit Pluvialis dominica Limosa lapponica Mongolian Plover Marbled Godwit Charadriusmongolus Limosa fedoa Snowy Plover Ruddy Turnstone Charadrius alexandrinus Arenaria interpres Wilson's Plover Black Turnstone Charadrius wilsonia Arenaria melanocephala SemipalmatedPlover Surfbird Charadriussemipalmatus Aphriza virgata Piping Plover Red Knot Charadrius melodus Calidris canutus Killdeer Sanderling Charadrius vociferus Calidris alba Mountain Plover SemipalmatedSandpiper Charadrius montanus Calidrispusilia Eurasian Dot•erel (Dot•erel) Western Sandpiper Charadrius morinellus Calidris mauri Red-necked (Rufous-necked)Stint HAEMATOPODIDAE (2) Calidris ruficollis American Oystercatcher LeastSandpiper Haematopuspalliatus Calidris minutilla Black Oystercatcher White-rumpedSandpiper Haematopusbachmani Calidris fuscicollis 62 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST

Baird's Sandpiper Bonaparte'sGull Calidris bairdii Larus philadelphia PectoralSandpiper Heermann's Gull Calidris melanotos Larus heermanni Sharp-tailedSandpiper Mew Gull Calidris acuminata Larus canus Rock Sandpiper Ring-billedGull Calidris ptilocnemis Larus delawarensis Dunlin California Gull Calidris alpina Larus californicus * Curlew Sandpiper Herring Gull Calidrisferruginea Larus argentatus Stilt Sandpiper Thayer'sGull Calidris himantopus Larus thayeri ' Buff-breastedSandpiper * Lesser Black-backed Gull Yryngitessubruficollis Larus fuscus Ruff Western Gull Philomachuspugnax Larus occidentalis Short-billed Dowitcher Yellow-footed Gull Limnodromus griseus Larus livens Long-billed Dowitcher Glaucous-wingedGull Limnodromus scolopaceus Larus glaucescens * Jack Snipe (EuropeanJacksnipe) Glaucous Gull Lymnocryptes rainlinus Larus hyperboreus Common Snipe Black-leggedKittiwake Gallinago gallinago Rissa tridactyla Wilson'sPhalarope Sabine's Gull Phalaropus tricolor Xema sabini Northern Phalarope Gull-billed Tern PhalaropusIobatus $terna nilotica Red Phalarope Caspian Tern Phalaropusfulicarius Sterna caspia Royal Tern Sterna maxima Elegant Tern Sterna elegans LARIDAE (32) ' Sandwich Tern Pomarine Jaeger Sterna sandvicensis Stercorariuspomarinus Common Tern ParasiticJaeger Sterna hitundo $tercorariusparasiticus Arctic Tern Long-tailedJaeger Sterna paradisaea StercorariusIongicaudus Forster's Tern South Polar Skua Sterna forsteri Catharacta maccormicki Least (Little) Tern LaughingGull Sterna albifrons Larus atticilia Black Marsh-Tern (Black Tern) Franklin's Gull Chlidoniasniger Larus pipixcan ' Little Gull Larus minutus ' Common Black-headed Gull (Black- RYNCHOPIDAE (1) headed Gull) Black Skimmer Larus ridibundus Rynchops niger

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ALCIDAE (13) TYTONIDAE (1) Common (Thin-billed) Murre Common Barn-Owl (Barn Owl) Uria aalge Tyto alba Thick-billed Murre Uria Iomvia Pigeon Guillemot STRIGIDAE (12) Cepphus columba Flammulated Owl (Flammulated Marbled Murrelet Screech Owl) Brachyramphus marmoratus Otus flammeolus Xantus' Murrelet Common Screech-Owl Endomychura hypoleuca Otus asio Craveri's Murrelet Great Horned Owl Endomychura craveri Bubo uirginianus Ancient Murrelet ' Snowy Owl $ynthliboramphus antiquus Nyctea scandiaca Cassin's Auklet Northern Pygmy-Owl Ptychoramphus aleuticus Glaucidium gnoma Parakeet Auklet Elf Owl Cyclorrhynchuspsittacula Micrathene whitneyi Crested Auklet BurrowingOwl Aethia cristatella Athene cunicularia Rhinoceros Auklet Spotted Owl Cerorhinca monocerata Strix occidentalis Tufted Puffin Great Gray Owl Lunda cirrhata $trix nebulosa Horned Puffin Long-eared Owl Fratercula corniculata Asio otus Short-eared Owl COLUMBIDAE (7) Asio fiammeus Northern Saw-whet Owl (Saw-whet Owl) Rock Pigeon (Rock Dove) Columba liuia I Aegolius acadicus Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata Spotted Dove CAPRIMULGIDAE (4) Streptopeliachinensis I Lesser Nighthawk White-winged Dove Choraleliesacutipennis Zenaida asiatica Common Nighthawk Mourning Dove Choralelies minor Zenaida macroura Common Poorwill (Poor-will) Inca Dove Phalaenoptilusnuttallii Columbina inca Whip-poor-will Common Ground-Dove Caprimulgusvociferus Columbina passerina

CUCULIDAE (4) APODIDAE (4) ' Black-billed Cuckoo Black Swift Coccyzuserythropthalmus Cypseloidesniger Yellow-billed Cuckoo Chimney Swift Coccyzus americanus Chaetura pelagica Greater Roadrunner Vaux's Swift Geococcyxcalifornianus Chaetura uauxi * Groove-billed Ani White-throated Swift Crotophagasulcirostris Aeronautes saxatalis

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TROCHILIDAE (10) Common Flicker ' Broad-billedHummingbird Colaptes auratus Cynanthu$ latirostri$ Pileated Woodpecker ' Violet-crowned Hummingbird Dryocopus pileatus Arnazilia violiceps ' Blue-throatedHummingbird Larnpornis clernenciae TYRANNIDAE (27) Black-chinnedHummingbird Archilochus alexandri Olive-sided Flycatcher Anna's Hummingbird Contopus borealis Greater Pewee (Coues' Flycatcher) Calypte anna Costa'sHummingbird Contopus pertinax Western Wood-Pewee (Western Pewee) Calypte costae Calliope Hummingbird Contopus sordidulus Eastern Wood-Pewee (Eastern Pewee) Stellula calliope Broad-tailed Hummingbird Contopus virens $elasphorus platycercus Yellow-belliedFlycatcher RufousHummingbird Ernpidonaxflaviventris $elasphorus rufus Acadian Flycatcher Allen's Hummingbird Ernpidonax virescens $elasphorus sasin Willow Flycatcher Ernpidonax traillii ALCEDINIDAE (1) Least Flycatcher Ernpidonax rninirnus Belted Kingfisher Hammond's Flycatcher Ceryle alcyon Empidonax harnmondii Dusky Flycatcher PICIDAE (15) Ernpidonax oberholseri Lewis'Woodpec•'ker Gray Flycatcher Melanerpes lewis Ernpidonax wrightii ' Red-headed Woodpecker Western Flycatcher Melanerpes erythrocephalus Empidonax difficilis Acorn Woodpecker Black Phoebe l•4elanerpesforrnicivorus $ayornis nigricans Gila Woodpecker Eastern Phoebe Melanerpes uropygialis $ayornis phoebe Yellow-belliedSapsucker Say's Phoebe $phyrapicus varius Sayornis saya Red-breastedSapsucker Vermilion Flycatcher $phyrapicus tuber Pyrocephalusrubinus Williamson'sSapsucker Dusky-capped(Olivaceous) Flycatcher $phyrapicus thyroideus Myiarchus tuberculifer Ladder-backedWoodpecker Ash-throatedFlycatcher Picoides scalaris Myiarchus cinerascens Nuttall'sWoodpecker Great Crested Flycatcher Picoides nuttallii Myiarchus crinitus Downy Woodpecker Brown-crested (Wied's Crested) Picoides pubescens Flycatcher Hairy Woodpecker Myiarchus tyrannulus Picoides villosus Sulphur-belliedFlycatcher White-headed Woodpecker Myiodynastes luteiventris Picoides albolarvatus Tropical Kingbird Black-backed (Black-backed Three-toed) Tyrannus melancholicus Woodpecker Cassin'sKingbird Picoides arcticus Tyrannus uociferans 65 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST

Thick-billedKingbird PARIDAE (4) Tyrannus crassirostris Black-cappedChickadee WesternKingbird Parus atricapillus Tyrannusverticalis Mountain Chickadee EasternKingbird Parus garnbeli Tyrannus tyrannus Chestnut-backed Chickadee Scissor-tailedFlycatcher Parus rufescens Tyrannusforficatus Plain Titmouse Parus inornatus ALAUDIDAE (2) REMIZlDAE (1) ' Eurasian(Common) Skylark Alauda arvensis Verdin Horned Lark Auriparusflaviceps Eremophila alpestris AEGITHALIDAE (1) HIRUNDINIDAE (7) Bushtit Purple Martin Psaltriparus minirnus Proone subis Tree Swallow SITTIDAE (3) Tachycineta bicolor Red-breasted Nuthatch Violet-greenSwallow $itta canadensis Tachycinetathalassina White-breasted Nuthatch Rough-wingedSwallow $itta carolinensis $telgidopteryxruficollis PygmyNuthatch Bank Swallow $ittapygmaea $ Riparia riparia Cliff Swallow CERTHIIDAE (1) Hitundo pyrrhonota Barn Swallow Brown Creeper Hitundo rustica Certhia familiaris

TROGLODYTIDAE (8) CORVlDAE (10) Cactus Wren Gray Jay Carnpylorhynchus bruneicapillus Perisoreus canadensis Rock Wren Steller'sJay Salpinctesobsoletus Cyanocitta stelleri Canyon Wren Blue Jay Catherpes mexicanus Cyanocitta cristata Bewick's Wren Scrub Jay Thryornanesbewickii Aphelocoma coerulescens House Wren Pinyon Jay Troglodytesaedon Gyrnnorhinuscyanocephalus Winter Wren Clark's Nutcracker Troglodytestroglodytes Nucifraga colurnbiana * Sedge Wren Black-billedMagpie Cistothorusplatensis Pica pica Marsh Wren Yellow-billedMagpie Cistothoruspalustris Pica nuttalli American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos CINCLIDAE (1) Common (Northern) Raven American (North American) Dipper Corvus corox Cinclus mexicanus

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MUSCICAPIDAE (18) Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma dotsale ' Dusky Warbler Phylloscopusfuscatus Le Conte's Thrasher Golden-crowned Kinglet Toxostoma lecontei Regulus satrapa Ruby-crownedKinglet MOTACILLIDAE (5) Reguluscalendula Yellow Wagtail Blue-grayGnatcatcher Motacilla flava Polioptila caerulea White Wagtail Black-tailed Gnatcatcher Motacillaalba 4 Polioptila melanura Red-throated Pipit Western Bluebird Antbus cervinus $ialia mexicana Water Pipit Mountain Bluebird Antbus spinoletta $ialia currucoides Sprague'sPipit Townsend's Solitaire Antbus spragueii Myadestestownsendi ' Northern Wheatear BOMBYCILLIDAE (2) Oenanthe oenanthe Bohemian Waxwing ' Veery Bombycillagarrulus Catharus fuscescens Cedar Waxwing ' Gray-cheekedThrush Catharus rainlinus Bombycilla cedrorum Swainsoh'S Thrush Catharus ustulatus PTILOGONATIDAE (1) Hermit Thrush Phainopepla Catharus guttatus Phainopepla nitens ' Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina LANIIDAE (2) ' Rufous-backed Robin (Rufous-backed Northern Shrike Thrush) Lanius excubitor Turdus rufopalliatus American Robin LoggerheadShrike Lanius ludovicianus Turdus migratorius Varied Thrush STURNIDAE (1) lxoreus naevius Wrentit EuropeanStarling Chamaea fasciata Sturnusvulgaris I

MIMIDAE (9) VIREONIDAE (9) ' Gray Catbird * White-eyed Vireo Dumetella carolinensis Vireo griseus Northern Mockingbird Bell's Vireo Mimus polyglottos Vireo bellii Sage Thrasher Gray Vireo Oreoscoptes montanus Vireo vicinior Brown Thrasher Solitary Vireo Toxostoma rufum Vireo solitarius Bendire's Thrasher * Yellow-throated Vireo Toxostoma bendirei Vireo flavifrons ' Curve-billed Thrasher Hutton's Vireo Toxostoma curvirostre Vireo huttoni California Thrasher WarblingVireo Toxostoma reclivivum Vireo gilvus 67 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST

PhiladelphiaVireo Palm Warbler Vireo philadelphicus Dendroica palmarum Red-eyedVireo Chestnut-sided Warbler Vireo olivaceus Dendroica pensylvanica Bay-breastedWarbler Dendroica castanea EMBERIZIDAE (95) BlackpollWarbler Blue-wingedWarbler Dendroica $triata * Cerulean Warbler Vermivora pinus Golden-wingedWarbler Dendroica cerulea Black-and-white Warbler Verrnivora chry$optera Tennessee Warbler Mniotilta varia American Redstart Verrnivora peregrina Orange-crownedWarbler Setophaga ruticilla Verrnivora celata ' ProthonotaryWarbler Nashville Warbler Protonotaria citrea Verrnivora ruficapi#a * Worm-eatingWarbler Virginia'sWarbler Helmitheros vermivorus Ovenbird Vermivora virginiae Lucy'sWarbler Seiurus aurocapillus Verrnivora luciae Northern Waterthrush Northern Parula (Northern Parula Seiurus noveboracensis Warbler) * Louisiana Waterthrush Parula americana Seiurus rnotacilla Yellow Warbler * KentuckyWarbler Dendroica petechia Oporornisforrnosus MagnoliaWarbler ' Connecticut Warbler Dendroica magnolia Oporornis agilis Cape May Warbler ' Mourning Warbler Dendroica tigrina Oporomis philadelphia Black-throated Blue Warbler MacGillivray'sWarbler Dendroica caerulescens Oporornis tolrniei Yellow-rumpedWarbler Common Yellowthroat Dendroica coronata Geothlypis trichas Black-throatedGray Warbler Hooded Warbler Dendroica nigrescens Wilsonia citrina Townsend's Warbler Wilson's Warbler Dendroica townsendi Wilsonia pusilia Hermit Warbler Canada Warbler Dendroica occidentalis Wilsonia canadensis Black-throated Green Warbler ' Red-faced Warbler Dendroica virens Cardellina rubrifrons ' Golden-cheeked Warbler Painted Redstart Dendroica chrysoparia Myioboruspictus Blackburnian Warbler Yellow-breasted Chat Dendroica fusca Icteria virens ' Yellow-throated Warbler Hepatic Tanager Dendroica dorninica Pirangatiara ' Grace's Warbler Summer Tanager Dendroica graciae Piranga rubra ' Pine Warbler ' Scarlet Tanager Dendroica pinus Piranga olivacea Prairie Warbler Western Tanager Dendroica discolor Piranga ludoviciana

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' Northern Cardinal Brewer'sSparrow Cardinalis cardinalis Spizella brewer/ ' Pyrrhuloxia * Field Sparrow Cardinalis sinuatus Spizellapusilia Rose-breasted Grosbeak Black-chinnedSparrow Pheucticus ludovicianus Spizellaatrogularis Black-headed Grosbeak SavannahSparrow Pheucticusmelanocephalus Ammodramus sandwichensis Blue Grosbeak * Sharp-tailedSparrow Guiraca caerulea Ammodramus caudacutus Lazuli Bunting * Le Conte's Sparrow Passerina amoena Ammodramus leconteii IndigoBunting ' Baird'sSparrow Passerinacyanea Ammodramus bairdii ' Varied Bunting GrasshopperSparrow Passerina versicolor Ammodramus savannarum * Painted Bunting Vesper Sparrow Passerina ciris Pooecetesgramineus Dickcissel Lark Sparrow Spiza americana Chondestesgrammacus McCown'sLongspur Black-throatedSparrow Calcarius mccownii Amphispizabilineata Lapland Longspur Sage Sparrow Calcariuslapponicus Amphispizabelli Chestnut-collaredLongspur * Cassin'sSparrow Calcarius ornatus Aimophila cassinii Snow Bunting Rufous-crownedSparrow Plectrophenax nivalis Aimophila ruficeps Lark Bunting Green-tailed Towhee Calamospizamelanocorys Pipilo chlorurus Fox Sparrow Rufous-sided Towhee Passerella iliaca Pipilo erythrophthalmus Song Sparrow Brown Towhee Melospiza melodia Pipilo fuscus Lincoln'sSparrow Abert's Towhee Melospiza lincolnii Pipilo aberti Swamp Sparrow ICTERIDAE (16) Melospizageorgiana White-throatedSparrow * Streak-backed(Scarlet-headed) Oriole Zonotrichia albicollis lcterus pustulatus Golden-crownedSparrow Hooded Oriole Zonotrichiaatricapilla lcterus cucullatus White-crownedSparrow Northern Oriole Zonotrichia leucophrys lcterusgalbula Harris' Sparrow Orchard Oriole Zonotrichia querula lcterus spurius Dark-eyed (Northern) Junco Scott's Oriole Junco hyemalis lcterus parisorum AmericanTree Sparrow Yellow-headed Blackbird Spizella arborea Xanthocephalusxanthocephalus Chipping Sparrow Red-winged Blackbird Spizellapasserina Agelaius phoeniceus Clay-coloredSparrow Tricolored Blackbird $pizella pallida Agelaius tricolor

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Western Meadowlark Lawrence's Goldfinch Sturnella neglecta Carduelis lawrencei Great-tailed Grackle ' Common Redpoll Quiscalus mexicanus Carduelis fiammea Common Grackle Rosy Finch Quiscalus quiscula Leucosticte arctoa Rusty Blackbird Purple Finch Euphagus catolinus Carpodacus purpureus Brewer's Blackbird Cassin's Finch Euphagus cyanocephalus Carpodacus cassinii Bronzed Cowbird House Finch Molothrus aeneus Carpodacus mexicanus Brown-headed Cowbird Pine Grosbeak Molothrus ater Pinicola enucleator Bobolink Red Crossbill Dolichonyx oryzivorus Loxia curvirostra * White-wingedCrossbill FRINGILLIDAE (13) Loxia leucoptera Pine Siskin EveningGrosbeak Carduelis pinus Coccothraustesvespertinus American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis PASSERIDAE (1) Lesser Goldfinch House Sparrow Carduelis psaltria Passer domesticus I

•The eastern Pacific subspeciesGavia arctica pacifica was treated as specifically distinctfrom the Palearcticforms Gayla arctica viridigularisand G. a. arctica in the 1970 California checklist and called the Pacific Loon. 2Ciconiidaewas inadvertentlyplaced in Ardeidae in the 1970 Californiachecklist. 3Sittapygmaea was combinedwith $itta pusiliaand calledPine Nuthatchin the 1970 California checklist. 4Morlan (1981) has determinedthat of the five recordsof White Wagtailfrom Califor- nia two are of Motacillaalba lugens.Tl•e otherthree cannotbe assignedto a subspecies.Recent evidence from Soviet research strongly suggeststhat lugens seldominterbreeds with other forms of Motacillaalba and may, in fact, be a separate species,Motacilla lugens, the Black-backedWagtail.

Recordsof the following species,not included on the main list, remain unresolvedafter full considerationby the CBRC. The unresolvedcategory is definedas follows:If at a meetingof the CBRC a recordof a speciesnot on the main listis neitheraccepted (all or all but one "accept"votes) nor rejected ("reject" votes from a majority of the memberspresent), the case shall be consideredunresolved and the speciesshall be added to the unresolved category. 1. Cape Petrel (Daption capense). One was seen off Monterey on 9 September 1962 (McCaskie1970). Becauseof the briefnessof observation and lackof acceptablerecords from temperateNorthern Hemisphere waters, this speciesis not included on the main list (six votes in favor of inclusionon the main list, four votesfor inclusionin the unresolvedcategory). 2. AmericanAnhinga (Anhingaanhinga). One (possiblytwo) seenin and near San Francisco,28-30 May and 2 June 1939 (threevotes for main list, 7O CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST five votesfor unresolvedcategory, two votesto rejectfrom all lists).Another AmericanAnhinga was present at SweetwaterReservoir, San Diego,from 4 February 1977 until at leastearly 1981 (four votesfor main list, six votesfor unresolvedcategory). These birds may well have escapedfrom captivity. 3. AmericanBlack Duck (Anasrubripes). All recordsare suspectbecause of the possibilitythat they pertainto escapedcaptives or releasedgame stock. There are few, if any, recordsof clearly wild individualsfrom west of the Rocky Mountains (one vote for main list, nine votes for unresolved category). 4. BlackVulture (Coragypsatratus). One seenwith TurkeyVultures near Chico, Butte Co., on 13 April 1972 may have been an escapeeor released bird (fivevotes for main list,five votesfor unresolvedcategory). 5. Black-tailedGull (Laruscrassirostris). One foundin San DiegoBay on 26 November 1954 (Monroe 1955) is suspectedof having been ship- transportedsince this western Pacific speciesis not highly migratory (McCaskieet al. 1970:24). There is, however, one recentrecord for western Alaska (sevenvotes for unresolvedcategory, three votes to reject from all lists). 6. Kittlitz'sMurrelet (Brachyrarnphus brevirostris). A dyingbird in juvenal plumagewas found on the beachnear San Diegoon •6 August1969 (Devillers1972). Becauseof the earlydate and the bird'sage it may be more likely a ship-transportedbird (one vote for main list, eight votesfor unresolvedcategory, one vote to rejectfrom all lists). 7. RingedTurtle-Dove (Streptopelia roseogriseaS). The smallpopulation in downtown Los Angeles has never increased in numbers nor has it ex- panded into outlyingareas. It may not thereforebe a self-sustainingpopula- tion, but rather, dependent on handoutsand supplementalrelease of birds from captivity. This specieshas become locally establishedin many cities throughoutthe world in a feral state but accordingto Goodwin," . . . such coloniesseldom prosper unlessthey are artificiallyfed and [their numbers regularlysupplemented] by the liberationof young bred in captivity"(three votesfor main list, six votesfor unresolvedcategory, one vote to rejectfrom all lists). 8. Green Violetear (Colubri thalassinus). There is one documented recordfrom Mt. Pinos,31 July to 1 August1978. Sincethere isno precedent for the occurrenceof this speciesin northwesternMexico, Arizona or New Mexico, it has been placed in the unresolvedcategory as perhapspertaining to an escapedcaptive (eightvotes for unresolvedcategory, two votesto reject from all lists). The following 11 speciesare stillpending before the CBRC as of October 1981: Black-browedAlbatross (Diomeclea rnelanophris), Cape Petrel (Dap- tion capense) (Monterey, 1962; resubmittedon basisof new information), Solander's Petrel (Pteroclromasolanclri), American Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) (ColoradoRiver, 1913), Black Vulture (Coragypsatratus) (Col-

$The RingedTurtle-Dove (also known as the BarbaryDove) is the domesticatedform of the AfricanCollared-Dove $treptopelia roseogrisea. Although the name ri$oriahas been usedto describethis domestic variety for yearsby researchersand pigeonfan- ciers,it is technicallyincorrect. The correctname is roseogrisea(Goodwin 1970). 71 CALIFORNIA CHECKLIST orado River, 1977), White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopusleucurus) (introduced to the Sierra Nevada in 1971), Gray-tailed Tattler (Heteroscelusbrevipes), Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus), Red-legged Kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris),Least Auklet (Aethia pusilla), and White-collaredSeedeater ($porophila torqueola).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank the other membersof the CBRC during the period this paper was being prepared -- Laurence C. Binford, David DeSante, Jon Dunn, Richard A. Erickson, Paul Lehman, John Luther, Guy McCaskie, Joseph Morlan, Benjamin D. Parmeter and Philip Unitt. Thomas Howell provided many informative discussionson taxonomic matters and made helpfulsuggestions on the manuscript.Without the cooperationof the many observerswho have contributedrecords to the CBRC for review this paper would not have been possible.

LITERATURE CITED American BirdingAssociation. 1975. A.B.A. checklist:Birds of continentalUnited States and Canada. Am. Birding Assoc., Austin, TX. American Ornithologists'Union. 1957. Check-listof North Americanbirds, 5th ed. Am. Ornithol. Union, Baltimore, MD. Devillers,P. 1972. The juvenal plumageof Kittlitz'sMurrelet. Calif. Birds3:33-38. Devillers,P. Unpubl.manus. Plumages and relationshipsof the WesternGulls and their allies. Goodwin, D. 1970. Pigeonsand doves of the world, 2nd ed. British Museum, London. Hand, J. 1981. A comparisonof the vocalizationsof WesternGulls (Larusocciden- talis occidentalisand L. o. livens). Condor in press. LeValley, R.R. 1980. The plumagesequence and taxonomyof the Yellow-looted WesternGull (Larusoccidentalis livens). M.S. thesis,Humboldt State Univ., Ar- cata, CA. McCaskie,G. 1970. Cape Petrel off Monterey, California.Calif. Birds 1:39-40. McCaskie, G., P. Devillers, A.M. Craig, C.R. Lyons, V.P. Coughran and J.T. Craig. 1970. A checklistof the birdsof California.Calif. Birds1:4-28. Mayr, E., and G.W. Cottrell,ed. 1979. Check-listof birdsof the world,Vol. 1.2nd ed. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,MA. Monroe, B.L. Jr. 1955. A gull new to North America. Auk 72:208. Morlan, J. 1981. Statusand identificationof formsof White Wagtailin westernNorth America. Cont. Birdlife 2:37-50. Morony,J.J. Jr., W.J. Bockand J. FarrandJr. 1975. Referencelist of birdsof the world. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Traylor,M.A. Jr., ed. 1979. Check-listof birdsof the world,Vol. 8. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, MA. Accepted3 August 1981

Reprintswith coversare availablefrom ElizabethCopper, WesternField Ornitholo- gists,P.O. Box 595, Coronado,CA 92118. Price:$2.00 (10 or more $1.50 each) postpaid. Make checkspayable to Western Field Ornithologists.Reprints are not available from the authors.