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L O U I S I a N a SHOREBIRDS This Public Document Was Published at a Total Cost of $5,226.00 L O U I S I A N A SHOREBIRDS This public document was published at a total cost of $5,226.00. One thousand copies of this public document were published in this first printing at a cost of $5,226.00. The total cost of all printings of this document, including reprints, is $5,226.00. This document was published by the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program, NSU Campus, P.O. Box 2663, Thibodaux, LA 70310, to provide the public with environmental information under authority of LA R.S. 30-2011. This material was printed in accordance with standards for printing by state agencies established pursuant to R.S. 43:31. L O U I S I A N A SHOREBIRDS Written by Bill Fontenot & Richard DeMay Photography by Greg Lavaty, Richard DeMay & Delaina LeBlanc Illustration and Design by Diane K. Baker Barataria - Terrebonne National Estuary Program 1 WHAT IS A SHOREBIRD? f all of the world’s forests. Some, like the Stilt Sandpip- the bare edges of lakes and streams. major bird groups, er, routinely forage in several inches Most shorebirds possess long, point- the shorebirds of water, while the prairie-dwelling ed wings and are swift, powerful probably exhibit the Upland Sandpiper rarely ever ap- fliers. As well, most possess short highest degree of proaches water at all. tails for maximum maneuverability variabilityO in terms of body structure, Extremes aside, some broad gen- both on the ground and in the air. size, behavior, and habitat preferenc- eralizations can be made concerning On the ground, shorebirds do not es. In terms of size, for example, the the majority of shorebird species. hop, but walk and/or run, some six-inch Least Sandpiper is hardly Most shorebirds live in close associ- with remarkable dexterity and speed. larger than a sparrow, whereas the ation with water. Most live in open Most shorebirds occur in groups, eighteen-inch long American Avocet landscapes such as beaches, prairies, from smaller single-species flocks to is larger than a crow and possesses pastures, agricultural fields, or along larger mixed-species flocks. a wingspan comparable to that of a Over 60 species of shorebirds mid-sized heron. The eight-inch long have been recorded in North sickle-shaped bill of the Long-billed America. Most of these nest within Curlew gives it an almost freakish marsh, prairie, and tundra habitats appearance, whereas the abbreviated of far-northerly latitudes, and most “chicken-like” bills of the smaller overwinter thousands of miles to plovers are only a quarter-inch or less the south, along the coastal zones of in length. Some shorebirds, such as North, Central, and South America. the Purple Sandpiper, possess nota- Shorebirds are grouped into bly short legs, whereas others such as several families: Plovers (family those of the Black-necked Stilt seem Charadriidae), Oystercatchers (family almost ridiculously long. The Ruddy Haematopodidae), Stilts and Avocets Turnstone and the aptly named (family Recurvirostridae), Jacanas Sanderling, live almost exclusively (family Jacanidae), and Sandpipers, on beaches, whereas the American Upland Sandpiper Phalaropes, and Allies (family Scol- Woodcock makes its home in dense Greg Lavaty opacidae). Greg Lavaty 2 Black-necked Stilt Greg Lavaty 3 bird world. Shorebird expert Den- nis Paulson has reported American Golden-Plover flight speeds in excess of 100mph. Average cruising speed for this species during its annual 10,000 mile bi-hemispheric round- trip migration trek from the Arctic to southern South America is esti- mated to be about 50mph. Twelve of the world’s 66 species of plover breed in North America. Said to have evolved from an ancestral plover-like bird, the oystercatchers possess thick, strong legs and bills; well-suited to mol- lusk-hunting along rocks and reefs in near-shore marine waters. Two of the world’s 10 oystercatcher species breed in North America. American Avocet It is not known for sure, however, Greg Lavaty it is thought that oystercatchers Plovers are relatively short- birds, the hind toes of the plovers that breed at sub-tropical latitudes necked, short-billed birds that utilize are reduced to mere vestigial append- (northern Gulf of Mexico) do not dry to saturated bare-soil or short- ages, signifying their adaptation to migrate much at all, likely congregat- grass fields and beaches to run down only the flattest and smoothest of ing in mostly small loosely associated their prey. Sandpipers tend to forage substrates. Recent DNA studies have communal groups during winter, with their heads down most of the revealed that the plovers are actually perhaps remaining within the same time, whereas plovers maintain a more closely allied to the gulls and general area all year long. more alert upright posture; their rel- terns than they are to the sandpip- Stilts and Avocets are larger, long- atively large eyes constantly scanning ers. legged, long-billed waders that pluck for prey – even at night for some With their sleek, tapered bodies or skim their prey from the water. species such as Black-bellied Plover and wings, plovers are among the As with the oystercatchers, this sub- and Killdeer. Unlike most other swiftest and strongest fliers in the group is said to have descended from Marbled Godwit Long-billed Curlew Piping Plover Dunlin Diane K. Baker 4 a common ancestral plover-like bird. Also like the oystercatchers, the rel- atively large body sizes and striking color-patterns and body parts of stilts and avocets afford fairly straightfor- ward identification in the field. Two of the world’s 9 species of stilts and avocets breed in North America. Jacanas are New World tropical birds which superficially look and behave much like the gallinules. The Northern Jacana is the only jacana species known to occur north of Mexico, occasionally turning up within the marshlands in the coastal zone of southern Texas. Sandpipers, Phalaropes, and Allies vary over an amazingly wide spectrum of size, shape, and struc- ture, and are generally adapted to Ruddy Turnstone lives in or near shallow water where Greg Lavaty they probe or pluck prey from both tance migrations. Semipalmated vorable winds, migrating birds utilize water and soil. Most sandpipers gath- Sandpipers engage in a globe-trotting a variety of altitudes ranging from er into larger feeding flocks than do 10,000+ mile, elliptical migratory just above sea level all the way up to plovers, methodically foraging like route similar to that of the American 20,000 feet. grazing herds of cattle. Compared to Golden-Plover. Such routes include Recent technological advances in the plovers, the toes of the sandpip- a few non-stop 2,500 mile legs, the telemetry have allowed researchers ers are long, with the hind toe short first of which is launched from the to track the migratory journeys of and elevated – not vestigial as with Bay of Fundy (southeastern Canada) individual birds. A one-ounce Semi- the plovers. out over the western Atlantic Ocean, palmated Sandpiper was tracked Like the plovers, a number of then banking off of the trade winds on a non-stop flight from Maine to species within the sandpiper group to reach their first stop in northern Guyana (northern South America) are known for their epic long-dis- South America. In order to find fa- in two days, averaging about 40 mph American Oystercatcher Upland Sandpiper American Avocet Wilson’s Snipe 5 Wilson’s Plover nest on a beach scrape Delaina LeBlanc over the course of the journey. of other invertebrates. Some spe- the air, often accompanied by equal- Recently (2012), researchers cies also include seeds and berries ly strange vocalizations, all of which have tracked three spring-migrating in their diets. The high metabolic are intriguing to observe and hear. Whimbrels engaged in a 95-100 demands of these long-distance Male Pectoral and White-rumped hour, 4,000 mile non-stop flight migrants require much of their time sandpipers possess inflatable sacs from wintering grounds at Sao Luis, to be spent foraging. within their upper breasts which Brazil to the northern coast of the As with most seabirds (example: they use during breeding displays. Gulf of Mexico. gulls and terns), most shorebird During the breeding season, the The family Scolopacidae is the species nest in simple “scrapes,” male Ruff grows an elaborate display largest of all the shorebirds, contain- slight indentions made on various plumage about its neck and upper ing 21 separate genera and 87 total substrates from sand to gravel to breast, analogous to the nuptial species worldwide, 42 of which are grass. Normally, the male excavates plumes put on by some egrets. regularly found in North America. the scrape, and in most species the Interestingly, nesting and Essentially, shorebirds inhabit female adds bits of various materials brooding duties are reversed in the most all major ecosystems in North to line the indention and arrange it phalaropes. Within this group, the America from dry short-grass prai- about her legs and breast. Site fidel- females are more brightly colored, ries, to wet meadows, stream banks, ity, down to reusing the same scrape and it is they who compete for the Artic tundra, and even woodlands; year after year, has been document- attention of the males. Once eggs but are rarest in mountainous ed in a number of species. Beyond are laid, the females leave them to settings. scrapes, a few species nest at the tops the males to incubate and brood. In Like most animals, shorebirds of grass tussocks or at the bases of fact phalarope females not only leave are opportunistic foragers, routinely shrubs. Only one North American these duties to the males, but they taking a wide variety of habitats species, the Solitary Sandpiper, also depart early from their breeding in which they seasonally occupy.
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