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Bölgesel Güvenlik Dengeleri Bağlaminda Rusya-Iran Ilişkileri

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Bölgesel Güvenlik Dengeleri Bağlaminda Rusya-Iran Ilişkileri T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BİLİM DALI BÖLGESEL GÜVENLİK DENGELERİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Aytan MAMMADLI BURSA - 2014 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BİLİM DALI BÖLGESEL GÜVENLİK DENGELERİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Aytan MAMMADLI Danışman: Prof.Dr. Ömer Göksel İŞYAR BURSA - 2014 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve Soyadı : Aytan MAMMADLI Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilim Dalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : VIII+173 Mezuniyet Tarihi : …. / …. / 2014 Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Ömer Göksel İŞYAR BÖLGESEL GÜVENLİK DENGELERİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ Soğuk Savaşın bitmesi ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından, uluslararası sistem yeni yapılanma sürecine girmiştir. Bir yandan sistem tek kutuplu hal alırken, diğer yandan Doğu Avrupa, Orta Asya ve Güney Kafkasya’da yeni bağımsız devletler oluşmuş ve bu bölgelerde güç boşlukları meydana gelmiştir. Böylelikle Ortadoğu bölgesine ek olarak, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya bölgeleri de istikrarsızlık alanlarına eklenmiştir. SSCB’nin varisi olarak Rusya da bu durum karşısında dış politikasını yeniden belirlemek zorunda kalmıştır. İlk başlarda, Batı eksenli olarak yürütülen Rus dış politikası, zamanla yeniden büyük güç olmayı hedefleyen çok taraflılık ve çok kutupluluk politikaları üzerine oturtulmuştur. Bu politikalar çerçevesinde Rusya, Uzak Doğu, Güney Asya ve Ortadoğu bölgelerine yönelik aktif politikalar izlemeye ve bu bölgelerde ortaklıklar kurmaya çalışmıştır. Bu bağlamda Orta Asya, Kafkasya ve Ortadoğu bölgelerinin kesiştiği noktada önemli jeostratejik pozisyona sahip olan İran, Rus dış politikası açısından önemli bir ülke olarak görülmüştür. Nitekim nükleer programı nedeniyle ABD/Batı dünyası tarafından giderek yalnızlaştırılan İran da ulusal gücünü artırmak ve bölgesel güvenlik dengelerinin sağlanması açısından Rusya ile işbirliğine önem vermiştir. Böylelikle, Rusya ve İran, bölgesel dengeleri doğrudan etkileyen enerji, nükleer ve askeri teknoloji alanlarında işbirliğine gitmiş; Orta Asya, Kafkasya ve Ortadoğu’daki bölgesel sorunlar karşısında ortak politikalar izlemeye yönelmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda iki ülke de ABD/NATO’nun bu bölgelerde etkinliğini artırmasını temel güvenlik tehdidi olarak görmüş ve önlemeye çalışmışlardır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Rusya, İran, Güvenlik, Dış Politika, ABD iii ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Aytan MAMMADLI University : Uludağ University Institution : Social Science Institution Field : International Relations Branch : International Relations Degree Awarded : Master Page Number : VIII+173 Degree Date :…. / …. / 2014 Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ömer Göksel İŞYAR RUSSIA-IRAN RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL SECURITY BALANCES Ending of the Cold War and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has entered into a restructuring process. On the one hand the system became unipolar, while on the other hand, newly independent states formed in the Eastern Europe, Central Asia and South Caucasus region, and the power vacuum has occurred in these regions. Thus Central Asia and Caucasus regions, were added to the instable areas in addition to the Middle East. This situation was forced Russia, as the successor of the USSR, to redetermine its foreign policy. In the beginning, Russian foreign policy carried on West oriented line, later it was based on multilateralism and multipolarity. Thus Russia, has been tried to follow active policies towards Far East, South Asia, and the Middle East and to establish partnerships in these areas. In this context, at the intersection of important geostrategic position in Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East, Iran has been seen as an important country for Russian foreign policy. Indeed, Iran, who have been increasingly isoleted by U.S. / Western world because of its nuclear program, has given importance to cooperation with Russia to strengthen its national power and in terms of the provision of regional security balance. Thus, Russia and Iran has cooperated in the fields of energy, nuclear and military technology, which directly affects the regional balance of power; and intented to follow common policies on regional issues in the Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East. In this context, these two countries has seen U.S. / NATO’s increasing influence in these regions as a main threat, and tried to prevent this. Keywords: Russia, Iran, Security, Foreign Policy, U.S. iv ÖNSÖZ Bana Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Siyaset Bilimini sevdiren, lisans ve yüksek lisans eğitimimde ve tez yazım sürecinde önemli katkılarda bulunan, başta tez danışmanım Prof.Dr. Ömer Göksel İşyar ve bölüm başkanımız Prof.Dr. Tayyar Arı olmak üzere, tüm değerli hocalarıma teşekkür ediyorum. Ayrıca yüksek lisans eğitimim boyunca bana burs olanağı sağlayan TC Başbakanlık Yurt Dışı Türkler Ve Akraba Topluluklar Daire Başkanlığına şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Aytan MAMMADLI Temmuz 2014 BURSA v İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI.........................................................................................................ii ÖZET............................................................................................................................. ...... .iii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... .... .iv ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ ....... ..v İÇİNDEKİLER................................................................................................................ .... .vi KISALTMALAR............................................................................................................... viii GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... ........ ..1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM SOVYET/RUS DIŞ POLİTİKALARINDA ORTADOĞU 1. SSCB’NİN GENEL ORTADOĞU POLİTİKASI ............................................................. 5 2. RUSYA FEDERASYONUN DIŞ POLİTİKASININ BELİRLENMESİNDE KİMLİK TARTIŞMALARI ................................................................................................................ 12 3. YELTSİN DÖNEMİNDE RUS DIŞ VE GÜVENLİK POLİTİKALARI ....................... 17 4. YELTSİN DÖNEMİNDE RUSYA’NIN ORTADOĞU POLİTİKASI ............................ 20 5. PUTİN-MEDVEDEV DÖNEMİNDE RUS DIŞ VE GÜVENLİK POLİTİKALARI ... 24 6. PUTİN-MEDVEDEV DÖNEMİNDE RUSYA’NIN ORTADOĞU POLİTİKASI ........ 28 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM SOVYET SONRASI DÖNEMDE NÜKLEER, ASKERİ VE ENERJİ ALANINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ 1. RUSYA- İRAN ARASINDAKİ KARŞILIKLI İKİLİ İLİŞKİLERE GENEL BAKIŞ ... 35 2. NÜKLEER KONULARDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ .............................................. 44 2.1. UAEK/AB-3 Müzakere Sürecinde Rusya-İran İlişkileri .......................................... 51 2.2. BM Güvenlik Konseyi Yaptırım Sürecinde Rusya-İran İlişkileri ............................. 58 2.3. P5+1 Müzakere Süreci Çerçevesinde Rusya-İran İlişkileri ...................................... 63 3. KONVANSİYONEL ASKERİ ALANDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ ........................ 65 4. ENERJİ ALANINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ ....................................................... 73 vi ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM SOVYET SONRASI DÖNEMDE BÖLGESEL GÜVENLİK DENGELERİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ 1.RUSYA-İRAN ARASINDAKİ BÖLGESEL İLİŞKİLERE GENEL BAKIŞ………......80 2.HAZAR SORUNU BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ ................................ 86 2.1. Hazar’ın Hukuksal Statüsü ve Paylaşımı Sorunu ..................................................... 89 2.2. Hazar Kaynaklarının Kullanımı ve Taşınması Sorunu ............................................. 97 3.KAFKASYA’DAKİ ETNİK ÇATIŞMALAR BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ ....................................................................................................................... 104 3.1. Çeçenistan Sorunu Bağlamında Rusya ve İran’ın Politikaları ................................ 107 3.2. Karabağ Sorunu Bağlamında Rusya ve İran’ın Politikaları .................................... 113 3.3. Rusya-Gürcistan Savaşı Bağlamında Rusya ve İran’ın Politikaları ....................... 124 4.ORTA ASYA VE AFGANİSTAN BÖLGESİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ ....................................................................................................................... 130 4.1. Tacikistan İç Savaşı Bağlamında Rusya ve İran’ın Politikaları .............................. 131 4.2. Afganistan Sorunu Bağlamında Rusya ve İran’ın Politikaları ................................ 134 5.ORTADOĞU BÖLGESİNDEKİ SORUNLAR BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ ....................................................................................................................... 140 5.1. Arap-İsrail Sorunu Bağlamında Rusya ve İran’ın Politikaları ................................ 142 5.2. Irak Sorunu Bağlamında Rusya ve İran’ın Politikaları ........................................... 148 5.3. Suriye Sorunu Bağlamında Rusya ve İran’ın Politikaları ....................................... 153 SONUÇ….......................................................................................................................... 159 KAYNAKLAR...................................................................................................................161
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