DOCSLIB.ORG

Notes and References

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Notes and References Notes and References Introduction 1. In this book, ‘peacekeeping’ refers to those operations designated by the Russian government and/or the CIS bodies as peacekeeping actions. The term is placed in inverted commas, because these operations have differed substantially from international practice. 2. Johan Joergan-Holst (1990) ‘Enhancing Peacekeeping Operations’, Survival, vol. 32, no. 3, (May/June), pp. 264–5. 3. See, for example, Scott Parrish (1996) ‘Chaos in Foreign Policy Decision-Making’, Transitions (17 May), in which it is argued that Russian foreign policy does not ‘reflect a broader design, careful plan- ning or cool deliberation’. 1 Peacekeeping and Coercive Diplomacy: Russian Suasion 1. Marrack Goulding (1993) ‘The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping’, International Affairs, no. 3, pp. 432–65. 2. Paul F. Diehl (1994) International Peacekeeping (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press), pp. 7–8. 3. Jordan Joergan-Holst (1993) Survival, p. 274. 4. See Introduction by William Durch in William Durch (ed.), (1994) The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis, (Washington, DC: Henry L. Stimson Center); and Alan James (1990), Peacekeeping in International Politics (London: Macmillan), pp. 368–70. 5. John Mackinlay (1990), ‘Powerful Peacekeepers’, Survival (May/June), p. 242. 6. John Mackinlay (1989) The Peacekeepers (London: Unwin Hyman), p. 222. 7. See overview in The Blue Helmets (New York: UN Department of Public Information: 1996), pp. 389–401. 8. Adam Roberts (1993) Survival, p. 12. 9. Sir Brian Urquhart (1991–92), The UN: From Peacekeeping to a Collective Security System?, Adelphi Paper 266, IISS, (Winter) (Oxford University Press). 10. See, for example, W. J. Durch and Barry Blechman (1992) Keeping the Peace: The United Nations in the Emerging World Order (Washington, DC: Henry Stimson Center), pp. 17–21; and discussion in Adam Roberts (1993) ‘Humanitarian War: Military Intervention and Human Rights’, International Affairs, no. 3, pp. 429–49; Christopher Greenwood (1993) ‘Is there a Right to Humanitarian Intervention?’, The World Today (February), pp. 34–40.; T. G. Weiss and K. M. Campbell (1991) ‘Military Humanitarianism’, Survival (September/October), pp. 451–65; and Comfort Ero and Suzanne Long (1995) ‘Humanitarian 189 190 Notes and References to Chapter 1 Intervention: A New Role for the UN?’, International Peacekeeping (Summer), pp. 140–56. 11. Cited in Edward Newman (1995) ‘Realpolitik and the CNN Factor of Humanitarian Intervention’, in Dimitris Bourantanis and Jarrod Weiner (eds), The UN in the New World Order: The World Organization at Fifty (Macmillan: London), pp. 191–211. In Agenda for Peace, Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali went even further: ‘the time of absolute and exclusive sovereignty has passed … its theory was never matched by reality’. 12. Security Council Resolution 688 of April 1991, which led to Operation Provide Comfort regarding the Kurdish population in Northern Iraq, was justified in terms of threats this situation posed to peace and secur- ity. See also Adam Roberts (1996) Humanitarian Action in War, Adelphi Paper 305, IISS (Oxford University Press). 13. For a discussion of these new tasks, see Mats Berdal (1993) Whither UN Peacekeeping?, Adelphi Paper 281, IISS (Oxford University Press). 14. On the former Yugoslavia, see James Gow (1997) Triumph of the Lack of Will, International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War (London: Hurst and Company). 15. Boutros Boutros-Ghali ·(1993) ‘Appendix A: An Agenda for Peace’, in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury (eds), United Nations, Divided World: The UN’s Roles in International Relations (Oxford University Press), p. 475. See also ‘UN Peacekeeping in a New Era’, The World Today (April 1993), pp. 66–8. 16. Sir Brian Urquhart (1990) Survival, p. 201. For a good example of national doctrines that follow this approach, see Nordic Stand By Forces (1993) (NORDSAMFN), and Nordic Tactical Manual , vols 1 and 2 (1992), (NORDSAMFN). 17. See John Mackinlay (1994) ‘Improving Multifunctional Forces’, Survival, vol. 36, no. 3, (Autumn), pp. 149–73. 18. See also T. G. Weiss and Jarat Chopra (1993) A Draft Concept of Second Generation Multinational Operations (Providence, RI: T. J. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University). 19. James Gow and Christopher Dandeker, ‘Peace Support Operations: The Problem of Legitimation’, The World Today (August/September 1995), p. 173. See also Peacekeeping: The Way Ahead? (National Defense University, MacNair Paper 15: November 1993). 20. Ibid., p. 37. 21. Adam Roberts (1994), The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping, (Institutt for Forsravstuddier, 2), p. 17. 22. Ibid., p. 24. 23. Mats Berdal (1993), Whither UN Peacekeeping?, p. 32. For other works on UN reform see, for example, John M. Lee, Robert van Pagenhardt and Timothy W. Stanley (1992) To Unite our Strength, Enhancing the UN Peace and Security System (Washington, DC: International Economic Studies Institute); and ‘Words to Deeds: Strengthening the UN’s Enforcement Capabilities’, (Final Report, International Task Force on the Enforcement of UN Security Council Resolutions, New York: (December 1997). Notes and References to Chapter 1 191 24. Charles Dobbie (1994) ‘A Concept for Post-Cold War Peacekeeping’, Survival, vol. 36, no. 3 (Autumn), pp. 121–48. See also Wider Peacekeeping: Army Field Manual Vol. 5, Operations Other than War, part 2, (London: HMSO) 1995. 25. It is interesting that so-called ‘middle-ground’ theorists have also retreated from more ambitious approaches to peacekeeping. See John Mackinlay’s (1996) A Guide to Peace Support Operations (Providence, RI: Thomas J. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University). 26. Cited in Shashi Tharoor (1995–6) ‘Should Peacekeeping go “Back to Basics”?’, Survival, vol. 37, no. 4 (Winter), pp. 52–64. See also Daniel Donald and B. C. Hayes (eds) (1995) Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping (London: Macmillan Press). 27. Ibid., p. 162. In June and July 1994, the Security Council passed three resolutions to this effect: (i) permitting French intervention in Rwanda, which led to Operation Turquoise; (ii) expanding the UN observer mission in the Georgia-Abkhazia conflict; and (iii) allowing US inter- vention in Haiti to ensure the return of Aristide before 15 October 1994. 28. T. G. Weiss and Jarat Chopra (1995) ‘Prospects for Containing Conflict in the Former Second World’, Security Studies (September), pp. 262–83. See also T. G. Weiss (1995) ‘Military–Civilian Humanitarianism – The Age of Innocence is Over’, International Peacekeeping (Summer), pp. 157–74. 29. Weiss and Chopra (1995), p. 276. On peacekeeping task-sharing, see also Thomas G. Weiss (ed.) ‘Beyond UN Subcontracting: Task-Sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and Service-Providing NGOs’, (Special issue, Third World Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 3, 1997); and Georgios Kostakos and Dimitris Bourantanis (1998) ‘Innovation in Peacekeeping: The Case of Albania’, Security Dialogue, vol. 29, no. 1 (March), pp. 49–58. 30. See Muthiah Alagappa (1997) ‘Regional Institutions, the UN and International Security: A Framework for Analysis’, Third World Quarterly, (vol. 18, no. 3), pp. 421–41. 31. For an overview of the literature on coercive intervention, see R. J. Vincent (1974) Non-Intervention and International Order (NJ: Princeton, Princeton University Press); and Hedley Bull (ed.) (1984) Intervention in World Politics (Oxford University Press). See also Neil MacFarlane (1985) Intervention and Regional Security, Adelphi Paper no. 196, p. 1. MacFarlane’s work is particularly interesting in underlin- ing the reactive nature of intervention. The interplay between Hans Morganthau’s ‘push’ perspective and Thucydides’ ‘pull’ interpretation is relevant to the Russian case. In all, however, this literature is in- appropriate for examining Russian ‘peacekeeping’, as it focuses only on the coercive tool without delving into the wider purposes of the intervenor’s policy. 32. See also the analysis of the ‘discrete use of force’ in Barry Blechman and Stephen S. Kaplan (eds) (1978) Force Without War: US Armed Forces as a Political Instrument (Washington DC: Brookings 192 Notes and References to Chapter 1 Institution). Blechman and Kaplan argue that military force can repre- sent a ‘discrete’ instrument of policy in time of peace. The ‘discrete use of force’ is defined as: ‘when physical actions are taken by one or more components of the uniformed military services as part of a deliberate attempt by the national authorities to influence, or to be prepared to influence the specific behaviour of individuals in another nation without engaging in a continuing contest of violence’. See also work on Soviet use of force in Stephen Kaplan (ed.) (1981) Diplomacy of Power (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution). 33. See the discussion in Alexander L. George and Gordon A. Craig (1990) Force and Statecraft, Diplomatic Problems of our Time, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 197–211; and Alexander L. George (1991) Forceful Persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to War (Washington, DC: US Institute for Peace). 34. George discusses such cases as the American bombing of Hanoi in 1965, the US arming of the Contras in the early 1980s, and US policy during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. 35. Ibid., p. 198. 36. George, (1991) (Washington, DC: US Institute for Peace), p. 7. 37. George and Craig (1990) (Oxford University Press), p. 201. George and Craig determine a number of ‘contextual’ as well as ‘policy’ variables that will affect the implementation and course of a policy of ‘coercive diplomacy’. 38. Ibid., p. 211. 39. E. N. Luttwak (1974) The Political Uses of Sea Power (Baltimore: Md Johns Hopkins University Press). 40. Ibid., p. 6. 41. Ibid., p. 54. 42. Ibid., p. 35. 43. Ibid., p. 57. 44. E. N. Luttwak (1987) Strategy, The Logic of War and Peace (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press), p. 193. 45. See George (1991), p. 4. George does recognize explicitly the limits of this ideal-type view of the state. 46. Scott Parrish has argued that it is impossible to refer to rational strate- gic decision-making in Russia. The foreign policy-making process is characterized by ad hoc decision-making and ‘freelancing’ by different agencies.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bölgesel Güvenlik Dengeleri Bağlaminda Rusya-Iran Ilişkileri
    T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BİLİM DALI BÖLGESEL GÜVENLİK DENGELERİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Aytan MAMMADLI BURSA - 2014 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BİLİM DALI BÖLGESEL GÜVENLİK DENGELERİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Aytan MAMMADLI Danışman: Prof.Dr. Ömer Göksel İŞYAR BURSA - 2014 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve Soyadı : Aytan MAMMADLI Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilim Dalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : VIII+173 Mezuniyet Tarihi : …. / …. / 2014 Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Ömer Göksel İŞYAR BÖLGESEL GÜVENLİK DENGELERİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ Soğuk Savaşın bitmesi ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından, uluslararası sistem yeni yapılanma sürecine girmiştir. Bir yandan sistem tek kutuplu hal alırken, diğer yandan Doğu Avrupa, Orta Asya ve Güney Kafkasya’da yeni bağımsız devletler oluşmuş ve bu bölgelerde güç boşlukları meydana gelmiştir. Böylelikle Ortadoğu bölgesine ek olarak, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya bölgeleri de istikrarsızlık alanlarına eklenmiştir. SSCB’nin varisi olarak Rusya da bu durum karşısında dış politikasını yeniden belirlemek zorunda kalmıştır. İlk başlarda, Batı eksenli olarak yürütülen Rus dış politikası, zamanla yeniden büyük güç olmayı hedefleyen çok taraflılık ve çok kutupluluk politikaları
    [Show full text]
  • • United Nations • UN Millenium Development Goals
    • United Nations • The Bretton Woods Institutions http://www.un.org http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Current/P7/b wi/cccbw.html • UN Millenium Development Goals http://www.developmentgoals.org/ News • The Economist • MUNweb http://www.economist.co.uk/ http://www.munweb.org/ • Foreign Affairs • UN Official MUN website http://www.foreignaffairs.org/ http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/mod elun/ • Associated Press http://www.ap.org/ • UN System - Alphabetic Index of Websites of the United Nations • Russian News Agency System of Organizations http://www.tass.net/ http://www.unsystem.org/ • Interfax International Group • United Nations Development http://www.interfax-news.com/ Programme http://www.undp.org/ • British Broadcasting Corporation http://news.bbc.co.uk/ • UN Enviroment Programme http://www.unep.org/ • Reuters. Know. Now. http://www.reuters.com/ • Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights • Agencia EFE http://www.ohchr.org/english/ http://www.efe.es/ • International Criminal Court • Agence France Presse http://www.iccnow.org/ www.afp.com • International Criminal Tribunal for • El Mundo the former Yugoslavia http://www.elmundo.es http://www.un.org/icty/ • Aljazeera International English • United Nations Bibliographic Edition Information System http://www.aljazeera.com/ http://unbisnet.un.org/ • Foreign Affairs • International Criminal Tribunal for http://www.foreignaffairs.org/ Rwanda http://www.ictr.org/ • Associated Press http://www.ap.org/ • International Court of Justice http://www.icj-cij.org/ • Russian News Agency http://www.tass.net/ • World Bank Group http://www.worldbank.org/ • Interfax International Group http://www.interfax-news.com/ • European Union http://europa.eu.int/ • British Broadcasting Corporation http://news.bbc.co.uk/ • World Trade Organization http://www.wto.org/ • Reuters.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia: CHRONOLOGY DECEMBER 1993 to FEBRUARY 1995
    Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/CHRONO... Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Home Issue Paper RUSSIA CHRONOLOGY DECEMBER 1993 TO FEBRUARY 1995 July 1995 Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This document is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate. Table of Contents GLOSSARY Political Organizations and Government Structures Political Leaders 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CHRONOLOGY 1993 1994 1995 3. APPENDICES TABLE 1: SEAT DISTRIBUTION IN THE STATE DUMA TABLE 2: REPUBLICS AND REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MAP 1: RUSSIA 1 of 58 9/17/2013 9:13 AM Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/CHRONO... MAP 2: THE NORTH CAUCASUS NOTES ON SELECTED SOURCES REFERENCES GLOSSARY Political Organizations and Government Structures [This glossary is included for easy reference to organizations which either appear more than once in the text of the chronology or which are known to have been formed in the period covered by the chronology. The list is not exhaustive.] All-Russia Democratic Alternative Party. Established in February 1995 by Grigorii Yavlinsky.( OMRI 15 Feb.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CASES of RUSSIA and TURKEY a Master's Thesis By
    STATE’S RESPONSE TO TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE CASES OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY A Master’s Thesis by TATIANA ZHIDKOVA Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara July 2011 STATE’S RESPONSE TO TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE CASES OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by TATIANA ZHIDKOVA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA July 2011 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Assoc. Prof. Ersel AYDINLI Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Assistant Prof. Özgür ÖZDAMAR Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Assistant Prof. Zeki SARIGİL Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Erdal EREL Director ABSTRACT STATE’S RESPONSE TO TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE CASES OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY Zhidkova, Tatiana M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ersel Aydınlı July 2011 In the aftermath of globalization, it has become increasingly easier for non-state actors to develop in transnational networks, thus jeopardizing domestic security and political stability of states.
    [Show full text]
  • State Policy in the Arctic
    INFORMATION DIGEST ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCTIC October 2020 KEY TOPICS: NORTHERN SEA ROUTE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE NORTH STATE POLICY IN THE ARCTIC 30 October 2020, TASS Alexander Krutikov: large economic projects will appear in almost all Arctic regions “The system of preferences that exists in the Arctic is different from the one in the Far East. <…> The first block of support measures was put into operation. It is meant for large economic projects that significantly change the economic environment. <…> Such projects are planned for practically every Arctic region,” shared Deputy Minister for Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic Alexander Krutikov during the roundtable organized by the Ministry and the Roscongress Foundation. The second block applies to small and medium businesses. It offers premium rebates: when a small business becomes a resident of the Arctic zone, its premium rate goes as low as 3.025%. The third block includes non-tax measures. tass.ru/ekonomika/9876979 26 October 2020, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, TASS, RIA Novosti, Regnum, etc. Vladimir Putin approved Arctic Zone Development Strategy President Vladimir Putin signed a decree approving the Arctic Zone Development Strategy and ensuring national security until 2035. Within the next three months, the Government will need to approve a unified action plan to implement the basics of the state policy in the Arctic and the afore-mentioned strategy. The Government will report on their status annually. rg.ru/2020/10/26/putin-utverdil-strategiiu-razvitiia-arkticheskoj-zony.html 26 October 2020, TASS Public Council of Russia’s Arctic Zone is chaired by President of Russian Association of the Indigenous Peoples of the North Grigory Ledkov, President of the Russian Association of the Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East, is now the Chairman of the Public Council of Russia’s Arctic Zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual-Report-2018 Eng.Pdf
    Russian International Affairs Council CONTENTS /01 GENERAL INFORMATION 4 /02 RIAC PROGRAM ACTIVITIES 16 /03 RIAC IN THE MEDIA 58 /04 RIAC WEBSITE 60 /05 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 62 3 Russian International ANNUAL REPORT 2018 Affairs Council The General Meeting of RIAC members is the The main task of the RIAC Scientific Council is to ABOUT THE COUNCIL supreme governing body of the Partnership. The formulate sound recommendations for strategic key function of the General Meeting is to ensure decisions in RIAC expert, research, and publishing The non-profit partnership Russian compliance with the goals of the Partnership. The activities. General Meeting includes 160 members of the International Affairs Council (NP RIAC) is Council. The Vice-Presidency was introduced to achieve 01 the goals of the Partnership in cooperation with a Russian membership-based non-profit The RIAC Board of Trustees is a supervisory body government bodies and local authorities of the organization. The partnership was established of the Partnership that monitors the activities of Russian Federation and foreign states, the Partnership and their compliance with the international organizations, and Russian and by the resolution of its founders pursuant statutory goals. foreign legal entities. The candidate for Vice- President is approved by the RIAC Presidium for a to Decree No. 59-rp of the President of the The Presidium of the Partnership is a permanent one-year term. Russian Federation “On the Establishment collegial governing body of the Partnership that consists of not less than five and no more than RIAC Corporate Members of the Non-Profit Partnership Russian fifteen members, including the President and According to the Charter, legal citizens of the the Director General of the Partnership, who Russian Federation or entities established in International Affairs Council” dated February 2, have a vote in the decision-making process.
    [Show full text]
  • V. Makarov A. Guseynov A. Grigoryev
    ss1-2012:Ss4-2009.qxd 06.02.2012 17:20 Страница 252 E D I T O R I A L C O U N C I L V. MAKAROV A. GUSEYNOV Chairman Editor-in-Chief Academician of RAS Academician of RAS A. GRIGORYEV Deputy Editor-in-Chief M E M B E R S O F T H E C O U N C I L L. ABALKIN, Academician V. STEPIN, Academician A. DEREVYANKO, Academician V. TISHKOV, Academician T. ZASLAVSKAYA, Academician Zh. TOSHCHENKO, Corr. Mem., RAS V. LEKTORSKY, Academician A. DMITRIYEV, Corr. Mem., RAS A. NEKIPELOV, Academician I. BORISOVA, Executive Secretary G. OSIPOV, Academician Managing Editor: Oleg Levin; Production Manager: Len Hoffman SOCIAL SCIENCES (ISSN 0134-5486) is a quarterly publication of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The articles selected by the Editorial Council are chosen from books and journals originally prepared in the Russian language by authors from 30 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Statements of fact and opinion appearing in the journal are made on the responsibility of the authors alone and do not imply the endorsement of the Editorial Council. Reprint permission: Editorial Council. Address: 26, Maronovsky pereulok, Moscow, 119991 GSP-1, Russia. SOCIAL SCIENCES (ISSN 0134-5486) is published quarterly by East View Information Services: 10601 Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis, MN 55305, USA. Vol. 43, No. 1, 2012. Postmaster: Send address changes to East View Information Services: 10601 Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis, MN 55305, USA. Orders are accepted by East View Information Services. Phone: (952) 252-1201; Toll-free: (800) 477-1005; Fax: (952) 252-1201; E-mail: [email protected] as well as by all major subscription agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Actions in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999
    WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. A Tale of Two Theaters: Russian Actions in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999 by Mr. Timothy L. Thomas Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article was previously published in Analysis of Current Events September 2000 Volume 12, Nos. 5-6 Between 1994 and 1996, Russia fought a war to prevent its semi-autonomous republic of Chechnya from breaking away. The Chechens theoretically “won” the war. Chechnya was permitted de facto independence, even though Russian President Boris Yeltsin managed to put off a final agreement on Chechnya’s status until the year 2001. However, Russia’s armed forces never admitted defeat, and began planning operations and conducting training to retake Chechnya almost immediately. Between 1996 and the spring of 1999, events created another opportunity to intervene in Chechnya. These included widespread Chechen hostage-taking, car and cattle theft, and illegal tapping of oil pipelines passing through Chechnya. The Chechen incursion into Dagestan in August 1999, and the suspected Chechen bombing of Russian apartment buildings in the fall of 1999, gave the Russian government the final pretext to conduct the second intervention in Chechnya, in October 1999. The 1999 intervention was executed according to a well-conceived plan. According to the former Minister of Internal Affairs and Yeltsin loyalist Sergei Stepashin, the plan was prepared for execution in March 1999 but was delayed.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Preliminary List*
    Diatr. GENERAL A/41/328 9 May 1986 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Forty-first seseion Item 113 of the preliminary list* PROGRAMME BUDGET FOR THE BIENNIUM 1986-1987 Evaluation of the News Service of the Department of Political and Security Council Affairs Note by the Secretary-General 1. Ae requested by the Committee for Programme and Co-ordinc.ilon at ite twenty-fifth session, the report of the Administrative Management Service on the evaluation of the News Service of the Department of Political and Security Council AffairA is annexed to the present note. Under normal circumstances, reports of the Administrative Manaqement Service are internal documents for Secretariat use only. Exceptionally, however, because of the epecial interest expressed by the members of the Committee for Proqramme and Co-ordination and Member States, this evaluation report ie beinq made public. The evaluation report is provided in its entirety, a8 prepared by the Administrative Management Service, but itR ennexes have been omitted to reduce caste. 2. The Secretary-General conaiders the conclusions and recommendations of the report to be, in qeneral, soundly based an.i has reservations only about the recommendation that the daily bulletins be reduced from four to two a day. The utility of these bulletins ts much enhanced by their timeliness. If they were reduced to two a day, Borne of this value would be lo&*.. The Secretary-General would therefore prefer that the present four daily bulletins be keduced by only one. This would aeem to coincide with the views expreesed by other end-users. 3. Aa the sources utilized for the daily press review have been expanded and its coverage extended in accordance with the findings in the evaluation, :he Secretary-General believes that there would be value in continuing the daily press review for a further period of three months in order lo as8e88 ite value in the light of these changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Wartime Management: the Role of Civil Defense in Leadership Continuity
    ,...- "'<;.' Ull C.:~Ul" U I .: ..2l. '\:: Central S GkJ ~ Intelligence ~~ Soviet Wartime Management: The Role of Civil Defense in Leadership Continuity Interagency Intelligence Memorandum Volume II-Analysis CIA HISTORiCAL REViEW PROGRAM RELEASE AS SANITIZED Tett Seeret Nll!M 8J-10005JX TCS J6tJI~J December 1983 rn"'' ~,... .._ Top Seuei Nl liM 83-10005JX SOVIET WARTIME MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF CIVIL DEF~NSE IN LEADERSHIP CONTINUITY VOLUME II-ANALYSIS Information available as of 25 October 1983 was used in the preparation of this Memorandum. TG& &GQl 8& TeF3 6cu et Tep Sec•o4 CONTENTS Page PURPOSE AND SCOPE....................................................................................... ix KEY JUDGMENTS ............................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I. SOVIET STRATEGY FOR WARTIME MANAGEMENT...... I-1 A. Soviet Perceptions of Nuclear War ........................................................ I-1 B. Organizational Concepts.......................................................................... I-I CHAPTER II. WARTIME MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE........................... Il-l A. Influence of World War II ............................... :...................................... Il-l B. Peacetime Organizations and F~nctions ................................................ Il-l C. Organizations for the Transition to Wartime........................................ II-7 USSR Defense Council ........................................................................ II-7 Second Departments
    [Show full text]
  • Khojaly Genocide
    CHAPTER 1 KHOJALY. HISTORY, TRAGEDY, VICTIMS P R E S I D E N T I A L L I B R A RY Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan CONTENTS BRIEF HISTORY OF KARABAKH .............................................................................................................5 INFORMATION ON THE GRAVE VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTED DURING THE COURSE OF THE ARMENIAN AGGRESSION AGAINST AZERBAIJAN....................................7 BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT KHOJALY ........................................................................................... 10 THE TRAGEDY........................................................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF THE PEOPLE DIED AT THE KHOJALY TRAGEDY ............................................................. 12 LIST OF FAMILIES COMPLETELY EXECUTED ON 26TH OF FEBRUARY 1992 DURING KHOJALY GENOCIDE .............................................................................................................................. 22 LIST OF THE CHILDREN DIED IN KHOJALY GENOCIDE ................................................................ 23 LIST OF THE CHILDREN HAVING LOST ONE OF THEIR PARENTS AT THE KHOJALY TRAGEDY.................................................................................................................................................... 25 LIST OF THE CHILDREN HAVING LOST BOTH PARENTS AT THE KHOJALY TRAGEDY ....... 29 MISSING PEOPLE .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Operational-Strategic Commands
    Yeltsin's Latest Military Reform Initiative: OperationalOperational---StrategicStrategic Commands Eva Busza November 1998 PONARS Policy Memo 44 College of William and Mary This fall the Yeltsin administration announced a new military reform initiative: the transformation of existing military districts into operational strategic commands. While the proposed system has been adopted in order to strengthen the ability of the armed forces to maintain order on the territory and the borders of the Russian federation, the new system is likely to hinder state consolidation and undermine democratic governance. Background Russia inherited a system of military-administrative units from the Soviet Union. Until recently the country was divided into eight military districts and one special region. Each district was made up of units of the ground troops, special troops, district rear services, military educational institutions and local military command and control bodies. Air Force and Air Defense Troops units deployed in the region were often also subordinated to the district administration. The district administration was charged with carrying out operational, military-administrative, and mobilizational tasks. It was to supply logistics support to the units on its territory and to provide territorial defense. In the last five years the number of separately functioning military structures has proliferated more than 30 state military organizations are believed to exist). Some have created their own separate district organizational structure. For example, today there are seven districts of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Interior, nine Federal Border Service districts, and nine regional centers of the Russian Ministry for Civil Defense, Emergencies and the Elimination of the Effects of Natural Disasters.
    [Show full text]