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Marine Resources and Prehistoric Adaptations: a Review of Trekking the Shore

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Marine Resources and Prehistoric Adaptations: a Review of Trekking the Shore The Journal of Big History (JBH) ISSN 2475-3610 Volume III Number 4, https://doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v3i4.3400 Editor: Lowell Gustafson (Villanova University, USA) Associate Editor: Esther Quaedackers (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Book Review Editor David Blanks (Arkansas Tech University, USA) Editorial Board Mojgan Behmand (Dominican University of California, USA) Craig Benjamin (Grand Valley State University, USA) David Christian (Macquarie University, Australia) Javier Collado Ruano (National University of Education, Ecuador Seohyung Kim (Ewha Womans University, South Korea) Andrey Korotayev (Moscow State University, Russia) Johnathan Markley (University of California, Fullerton, USA) BarryLucy Bennison Rodrigue Laffitte (Symbiosis (North School Carolina for Liberal State University, Arts, India) USA) Fred Spier (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Nobuo Tsujimura (Institute for Global and Cosmic Peace, Japan) Joseph Voros (Swinburne University of Technology, Australia) Sun Yue (Capital Normal University, China) JBH, the journal of the International Big History Association (IBHA), is published on line and is accessible to members of the IBHA. The IBHA also publishes its bulletin, Origins. The bulletin contains members’ accounts of their activities and views, announcements of conferences and meetings of interest, and other communication of interest to IBHA members. We encourage readers of the JBH to send letters and responses to [email protected] to the address below: International Big History Association SAC 253 Villanova University Villanova, PA 19085 USA [email protected] Journal of Big History (JBH). The views and opinions expressed in JBH are not necessarily those of the IBHA Board. JBHPlease reserves visit journalofbighistory.org the right to accept, reject for orinformation edit any material on how submittedto submit articlesfor publication. and other material to The IBHA appreciates its members for their participation in the IBHA. Membership dues all go towards the administration of the association, but do not by themselves cover our costs. The only paid position is a part time administrative assistant. Other costs are for our website and for the JBH, for example. Please consider a tax deductible (in the US) gift to our 501(C)3 and please consider remembering the IBHA in your will. Contents Articles Gregg Henriques, Joseph Michalski, Steven Quackenbush, Waldemar Schmidt The Tree of Knowledge System: A New Map for Big History .......................................................................................................... 1 Barry Wood Beachcombing and Coastal Settlement: The Long Migration from South Africa to Patagonia — The Greatest Journey Ever Made ............................................................................................... 19 A longa migração da África do Sul para a Patagônia — A maior jornada já feita .............................................................................................................. 47 Heikki Patomäki Mythopoetic imagination as a source of critique and reconstruction: alternative storylines about our place in cosmos ........................................................................ 77 Leonid E. Grinin The Star-Galaxy Era in Terms of Big History and Universal Evolution .................................... 99 A Era Astro-Galáctica em Termos da Macro-História e da Evolução Universal ...................................................................................................................................123 Ken Baskin Toward a Big History Interpretation of Religion ...................................................................... 147 Book Reviews Barry Wood Marine Resources and Prehistoric Adaptations: A Review of Trekking the Shore .............................................................................................. 167 Ken Baskin A Cosmological Crisis?: A Review of Nasser Zakarayia, The Final Story: Science, Myth, and Beginnings ..................................................................... 171 Contributors ............................................................................................................................ 177 The Tree of Knowledge System: A New Map for Big History Gregg Henriques James Madison University Joseph Michalski King’s University College, Western Ontario Steven Quackenbush University of Maine at Farmington Waldemar Schmidt Oregon Health & Sciences University Abstract This article summarizes the Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System (Henriques, 2003; 2011), and compares and contrasts its depiction of cosmic evolution as four “dimensions of existence” (i.e., Matter, Life, Mind and Culture) with Big History’s eight thresholds of complexity. Both systems share the concern with the current fragmentation in academic knowledge and advocate for a more consilient and integrative vision that places the disciplines in coherent relationship to each other, and both views argue that such efforts are needed to advance wise decision making in the context of the accelerating rate of change. The major differences between the two perspectives are found in how the ToK conceptualizes the different dimensions of existence. Following Matter, the dimensions of Life, Mind and Culture are seen as emerging as a function of different semiotic or information processing systems that give rise to strongly emergent properties. In addition, given its emphasis on psychology and the mental dimension of existence, the ToK highlights some aspects of cosmic evolution that have not been featured prominently in most models of BH. The article ultimately suggests that there is potential for a fruitful synergy between the historical emphasis of BH with the more psychological focus of the ToK System. Correspondence | Gregg Henriques, [email protected]; Joseph Michalski, [email protected]; Steven Quackenbush, [email protected]; Waldemar Schmidt, [email protected] Citation | Henriques, G., Michalski, J., Quackenbush, S., Schmidt, W., (2019) The Tree of Knowledge System: A New Map for Big History. Journal of Big History, III(4); 1 - 17. DOI | https://doi.org/10.22339/jbh.v3i4.3410 he Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System (Hen- tory (BH) view of the universe, albeit a unique one. riques, 2003; 2011) is an integrative approach Indeed, it can be considered an explicit map of what Tto scientific and humanistic knowledge that some scholars in Big History have called “The Great shares much in common with the Big History move- Matrix” (Grassie, 2018). More specifically, the ToK ment (Christian, 2017), even though the two visions System offers a new, systematic emergent naturalistic were conceived of and developed independently. Cen- metaphysics (Cahoone, 2013) that defines key ontic tral to the ToK System is a series of diagrams that offer concepts (i.e., Matter, Life, Mind, and Culture), and a pictographic representation of the “unfolding wave specifies their relations to one another and scientific of behavior” that has emerged since the Big Bang and knowledge about them. Figure 1 depicts the primary has continued through the present. Because the ToK ToK System diagram (Henriques, 2003), and corre- System is a representation of cosmic evolution and sponds it with the eight Big History Thresholds. emergence on the dimensions of time and complex- As shown, the ToK characterizes the universe of ity, it is appropriate to characterize it as a Big His- behavior as consisting of four different dimensions of Journal of Big History Volume III Number 4 2019 Tree of Knowledge System the theories, ideologies, and assumptions that guide the scientific enterprise, coordinate the behavior of scientists, and constitute scientific knowledge. In the language of the ToK, these conceptual ideological representations are characterized as “justification systems” (Henriques, 2011; Shaffer, 2008). Thus, the ToK depicts how the physical sciences map the dimension of Figure 1. The Tree of Knowledge System and the Thresholds of Big History Matter, the biological sciences map the dimension of Life, the existence. The “Matter” cone at the bottom represents psychological sciences map the dimension of Mind, the emergence and behavior of inanimate material and the social sciences map the dimension of Culture. objects from the time of the Big Bang, and includes We can use the philosophical difference between entities such as atoms, stars, and planets. Particles like ontology and ontic reality to achieve conceptual clarity electrons represent the base of the cone as they are the in understanding this correspondence. As represented simplest entities, whereas entities like macromolecules here, the sciences consist of the ontological knowledge found in organic chemistry correspond to the top of of the actual, ontic entity. For example, the theory of the material cone. The “Life” cone represents the general relativity represents the scientific, ontological behavior of organisms, ranging from the simplest understanding of how massive bodies curve space and single-celled creatures (e.g., bacteria) up through time. As a theory about the material world, it resides large, complex multi-celled organisms (e.g., an oak in the matrix of the physical sciences, and thus is a tree). The “Mind” cone represents the behavior of part of the Cultural dimension of existence. However, animals with a brain, ranging from nematodes at the the ontic behavior of the galaxies, having existed base (i.e., worms with simple brains) through highly long before Einstein ever generated his theories
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