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Book of the Discovery Channel Documentary "Out of Eden/The Real Eve" (2002) by Stephen Oppenheimer

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Book of the Discovery Channel Documentary Book of the Discovery Channel Documentary "Out of Eden/The Real Eve" (2002) by Stephen Oppenheimer The book manuscript was originally titled: “Exodus: the genetic trail out of Africa” and was submitted by the author to Constable Robinson publishers also in June 2002, was accepted, edited and then multiply published 2003/4 in UK, USA & South Africa as: Out of Eden: The peopling of the world”(UK) The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa”(US) & “Out of Africa's Eden: the peopling of the world”(SA) … and subsequently in various foreign translations The document following below contains parts of the author’s original text as submitted to the publisher. It includes the summary Contents pages for the 7 chapters, but also gives full text for the original Preface, Prologue and Epilogue : Contents (Full author’s copyright submitted text of Preface, Prologue and Epilogue follow ‘Contents’) Preface 5 Prologue: 9 1: Why us? Where do we come from? - Why us - The climate our teacher - Walking apes - Growing brains in the big dry- Why did we grow big brains? II. Talking apes Touched with the gift of speech? - Baldwin's idea - Ever newer models - How did our brain grow and what does it do for us? - Redundant computing power or increasing central control? - Food for thought or just talking about food? - Symbolic thought and Language: purely human abilities? - Speech and higher thought: big bang creation or gradual evolution? Chapter 1: Out of Africa 32 Introduction - Cardboard keys to Life - A Black Eve - Objections from multi-regionalists - Objections from geneticists - Two routes Out-of-Africa ? - The Northern Route: a Sun-gate - Out-of-Africa into Europe: the failed first Exodus - Western know-how? - A Green Refuge in Egypt? - The Australian Problem - Israel-to-Australia or bust - The Eastern Barriers - What the genes say about the Northern route - Just one Exodus - Drift and Extinction - The Southern Route - Cold Feet? - Time to move - Wet or Dry Passage? - The first Asian Eve clans - The Origins of Europeans - Archaeological origins of the European Palaeolithic in India - Summary Chapter 2: When did we become modern? 61 Are Europeans different or just Euro-centric? - The Multiregional Vs Out-of-Africa debate - solution: give Neanderthals a bad name - Europeans the first to become 'Behaviourally Modern'? - Who is calling who primitive? - Yali's Question - Mo Johnson on Yali - Yali's Neolithic problem - Do not judge peoples by their culture - Just how dumb were Neanderthals? Is the technology comparison fair? - Anatomically Modern Africans used rather similar technology to Neanderthals before 50,000 years - All human migrants out- of-Africa between 250-100,000 years ago used similar technology - The European Upper Palaeolithic: why did 'blades' make it so different from the Middle Palaeolithic? - The Velcro revolution - Neanderthals were behind the times; but could they catch up? - Hearths and burials - Why talk up Neanderthals at all? - The European Upper Palaeolithic: a human revolution? - Or a biological revolution? - Are Europeans really likely to have developed a wisdom gene and then spread it around to everyone else? - Lack of genetic mixing after the out-of-Africa dispersal is the general rule - The first Europeans were essentially at the same level as Africans, Australians and Asians: the evidence - Using stone trails to follow people round the world - Which Human Revolution? - Smart African tools - African artists - African Ornaments - African fishers - African "traders" - Two million years of human know-how. Chapter 3: Two kinds of Europeans 88 The side-branch that flowered - The first modern Europeans - The Aurignacians - Matching genes to the dates on the stones - The fifth daughter of Ur - The first three of the seven U daughters were all 50,000 years old - Opening of the Fertile Crescent corridor - Adam's story - A second invasion of Europe: The Gravettian - A gap in occupation of the Near East? - Could the Gravettian people have come from further east? - Asian men in Europe - The Russian male lines: Central Asians in Europe? - R-Y: Asian progenitor of half Europe's men - Europe's Asian roots. Chapter 4: First steps into Asia: first leap to Australia 108 Two sisters out of Africa: where next? - Survivors of the great trek: Place and Time - The first Australians - Oldest relics of the beach-combing trail? - To gaze on the face of the mother that launched a billion families - Nuclear genetic markers: a bigger bag of marbles - The Origins of N - The Indian sub-continent: fount of all Asian lines? - The first Asian men. Chapter 5: The early Asian divisions 137 We all have a tendency to identify differences - The limited power of words - The loss of skin colour - Changing face - Earlier people were bigger and more rugged - How did we get to be smaller? - Mongoloids may have 'evolved' more recently - Europeans retained ancestral features, like the beach-combers - Sundadonts of Indo-China and the Pacific Rim and Sinodonts of North Asia - Australians not quite so isolated? - The first beach-combers in China and Japan - The enigma of Mongoloid origins - Why did Mongoloid peoples come to look different? - Do Mongoloid features result from drift? - Do Mongoloid features result from selection? - Neoteny in humans - Four routes into Central Asia, three from the Indo-Pacific coast and one from Russia - East along The Silk Road from the west end of the Himalayas/ West along the Silk Road from China/ North into Tibet from Burma: East from Russia - Genetics - Adam's story - Two Male beach-combers - Beach- combing and Polar Exploration. Chapter 6: The Great Freeze 175 Filling up the Old World - The Big Freeze: Ice, lakes and deserts - Ice Age Refuges Genetic continuity and the last glaciation - Northern Asia in the cold - Driven off the high cold Steppe - More land on the coast - Post-glacial Asian invasions of Australasia - Physical evidence for an early Mongoloid dispersal in Asia - Cultural evidence for an Asian dispersal - A Tale of two Rivers - Southeast Asia: a gap in occupation or just the effects of sea-level? - Where next? Chapter 7: The Peopling of the Americas 204 Thomas Jefferson - Discord in academia - The Clovis first Orthodoxy - Pretenders, heretics or scientists - Monte Verde - 'Paradigm-Death and gunfights' - Meadowcroft The language story - A northern enclave - How many founding genetic lines? How many migrations? - Genetic geography and the Americas - Greenberg's three groups are related to each other within America - Why so little diversity in the North? - A refuge on the Lost Continent of Beringia - The dates fit for entry before the Ice Age - The 'X' papers - Kennewick Man: a pre-Columbian European connection? - The Solutrean hypothesis - How many migrant groups and where from? - Two or three Asian sources? - A North Eurasian source for American males? - Maternal lines from other parts of Asia - Rainbow coalition - Wandering separately - The west coastal route into America - Pre-Clovis only. Epilogue: To know where we are going we need to know who we are and where we came from 253 Appendix: Tracing Human Genes 269 --------------------------------------------- Preface Imagine an airline counter queue in Chicago or London. Seven people stand looking in different directions. One is a solicitor of Afro-Caribbean origin, another a blond-headed girl whose family come from northern Europe, another a computer expert who was born in India. The fourth is a Chinese teenager listening to a Walkman. The fifth, sixth and seventh are all attending a conference on rock art and come respectively from Australia, New Guinea and South America. They are quiet and avoid eye contact because they neither know each other nor feel related in any way. Yet it can be proved they are all related and ultimately all have an African female and male ancestor in common. In all our cells we have genes. Genes are made up of DNA, the string-like code of life that determines what we are, from our fingernails to our innate skill at playing the piano. If we analyse the genes of any one of these seven we can trace the geographic route their ancestors took back to an ultimate birthplace in Africa, at the dawn of our species. Further, if we take any pair from our waiting queue and compare their genes, we will find that those two share a more recent ancestor living, in all probability, outside Africa (See Panel diagram 1). What is more, I believe that we can now prove where those ancestors lived and when they moved. (See Panel diagram 2) This remarkable proof has only became fully possible within the last decade, as a result of pioneering work by a number of people. Many of us have wondered, perhaps in daydreams, what we would find if we could fly in some time capsule through our generations back and back. Where would it lead? Would we find a distant relationship with some famous or notorious person? How many generations back to the first humans? Does our line continue back to monkeys and beyond to worms and single celled creatures as Darwin said? We know from dry biology lessons at school that this ought to be so, but as with the uncertainty of what happens to us after we die, we cannot fully conceive it. We are now so used to the pace of new technical advances that the sense of wonder fades with each one. We have come to expect no ultimate barriers in the way of scientists' advance in knowledge, but the ability to use our genes to trace the detailed history of how we conquered the world was actually despaired of by genetics experts right up until recently. The reason for their pessimism was that the majority of the genes they examined, shuffled around at each generation and were common to most populations anyway.
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