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A GLOBAL REPRESENTATIVE SYSTEM OF. MARTNE PROTE CTED AREAS Public Disclosure Authorized ; ,a,o k. @ S~~ ~r' ~~~~, - ( .,t, 24762 Volume 4 Public Disclosure Authorized .. ~fr..'ne .. G~,eat Barrier R M P.'k Authority Public Disclosure Authorized £S EM' '' , 0Th.o1,, ;, Public Disclosure Authorized a a b . ' Gtat Barrier Rdeef Mnarine Park Authori ''*' i' . ' ; -, a5@ttTh jO The'Wor1&~B'ank .~ ' a K ' ;' 6''-7 Th WorId>Conserutsibn Union (IUCN) $-. , tA,, -h, . §,; . A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas Principal Editors Graeme Kelleher, Chris Bleakley, and Sue Wells Volume IV The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority The World Bank The World Conservation Union (IUCN) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 1995 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. This publication was printed with the generous financial support of the Government of The Netherlands. Copies of this publication may be requested by writing to: Environment Department The World Bank Room S 5-143 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. WORLD CNPPA MARINE REGIONS 0 CNPPAMARINE REGION NUMBERS - CNPPAMARINE REGION BOUNDARIES / > SJ/) a l ti c \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ali OD ' 0 Nort/h@ / North East %f , Nrkwestltsni North Eastt IPaa _?q g Nrharr etwcific \ t\ / , .............. 0 \ 1 // // ~Mediter r aneln................... ~9_7) Caibe, I.{;J P. S \1 5 XlllXlillLlrl !lS -?'l / / / - - '/ loI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Soutli Pacifixc South Pacific '1' > 'ti''N i-:) 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~ U 0'~~~~ \\ \ ' ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Antarcticj/ cn bZ OV dc * cn ^e arlhw r Cts 0^ <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T , 0e lle 11_ d 1 s. _ <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Contents Introduction 1 Objective 2 Methodology 2 Selection of Priority Areas 3 Priorities for Conservation 3 Summary of Results 5 Priorities for Marine Biodiversity Conservation 8 General Recommendations 8 The Way Forward 11 14. South Pacific 13 Biogeography and Marine Biodiversity 13 Assessment of Existing MPAs 24 Assessment of Management 29 Priority Areas and Recommendations 32 Conclusion 47 Appendix 14.1 Island Domain Occurrence 48 Appendix 14.2 Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific (Apia Convention) 49 Bibliography 50 15. Northeast Pacific 55 Biogeography and Marine Biodiversity 55 Assessment of Existing MPAs 75 Priority Areas and Recommendations 84 Appendix Priority Areas by Biogeographic Region 97 Bibliography 104 16. Northwest Pacific 107 Biogeography and Marine Biodiversity 107 Assessment of Existing MPAs 114 Priority Areas and Recommendations 121 Conclusion 127 Note 12-7 Bibliography 127 17. Southeast Pacific 131 Biogeography anrd Marine Biodiversity 131 Assessment of Existing MPAs 136 Priority Areas and -Recommendations 144 Bibliography 150 18. Australia and New Zealand 153 Austrai a 153 Biogeography and Marine Biodiversity 154' Assessment of Existing MPAs 163 Assessment of Representation of Biogeographic Regions 165 Priority Areas and Recommendations 166 iv A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas New Zealand 171 Biogeography and Marine Biodiversity 1 72 Assessment of Existing MPAs 183, Priority Areas and Recommendations 185 Appendix 188 Bibliography 198 Contributors 201 Index 205 Map Supplement Acronyms AIMS MAB Australian Institute of Marine Science Man and the Biosphere Programme CITES MARPOL Convention on International Trade in Endan- International Convention for the Prevention gered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora of Pollution from Ships CNPPA NGO Commission on National Parks and Pro- Nongovernmental Organization tected Areas (IUCN) PADU GBRMPA Protected Areas Data Unit Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority SSC GEF Species Survival Commission Global Environment Facility TNC GIS The Nature Conservancy Geographic Information System UNDP HDU United Nations Development Programme Habitats Data Unit UNCED ICLARM United Nations Conference on Environment International Center for Living Aquatic Re- and Development source Management UNEP IMO United Nations Environment Programme International Maritime Oirganization UNESCO IUCN Unitied Nations Educational, Scientific, and The World Conservation- wUntion 'Cultral Organization LME WCMC Large Marine Ecosystems World Conservation Monitoring Centre MPA WWF Marine Protected Ate, World Wildlife Fund Data Note Billion is a thousand million; trillion is a million million. v Acknowledgments This study could not have been Clive Wilkinson (Australian Institute of completed without the active and Marine Science). generous participation of members of Technical, editorial and the CNPPA Marine Network who administrative support was provided by committed their time and energies to a number of individuals over the course this project, mostly without monetary of the report's preparation. The high- recompense. Their valuable quality color maps were prepared by contribution far exceeded the financial Jeff Lecksell (World Bank), with data support provided by the institutions from Chris Bleakley (GBRMPA) and the involved, making publication of this WCMC and technical support from four volume study a highly cost- Puneet Kishor and Petter Nyborg, also effective and timely effort. Individual of the World Bank. Editorial and authors who contributed to the administrative support was provided by preparation of regional reports are listed staff of the GBRMPA Canberra Office: in the relevant regional section. Amanda Cohen, Maria Hawke, Helen The principal editors, Graeme McGregor, and Allison Pearson. Kelleher, Chris Bleakley and Sue Wells, Assistance with references and research and World Bank staff who contributed was provided by GBRMPA Library staff to and supervised production of the in Townsville, Australia: Karen Adler, publication, Colin Rees, Marea Rozel Brown, Clare Cappa, and Suzie Hatziolos, and Jan Post, would like to Davies. In Washington, indexing of the acknowledge the strong support and four volumes was prepared by Jeanne assistance provided by many people Moody (Beaver Wood Enterprises), and from the organizations that cooperated Charlotte Maxey and Cynthia St6«ck in preparing this study. In particular, (World Bank) coordinated the final recognition is given to the following design and composition of the individuals: publication. Danny Elder (Marine and Coastal The editors are grateful to Jan Post Areas Program, IUCN), Jeremy and Carleton Ray for providing photos Harrison (Protected Areas Data Unit, for the cover and accompanying poster WCMC), Richard Kenchington (External map and to Tomoko Hirata (World Services Section, GBRMPA), Bing Lucas Bank) for the cover design. Finally, (former Chair, CNPPA), Carl Gustaf GBRMPA, the World Bank, and.IUCN Lundin (Land, Water and Natural would like to express their sincere Habitats Division of the Environment thanks to the Government of Sweden, Department, World Bank), Jeff through Sida, for their support in McNeely, (Biodiversity Program, carrying out the study, and the IUCN), Ken Newcombe (Global Government of the Netherlands for Environment Coordination Division of their generous support for publication the Environment Department, World costs.. Bank), Adrian Phillips (Chair, CNPPA), Dave Sheppard (Protected Areas Program, IUCN), Mark Spalding (Habitats Data Unit, WCMC), and Introduction This introduction is a summary of the com- conflicting uses of resources, damage and prehensive introductory chapter in Volume destruction of habitat, and other harmful con- I. It provides a summary of the background, sequences of human development. Biodiver- methodology, results, major conclusions and sity is especially at risk. Conserving marine recommendations of the four volumes of biodiversity is therefore a priority. this publication. An abbreviated summary of Since 1986 the IUCN Commission on Na- the major results of the 18 regional'reports is tional Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA) also included. The full descriptions and full has been promoting the establishment and summaries of the results are included in the management of a global representative sys- introductory chapter in Volume I. tem of marine protected areas (MPAs). The The marine environment is critical to the, four volumes of this publication represent natural and cultural heritage of the world. the conclusion of the latest phase of Not only do many marine areas support a CNPPA's program and have been prepared great diversity of plants, animals, and natural through the collaboration of IUCN-CNPPA, habitats, but the oceans play 'an essential the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority role in climatic cycles and other global'proc- (GBRMPA), the World Bank, and many esses. Mari'ne ecosystems and resources are other organizations and individuals (acknow- fundamentail to-the sustainable development ledged in the' contributors' section of each of coastal countries, providing food, miner- volume). This publication documents the als, pharm"'aceuticals; construction materials, biogeographic and ecological chatracteristics and a vast range of other products. in each of 18 Marine Regions of the world They often support growing tourism ana and sumiari'zes the range of marine biodi- recreation industries and play a vital role in versity within each region
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