DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparative Innovation Policy Analysis -Electric

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparative Innovation Policy Analysis -Electric Comparative Innovation Policy Analysis -Electric Vehicle Development in Japan and Germany - Waseda University, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies PhD Program in International Studies Chief Advisor: Prof. Kobayashi Hideo 4011S005-4 Martin Schroeder Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Theoretical framework.........................................................................................4 1.1 On innovation..................................................................................................................4 1.2 Innovation system typology.............................................................................................5 1.2.1 Do National Innovation Systems matter to automakers?..........................................13 1.3 Innovation, innovation systems and the Policy Cycle model...........................................17 1.4 The Policy Cycle model.................................................................................................21 1.4.1 Agenda-setting .......................................................................................................21 1.4.2 Policy formulation..................................................................................................22 1.4.3 Decision-making ....................................................................................................24 1.4.4 Policy implementation............................................................................................26 1.4.5 Policy evaluation....................................................................................................27 1.4.6 Policy regimes........................................................................................................29 Chapter 2: The Japanese National Innovation System........................................................31 2.1 Political framework conditions ......................................................................................31 2.2 Long-range planning .....................................................................................................40 2.3 Governmental R&D funding strategy.............................................................................42 2.4 Administrative guidance................................................................................................46 2.5 Administratve reform ....................................................................................................49 2.6 Environmental policy ....................................................................................................57 Chapter 3: The German National Innovation System .........................................................66 3.1 Political framework conditions ......................................................................................66 3.1.1 Federalism..............................................................................................................66 3.1.2 Party system...........................................................................................................69 3.1.3 Research landscape..........................................................................................................74 3.2 Role of regional policy ..................................................................................................77 3.3 Technology assessment .................................................................................................80 3.4 Governmental R&D funding strategy.............................................................................81 3.5 Environmental policy ....................................................................................................86 Excursus: vehicle weight.................................................................................................92 3.5.1 Fuel policy .............................................................................................................96 3.5.2 Vehcile tax relief ....................................................................................................97 3.5.3 Energy policy .........................................................................................................98 Chapter 4: Electric vehicle development............................................................................102 4.1 Regulative framework conditions on electric vehicle development in Japan .................102 4.2 Foresight on battery-powered and hybrid vehicle technology in Japan..........................103 4.3 Governmental support for battery-powered and hybrid vehicle technology in Japan.....103 4.3.1 Initial support (1971-1989)...................................................................................103 4.3.2 Renewed emphasis (1990-1996) ...........................................................................106 4.3.3 Policy transfer and learning: influence of US environmental regulation.................109 3.3.3.1 The ‘Muskie Law’ ..............................................................................................109 3.3.3.2 The impact of the Californian Zero-Emission Vehicle Mandate..........................111 4.3.4 Enter the hybrid (1997 onwards)...........................................................................116 4.4 Governmental support for battery-powered and hybrid vehicle technology in Germany124 4.4.1 Initial support (1971-1989)...................................................................................124 4.4.2 Technology testing (1990-1996) ...........................................................................125 4.4.3 Attempted catch-up (2004 onwards) .....................................................................128 4.5 Fuel cell electric vehicles.............................................................................................151 4.5.1 Short history of fuel cell electric vehicles..............................................................151 4.5.2 Regarding fuel cells..............................................................................................151 4.5.3 Foresight on fuel cell technology in Japan.............................................................152 4.5.4 Promotion of fuel cell technology in Japan............................................................154 4.5.5 Fuel cell electric vehicle promotion in Japan.........................................................155 4.5.6 Promotion of fuel cell technology in Germany ......................................................165 4.5.7 Fuel cell electric vehicle promotion in Germany ...................................................168 4.6 Automakers’ electric vehicle development strategies ...................................................171 4.6.1 Toyota..................................................................................................................172 4.6.2 Honda...................................................................................................................175 4.6.3 Nissan ..................................................................................................................177 4.6.4 Daihatsu...............................................................................................................181 4.6.5 Mitsubishi ............................................................................................................182 4.6.6 Mazda ..................................................................................................................184 4.6.7 Suzuki..................................................................................................................186 4.6.8 Subaru..................................................................................................................187 4.6.9 Daimler ................................................................................................................187 4.6.10 BMW .................................................................................................................191 4.6.11 Opel ...................................................................................................................194 4.6.12 Volkswagen........................................................................................................196 4.6.13 Development strategy patterns analysis...............................................................199 Chapter 5: Electric vehicle innovation policy regimes.......................................................206 5.1 Japanese electric vehicle innovation policy regime ......................................................208 5.2 German electric vehicle innovation policy regime........................................................219 Conclusion........................................................................................................................224 Bibliography .....................................................................................................................229 Appendix .........................................................................................................................270 List of tables and figures Tables: Tab. 1 Top-selling models.........................................................................................................2 Tab. 2 Sancioned amakudari cases..........................................................................................38 Tab. 3 German and Japanese public R&D institutions .............................................................75
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Romanian Political Science Review Vol. XXI, No. 1 2021
    Romanian Political Science Review vol. XXI, no. 1 2021 The end of the Cold War, and the extinction of communism both as an ideology and a practice of government, not only have made possible an unparalleled experiment in building a democratic order in Central and Eastern Europe, but have opened up a most extraordinary intellectual opportunity: to understand, compare and eventually appraise what had previously been neither understandable nor comparable. Studia Politica. Romanian Political Science Review was established in the realization that the problems and concerns of both new and old democracies are beginning to converge. The journal fosters the work of the first generations of Romanian political scientists permeated by a sense of critical engagement with European and American intellectual and political traditions that inspired and explained the modern notions of democracy, pluralism, political liberty, individual freedom, and civil rights. Believing that ideas do matter, the Editors share a common commitment as intellectuals and scholars to try to shed light on the major political problems facing Romania, a country that has recently undergone unprecedented political and social changes. They think of Studia Politica. Romanian Political Science Review as a challenge and a mandate to be involved in scholarly issues of fundamental importance, related not only to the democratization of Romanian polity and politics, to the “great transformation” that is taking place in Central and Eastern Europe, but also to the make-over of the assumptions and prospects of their discipline. They hope to be joined in by those scholars in other countries who feel that the demise of communism calls for a new political science able to reassess the very foundations of democratic ideals and procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the European Court of Justice Case of Breyer Mr. Alan S. Reid Sheffield
    The European Court of Justice case of Breyer Mr. Alan S. Reid Sheffield Hallam University Abstract This case note analyses the impact and significance of the European Court of Justice decision in Breyer. The European Court of Justice has expanded the definition of personal data to include dynamic IP addresses. The judgment improves the privacy situation of internet users across the European Union. The facts of Breyer1 Patrick Breyer is a German politician and activist who belongs to the Pirate Party. The Pirate Party was originally set up in Sweden in 2006, as a single issue political party, committed to the modernisation of copyright law in Sweden, following the crackdown on The Pirate Bay peer-to-peer network. After limited success in Sweden, sister parties sprung up across Europe, in order to capitalise on the notoriety of The Pirate Bay. In order to broaden their appeal, the European Pirate Parties set out common themes of campaigning interest, in particular, on issues surrounding the internet, such as open access to information, freedom of expression and privacy. As a technophile and politician committed to internet freedoms, Patrick Breyer vociferously objected to various Federal German government websites retaining details of his dynamic Internet Protocol (IP) address after he had completed browsing. Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are the essential backbone of the internet. Internet protocols are the method by which interconnected computers and devices communicate, share and transfer data between themselves. An IP address consists of either four pairs of numbers (version 4)2 separated by three colons or eight pairs of numbers separated by six colons (version 6).3 The US organisation ICANN4, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbering, is tasked with overseeing the interconnectivity and compatibility required for the continued successful operation of the internet infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Information (Revised November 20, 2013)(PDF: 28Pages 9.5MB)
    Press Information For Immediate Release Mitsubishi Motors Lineup at 43rd Tokyo Motor Show 2013 TOKYO, November 20, 2013 - Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) will unveil three world premiere concept cars at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show 2013＊1 from November 20. Incorporating a new design that symbolizes the functionality and reassuring safety inherent to SUVs, the three concepts take as their theme MMC’s @earth TECHNOLOGY＊2 and point to the direction MMC’s development and manufacturing will take in the near future. The MITSUBISHI Concept GC–PHEV＊3 is a next-generation full-size SUV with full-time 4WD. It is based on a front engine, rear-wheel drive layout plug-in hybrid EV (PHEV) system comprising a 3.0-liter V6 supercharged MIVEC＊4 engine mated to an eight-speed automatic transmission, with a high-output motor and a high-capacity battery to deliver all-terrain performance truly worthy of an all-round SUV. The MITSUBISHI Concept XR-PHEV＊5 is a next-generation compact SUV developed to take driving pleasure to new levels. The MITSUBISHI Concept XR-PHEV uses a front engine, front-wheel drive layout PHEV system that is configured with a downsized 1.1-liter direct-injection turbocharged MIVEC engine, a lightweight, compact and high-efficiency motor with a high-capacity battery. These two concepts feature PHEV systems optimally tailored to different market and segment requirements. The MITSUBISHI Concept AR＊6 is a next-generation compact MPV which combines SUV maneuverability with MPV roominess. It uses a lightweight mild hybrid system which comprises a downsized 1.1-liter direct-injection turbocharged MIVEC engine.
    [Show full text]
  • Projet De Démonstration De Taxis Électriques Au Québec
    ÉTUDE DE FAISABILITÉ PROJET DE DÉMONSTRATION DE TAXIS ÉLECTRIQUES AU QUÉBEC FINANCÉE PAR LES PARTENAIRES SUIVANTS : Ministère des Transports du Québec Ministère des Ressources naturelles Hydro-Québec RÉALISÉE PAR : L’Institut du transport avancé du Québec Septembre 2013 AVANT-PROPOS Le comité provincial de concertation et de développement de l’industrie du taxi (CPCDIT), promoteur du projet, a travaillé en concertation avec l’ITAQ et sous l’autorité du comité directeur du projet pour la réalisation de cette présente étude. Le rapport a été rédigé par l’ITAQ. Le CPCDIT ainsi que les représentants des partenaires du projet− le ministère des Transports du Québec, Hydro-Québec et le ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec − ont participé aux différentes étapes de validation du contenu. Cette étude de faisabilité est le résultat d’une expérience mesurée et réalisée dans des conditions normales d’opération. Les conclusions, qui en découlent, n’engagent pas la responsabilité du CPCDIT ni des ministères participants. ii LISTE DES PARTENAIRES DU PROJET ORGANISATIONS PARTICIPANTES ET REPRÉSENTANTS DU COMITÉ DIRECTEUR Comité provincial de concertation et de développement de l’industrie du taxi (CPCDIT) André Martel Consultant en transport par taxi Denis Cartier Hydro-Québec Nacer Boudjerida Jean-Luc Dupré Institut du transport avancé du Québec (ITAQ) François Adam Véronique Lamy Jean-Loup Trillat Ministère des Transports du Québec Luc Beaudin Christian Bisson Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec Gabriel Audet Bernard Lamonde ÉQUIPE
    [Show full text]
  • Note: This English Translation Is for Reference Purposes Only. in The
    Note: This English translation is for reference purposes only. In the event of any discrepancy between the Japanese original and this English translation, the Japanese original shall prevail. We assume no responsibility for this translation or for direct, indirect or any other forms of damage arising from the translation. (Securities code: 7211) June 3, 2019 To our shareholders 3-1-21, Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION Chairman of the Board, CEO Osamu Masuko NOTICE OF THE 50TH ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS You are cordially invited to attend the 50th Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (“MMC”) to be held as described as below. If you are unable to attend, as described in the “Notice on Exercising Voting Rights” (P. 3 and P. 4), you may exercise your voting right(s) in writing or via the Internet. To do so, please review the “Reference Materials” for the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders contained in this notice, and exercise your voting right(s) either by posting your voting form so that it arrives before 5:45 p.m. on Thursday, June 20, 2019 or inputting your vote on the website for exercising voting right(s) before the aforementioned date and time. 1. Date and time Friday, June 21, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. (Japan time) 2. Place 3-3-1 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo Ho-O-No-Ma, 2F, Tokyo Prince Hotel (Please note that the place for this Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders differs from the one for the previous meeting.) 3. Purposes Matters to report 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Report Bmw Brilliance Automotive Ltd. Contents
    2015 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT BMW BRILLIANCE AUTOMOTIVE LTD. CONTENTS CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SUSTAINABILITY MANAGEMENT PRODUCT RESPONSIBILITY Preface 3 1.1 Our management approach 10 2.1 Our management approach 39 Our point of view 4 1.2 Stakeholder engagement 16 2.2 Efficient mobility 44 Highlights 2015 5 1.3 Compliance, anti-corruption and 18 2.3 Product safety 48 An overview of BMW Brilliance 6 human rights 2.4 Customer satisfaction 51 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT EMPLOYEES 3.1 Our management approach 57 4.1 Our management approach 72 5.1 Our management approach 87 3.2 Energy consumption and emissions 59 4.2 Minimising supplier risk 77 5.2 Attractive employer 90 3.3 Waste reduction 63 4.3 Utilising supplier opportunities 83 5.3 Occupational health and safety 96 3.4 Water 68 5.4 Training and development 99 CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP APPENDIX 6.1 Our management approach 107 7.1 About this report 120 6.2 Corporate citizenship 112 7.2 UN Global Compact index 121 7.3 GRI G4 content index 125 2 PREFACE Next, a further step in developing China’s very own new energy vehicle brand. In the future, we will expand our offering of locally developed, produced and environmentally friendly premium vehicles for our Chinese customers. Digitalisation is an important driver for sustainability. We are developing new solutions for intelligent mobility AT BMW BRILLIANCE, WE SEE SUSTAINABILITY AS products and services. At the same time, we are increasing the quality of our products, as well as the speed A KEY TO OUR CONTINUOUS SUCCESS IN CHINA.
    [Show full text]
  • PL&B International
    ANALYSIS European Union court rules that IP addresses are personal data The Breyer case, another landmark ruling on key data protection notions, covers the definition of personal data in relation to dynamic IP addresses and the “legitimate interest” legal basis for data processing. By Monika Kuschewsky . he Court of Justice of the EU only temporarily assigned and change website was accessed, or that of another (CJEU) has yet again issued an each time there is a new connection person who might use that computer. important ruling, interpreting from a computer or device to the Inter - The CJEU then considered whether Tkey notions of the EU Data Protection net. Website operators (as opposed to dynamic IP addresses may be treated as Directive (the Directive) in its recent Internet service providers, ISPs) do not personal data relating to an “identifi - judgement of 19 October 2016 in the usually possess all the information to able natural person”, who can be iden - Case Patrick Breyer vs. Bundesrepub - identify the users behind the IP tified indirectly. In interpreting this lik Deutschland (C -582/14). In particu - address. provision, the CJEU made two lar, the CJEU answered two questions, Though initially dismissed by a important statements: namely: (1) whether dynamic IP lower court, the case was brought • first, “it is not necessary that that addresses constitute personal data for before Germany’s highest civil court information alone allows the data website operators and (2) concerning (the Bundesgerichtshof or BGH), subject to be identified;” and, the permissible scope of Member which referred two questions for a pre - • second, “it is not required that all States’ implementing legislation con - liminary ruling to the CJEU.
    [Show full text]
  • Revalidating Participation: Power and Pre - Figurative Politics Within Contemporary Leftwing Movements
    Bart Cammaerts Revalidating participation: power and pre - figurative politics within contemporary leftwing movements Book section Original citation: Cammaerts, Bart (2019) Revalidating participation: power and pre -figurative politics within contemporary leftwing movements. In: Carpentier, Nico, (ed.) Respublika!: Experiments in the performance of participation and democracy. NeMe, Limassol, Cyprus, pp. 126-137. ISBN 9789963969586 © 2019 The Author This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/91502 Available in LSE Research Online: January 2019 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors a nd/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL ( http://eprints.lse.ac.uk ) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s submitted version of the book section. There may be differences between this ve rsion and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Revalidating Participation: Power and Pre-Figurative Politics within Contemporary Leftwing Movements 1 Bart Cammaerts London School of Economics and Political Science Introduction ‘Practice what you preach’ is a popular idiom not only within progressive politics, but also beyond, and this idea is also encapsulated in the famous Mahatma Gandhi quote: ‘If you want to change the world, start with yourself’.
    [Show full text]
  • BMW Group Plant Munich
    BMW PLANT MUNICH. FLEXIBILITY. INNOVATION. PASSION. The BMW Group’s parent plant. Production in the heart of a metropolitan city. Plant Munich PREFACE. Dear Reader, the heart of BMW beats in Munich. different technologies, ranging from years. Key projects include the expan- Here, right by the Olympic Park, are the press shop to the body shop and sion of the body shop and assembly as our parent plant as well as BMW Welt, the paint shop and on to assembly and well as a new, resource-friendly paint the BMW Museum and our landmark engine production. shop. BMW Headquarters. The beginnings of our plant date back to the year 1913. The complexity we are facing will But our greatest asset are the approx. So it is truly the starting point for what only grow further with the increasing 8,000 people who work at the plant. has since become the BMW Group’s electrification of our vehicle offering. It is their expertise and experience, global production network with 30 Already today, we produce cars with creativity and passion that allow us to sites in 14 countries. conventional petrol or diesel engines create the perfect car and inspire our on a single line together with plug- customers – a thousand times a day. The plant’s unique location in the in hybrids. In the near future, the center of a big city poses challenges all-electric BMW i4 will complement I hope you enjoy discovering for us on a daily basis. The confined our model range. In other words, our BMW Group Plant Munich.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Luxembourg PATRICK DUMONT, RAPHAËL KIES & PHILIPPE
    1 Luxembourg PATRICK DUMONT, RAPHAËL KIES & PHILIPPE POIRIER Université du Luxembourg Table 1. Cabinet composition of Juncker-Asseblorn II (or Juncker IV) For the composition of Juncker-Asseblorn II (or Juncker IV) on 1 January 2012, see Dumont et al. (2010: 1078–1079). Changes during 2012: Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade/Ministre de l’Économie et du Commerce extérieur: Jeannot Krecké (1950 male, LSAP) resigned and replaced by Etienne Schneider (1971 male, LSAP) on 1st February 2012. Institutional changes A number of decisions voted on by the Chamber of Deputies in 2011 became effective in 2012: first, as part of a long-term plan of reduction in the number of municipalities, sixteen of them merged into six new entities as of 1 January (Dumont et al. 2010; 2012: 202-205).. Second, as decided by a vote in December 2011, a new ombudsman (“mediateure”) was appointed. On 1 February, Lydie Err, former Socialist MP (and junior minister in 1998–9) took over from Marc Fischbach, who had been a Christian-democratic MEP, government minister in the 1990s, and a judge at the European Court of Human Rights, before being chosen as Luxembourg’s first ombudsman by parliamentary vote in December 2003. Err’s mandate is to last until 2020. Also on 1 February the socialist Etienne Schneider took office, as scheduled by an internal Socialist Worker’s Party (LSAP) vote in November 2011 (Dumont et al. 2012: 201), replacing Jeannot Krecké as Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade. The latter had made his frustration about his role in the government known to the public as early as 2010, arguing that the Economy portfolio was a coordination ministry deprived of the instruments that would enable its holder to initiate and implement reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 MODEL VIN CODES This VIN Chart Is Available Online At
    2012 MODEL VIN CODES This VIN chart is available online at www.mitsubishicars.com. Select “Owners”, ⇒ “Support”, ⇒ “VIN Information”, then select the appropriate year. Use this chart to decode Vehicle Identification Numbers for 2012 model year MMNA vehicles. VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER 4 A 3 1 K 2 D F * C E 123456 1. Country of Mfg. 12 − 17 Plant Sequence No. 4 = USA (MMNA) J = Japan (MMC) 2. Manufacturer 11. Assembly Plant A = Mitsubishi E = Normal (USA) U = Mizushima 3. Vehicle Type Z = Okazaki 3 = Passenger Car 4 = Multi−Purpose Vehicle 10. Model Year 4. Restraint System C = 2012 All with Front Driver and Passenger Air Bags Passenger Car 1 = 1st Row Curtain + Seat Air Bags 9. Check Digit 2 = 1st & 2nd Row Curtain + Seat Air Bags 7 = Seat Mounted Air Bags MPV up to 5,000 lbs GVWR 8. Engine/Electric Motor A = 1st & 2nd Row Curtain + Seat Air Bags F = 2.4L SOHC MIVEC (4G69) MPV over 5,000 lbs GVWR S = 3.8L SOHC (6G75) J = 1st & 2nd Row Curtain + Seat Air Bags T = 3.8L SOHC MIVEC (6G75) U = 2.0L DOHC MIVEC (4B11) 5 & 6. Make, Car Line & Series V = 2.0L DOHC TC/IC MIVEC (4B11) B2 = Mitsubishi Galant FE (Fleet Package) W = 2.4L DOHC MIVEC (4B12) B3 = Mitsubishi Galant ES/SE X = 3.0L MIVEC (6B31) H3 = Mitsubishi RVR ES/SE (FWD) (Canada only) J3 = Mitsubishi RVR SE (4WD) (Canada only) 1 = 49Kw Electric Motor (Y4F1) J4 = Mitsubishi RVR GT (4WD) (Canada only) K2 = Mitsubishi Eclipse GS (M/T) 7. Type K3 = Mitsubishi Eclipse GT A = 5−door Wagon/SUV (Outlander, Outlander Sport) K5 = Mitsubishi Eclipse GS (A/T) / GS Sport / SE D = 3−door Hatchback
    [Show full text]