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Suriye Üzerindeki Hitit Hakimiyetinin Kurulması: M.Ö. II. Binyılda Eski Yakındoğuda Süper Güçler Ve Küçük Devletler

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Suriye Üzerindeki Hitit Hakimiyetinin Kurulması: M.Ö. II. Binyılda Eski Yakındoğuda Süper Güçler Ve Küçük Devletler T. C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Anabilim Dalı Hititoloji Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Suriye Üzerindeki Hitit Hakimiyetinin Kurulması: M.Ö. II. Binyılda Eski Yakındoğuda Süper Güçler ve Küçük Devletler Hasan Peker 2502040007 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ali Dinçol İstanbul 2009 T. C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Anabilim Dalı Hititoloji Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Suriye Üzerindeki Hitit Hakimiyetinin Kurulması: M.Ö. II. Binyılda Eski Yakındoğuda Süper Güçler ve Küçük Devletler Hasan Peker 2502040007 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ali Dinçol İstanbul 2009 Bu Doktora çalışması, İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: 2931. Suriye Üzerindeki Hitit Hakimiyetinin Kurulması: M.Ö. II. binyılda Eski Yakındoğuda Süper Güçler ve Küçük Devletler Hasan Peker ÖZ Hitit Devleti’nin Suriye ile olan ilişkisi dış politikasının temelini oluşturmaktadır. Suriye bölgesi aynı zamanda, M.Ö. II. binyılın baskın politik güçlerinin temaslarını gerçekleştirdiği coğrafyadır. Hitit Devleti’nin Suriye üzerinde hakimiyet kurmasının önünde, süper güçler olarak niteleyebileceğimiz Mısır, Assur, Babil, Mitanni'nin yanı sıra, bölgedeki küçük kent devletleri karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hitit, Mezopotamya ve Mısır, tarihlerinin hemen hemen her döneminde Suriye bölgesi ile temasta olmuştur. M.Ö. 14. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Suriye bölgesinin kuzeyi Hitit İmparatorluğu’nun, güneyi ise Mısır Krallığı’nın hakimiyetine geçmiştir. Bu çalışmada Hitit Devleti’nin Suriye bölgesinde hakimiyetini tesis etmesi, diğer güçlerin bakış açısından da değerlendirilmiştir. Boğazköy, Suriye'deki merkezleri, Mezopotamya ve Mısır’ın sağladığı yazılı belgeler ışığında eşit devlet / imparatorluk ve diğer güçlere tabi küçük devletlerin tarihi rekonstrüksiyonları yapılmış, bunların birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri değerlendirilmiştir. M. Ö. 2. binyılın özellikle ikinci yarısında, Eski Yakındoğu’nun ekonomik ve kültürel merkezi olan Suriye bölgesi bir çok çatışma, savaş, ittifak ve barışa sahne olmuştur. Bu çalışmada dönemin politik dengeleri, siyasi ilişkileri, yazılı belgelere göre, karşıt güçlerin bakış raçıla ıyla, aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada küçük krallıkların bakış açısından yapılan tarihi rekonstrüksiyonların yanısıra, M.Ö. 2. binyılda süper güçlerin çeşitli politik koşullarda hakimiyet kurma yöntemleri ve buna karşılık tabii krallıkların diplomasi ve manevra yöntemlerinin yüzyıllar içerisindeki benzerlik ve farklılıkları toplu halde ortaya konmuştur. iii Establishing Hittite Hegemony on Syria: Super Powers and Minor States in Ancient Near East in the 2nd Millennium BC. Hasan Peker ABSTRACT Hittite foreign policy is based on its relations with Syria. Syria is also the region where in the 2nd millennium B.C. the most powerful states meet. Apart from the superpowers, namely Egypt, Assyria, Babylon and Mitanni, opposing the Hittite state when trying to rule Syria, minor states in that area play an important role. Hittite, Mesopotamia and Egypt all had contact to Syria in nearly all periods of their histories. From the second half of the 14th century B.C. on the North of the Syrian region was under the rule of the Hittite Empire whereas the South was under the rule of the Egyptian Kingdom. In this work the establishment of the Hittite hegemony in Syria will also be evaluated from the point of view of the other powers. With documents from Boğazköy, Syrian centers, Mesopotamia and Egypt the history of equal empires and those of the subordinate minor states will be reconstructed and the relations between them will be evaluated. Especially in the 2nd millennium B.C. Syria, the economical and cultural centre of the ancient Near East, was a place where many battles, wars, alliances and treaties took place. This paper has the aim to illuminate the political balance and relations of that period and present the points of view of the opposing powers according to written documents. In addition to reconstructing the history of that period from the point of view of the small kingdoms, the paper will give insight into the similarities and differences in the manner of the super powers when gaining rulership under changing political circumstances and that of minor states when using diplomacy and maneuvers in order to oppose the super powers over the centuries. iv Önsöz Hititlerin Suriye üzerindeki hakimiyeti konusunda çalışmanın en büyük zorluğunu, bölgedeki ilişkilere ışık tutan arşivlerin çeşitliliği oluşturmuştur. Hititçe gibi bir Hint-Avrupa dili dışında, Akkadça gibi bir Semitik ve Mısırca gibi Afro- Asyanik bir dilde karşılaşılan belgelerin bazı noktalarda analizi için yurtdışında eğitim alınması gerekliliği doğmuştur. Türkiye ve Belçika’da alınan eğitimin yanı sıra yapılan kapsamlı bibliyografya çalışmaları Hititoloji dışında, Assurbilim ve Mısırbilim disiplinlerinde de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu konuyu çalışmam için öneren ve çalışmayı yapabilmem için beni her konuda eğiten, sürekli destekleyen hocalarım Prof. Dr. Ali Dinçol ve Prof. Dr. Belkıs Dinçol minnettarım. Hiç eksilmeyen destekleri ve yardımları olmadan bu çalışmayı gerçekleştiremezdim. Hocalarım Prof. Dr. Ali Dinçol ve Prof. Dr. Belkıs Dinçol’un dışında Assurbilim disiplininde beni destekleyen hocam Prof. Dr. René Lebrun’e müteşekkirim. Mısırbilim konusunda önce öğrencisi, sonra çalışma arkadaşı olduğum meslektaşım Julien De Vos’a teşekkür borçluyum. Çalışmam sırasında bir çok destekleriyle yanımda olan meslektaşlarım Yrd. Doç. Dr. Meltem ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Metin Alparslan’a teşekkür borçluyum. Son olarak motivasyonumun ve huzurlu çalışmamın mimarı, hayat arkadaşım, E. Oya Demirci'ye teşekkür ederim. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü ve Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü bu çalışmamda büyük katkılar sağlamışlardır. Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü’nün burslarıyla çalışmamın özellikle yurtdışı ayaklarını gerçekleştirebildiğim için başta Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu olmak üzere, sorumlularına ayrıca müteşekkirim. Bu çalışma, ayrıca İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından da desteklenmiştir. Proje No: 2931 Hasan Peker İstanbul 2009 v İçindekiler Sayfa Öz / Abstract……………………………..…….…………………………………….iii Önsöz…….…………………………………………………………………………...v İçindekiler……..………………………………………………………………….….vi Tablo, Harita ve Resim Listesi………………………………………………..……..ix Kısaltma ve Özel İşaretler Listesi………………..……………………………….......x Giriş…………………………….……………………………………………………..1 1. Coğrafya ve Ekonomi……………...........................................................................3 1.1 Coğrafya…………………………..…........................................................3 1.2 Ekonomi......................................................................................................7 1.2.1. Ekonomik Kaynaklar...................................................................7 1.2.2 Ticaret ve Ticaret Yolları.............................................................8 2. Hitit Devleti Öncesi Eski Yakındoğu'daki Güçlere Genel Bir Bakış.....................10 3. Eski Hitit Devleti Döneminde (1650-1500) Suriye……….....…………………...13 3.1. I. Hattusili Dönemi (1650-1620) .............................................................13 3.1.1. I. Hattusili'nin I. Suriye Seferi...................................................15 3.1.2. I. Hattusili'nin II. Suriye Seferi.................................................21 3.1.3. I. Hattusili Dönemi Suriye'deki Politik Güçler.........................26 3.1.3.1. Halep/Yamhad Krallığı..............................................28 3.1.3.2. Alalah/Mukiš Krallığı................................................27 3.1.3.3. Hurri Kent Devletleri.................................................31 3.1.4. I. Hattusili Döneminde Kuzey Mezopotamya..........................36 3.1.5. I. Hattusili Döneminde Diğer Merkezler..................................39 3.2. I. Mursili Dönemi (1620-1590) Hitit-Suriye İlişkileri.............................42 3.2.1. Hurri Savaşları..........................................................................43 3.2.2. I. Mursili'nin Halep Seferi.........................................................46 3.2.3. I. Mursili'nin Babil Seferi..........................................................50 3.2.4. I. Mursili Öncesi ve Sonrasında Babil......................................58 3.2.5. I. Mursili Öncesi ve Sonrasında Assur......................................60 vi 3.2.6. Mısır'ın Yeni Krallık Öncesi Suriye ve Anadolu ile İlişkileri...62 3.3. XVI. Yüzyılda Suriye..............................................................................65 3.3.1. I. Hantili Dönemi (1590-1560)..................................................65 3.3.2. I. Zidanta - Telipinu Arasındaki Dönem (1560-1525)..............73 3.3.3. Telipinu Dönemi (1525-1500)..................................................74 3.3.4. XVI. Yüzyılın Sonunda Mısır - Suriye İlişkileri.......................76 3.3.5. XVI. Yüzyılın Sonunda Mezopotamya.....................................77 4. Orta Hitit Döneminde Suriye (1500-1355)............................................................80 4.1. XV. Yüzyılda Suriye................................................................................80 4.1.1. I/II Tuthaliya Öncesi Dönem (1500-1420)................................78 4.1.1.1. Hitit - Kizzuwatna İlişkileri........................................82 4.1.1.2 Alalah / Mukiš Krallığı................................................83 4.1.1.3. Mitanni
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