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THE KINGDOM of the HITTITES This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Kingdom of the Hittites THE KINGDOM OF THE HITTITES This page intentionally left blank The Kingdom of the Hittites New Edition TREVOR BRYCE 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Trevor Bryce 2005 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn ISBN 0-19-927908-x 978-0-19-927908-1 (hbk) ISBN 0-19-928132-7 978-0-19-928132-9 (pbk) 13579108642 UXORI MEAE CARISSIMAE Acknowledgements In the Wrst edition of this book, I expressed my gratitude to Professor Silvin Kosˇak for his most useful comments on the book in its draft form, particularly in relation to the passages in translation. His valuable contribution to the preparation of that edition continues to be reXected in the new edition. For its infrastructural support in the preparation of this new edition, my thanks are due to the School of History, Philoso- phy, Religion and Classics, University of Queensland. I am also grateful to Wolfson College, Oxford, for providing me with a congenial envir- onment in which to live and to work during various visits to Oxford while both editions were being researched and written. Finally I wish to express once again my gratitude for the advice which Professor Gurney, unfortunately now deceased, gave me over many years on a wide range of matters relating to the Hittite world. He did much to stimulate my initial interest in this world and was always most generous in sharing his ideas on many of the knotty problems of Hittite scholarship. T.R.B. Contents Maps and Figures ix Abbreviations x Hittite Kings xv Preface to the New Edition xvii Introduction 1 1. The Origins of the Hittites 8 2. Anatolia in the Assyrian Colony Period 21 3. Territories and Early Rivals of Hatti 41 4. The Foundations of the Kingdom: The Reigns of Labarna and Hattusili I (–c.1620) 61 5. The Struggles for the Royal Succession: From Mursili I to Muwattalli I (c.1620–1400) 96 6. A New Era Begins: From Tudhaliya I/II to Tudhaliya III (c.1400–1350) 121 7. The Supremacy of Hatti: The Reign of Suppiluliuma I (c.1350–1322) 154 8. A Young King Proves His Worth: The Reign of Mursili II (c.1321–1295) 190 9. The Showdown with Egypt: The Reign of Muwattalli II (c.1295–1272) 221 10. The Ill-Fated Reign of the Second-Rank Son: The Reign of Urhi-Teshub (c.1272–1267) 246 11. Hatti and the World of International Diplomacy: The Reign of Hattusili III (c.1267–1237) 266 12. New Enterprises, New Threats: The Reign of Tudhaliya IV (c.1237–1209) 295 viii Contents 13. The Fall of the Kingdom and its Aftermath 327 14. The Trojan War: Myth or Reality? 357 A Final Comment 372 Appendix I: Chronology 375 Appendix 2: Sources for Hittite History: An Overview 383 Notes 393 Bibliography 496 Index 537 Maps and Figures MAPS 1. Assyrian merchant trade routes 22 2. Eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria, and Northern Mesopotamia today 22 3. The world of the Hittites 43 4. The Near East in the Late Bronze Age 53 5. The Syrian principalities (fourteenth century) 162 FIGURES 1. The acropolis of Hattusa (modern Bu¨yu¨kkale) 45 2. Lion Gate, Hattusa 84 3. Double-headed eagle, symbol of imperial power 155 4. Hittite charioteers at Kadesh 235 5. Tudhaliya in the embrace of the god Sharruma, Yazılıkaya 326 6. Suppiluliuma II (deified?), Su¨dburg, Hattusa 330 7. Sherden warriors amongst the Sea Peoples 336 8. Troy VI, south-eastern tower 366 Abbreviations AA Archa¨ologischer Anzeiger ABoT K. Balkan, Ankara arkeoloji mu¨zesinde bulunan Bog˘azko¨y-tableteri (Istanbul, 1948) AfO Archiv fu¨r Orientforschung A¨HK E. Edel, Die A¨gyptisch-hethitische Korrespondenz aus Boghazko¨y (Opladen, 1994) (2 vols, cited as A¨HK I and II) AJA American Journal of Archaeology AM A. Goetze, Die Annalen des Mursilis, MVAG 38 (1933, Leipzig: repr. Darmstadt, 1967) AO Archı´v Orienta´lnı´ AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament AOF Altorientalische Forschungen AS Anatolian Studies AT D. Wiseman, The Alalakh Tablets (London, 1953) ATHE B. Kienast, ‘Die altassyrischen Texte des orientalischen Seminars der Universita¨t Heidelberg und der Sammlung Erlenmeyer-Basel’ (Berlin, 1960) BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BIN Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of James B. Nies BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis Bo Bog˘azko¨y: Istanbul and Berlin, inventory BoTu E. Forrer, Die Boghazko¨i-Texte in Umschrift ¼ WVDOG 41, 42 (Berlin, 1922, 1926) BSA Annual of the British School at Athens CAH Cambridge Ancient History CCT Cuneiform Texts from Cappadocian Tablets in the British Museum CHD The Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago CPh Classical Philology CR Classical Review Abbreviations xi CRAI Comptes rendus de l’Acade´mie des Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres CTH E. Laroche, Catalogue des textes hittites (Paris, 1971) DS H. G. Gu¨terbock, ‘The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by his Son, Mursili II’, JCS 10 (1956), 41–68, 75–98, 101–30 EA The El-Amarna letters, most recently ed. by Moran, 1987, 1992 Fs Alp H. Otten, E. Akurgal, H. Ertem, and A. Su¨el, Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp (Ankara, 1992) Fs Bittel R. M. Boehmer and H. Hauptmann, Beitra¨ge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens (Festschrift fu¨r Kurt Bittel) (Mainz am Rhein, 1983) Fs Hoffner G. Beckman, R. Beal, and G. McMahon, Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. (Winona Lake, 2003) Fs Gu¨terbock I K. Bittel, Ph. H. J. Houwink ten Cate, E. Reiner, Anatolian Studies presented to H. G. Gu¨terbock (Istanbul, 1974) Fs Gu¨terbock II H. A. Hoffner and G. M. Beckman, Kanisˇˇsuwar: A Tribute to Hans G. Gu¨terbock on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday (Chicago, 1986) Fs Houwink ten Cate T. van den Hout and J. de Roos, Studio Historiae Ardens (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday) (Istanbul, 1995) Fs Imparati S. de Martino and F. Pecchioli Daddi, Anatolia Antica. Studi in memoria di Fiorella Imparati (Eothen 11) (Florence, 2002) Fs Laroche Florilegium Anatolicum (Me´langes offerts a` Emmanuel Laroche) (Paris, 1979) Fs Mansel Me´langes Mansel (Ankara, 1974) Fs Mazar A. M. Maeir and P.de Miroschedji (eds), I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Times, Archaeological and Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday (Winona Lake, forthcoming) xii Abbreviations Fs Meriggi O. Carruba, Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi Dicata (Pavia, 1979) Fs Mylonas Festschrift for Georgios E. Mylonas, Tome A’ (Athens, 1986) Fs Neve IM 43 (1993) Fs Otten I E. Neu and C. Ru¨ster, Festschrift Heinrich Otten (Wiesbaden, 1973) Fs Otten II E. Neu and C. Ru¨ster, Documentum Asiae Minoris Antiquae (Festschrift Heinrich Otten) (Wiesbaden, 1988) Fs O¨zgu¨¸c K. Emre, B. Hrouda, M. J. Mellink, and N. O¨ zgu¨c¸, Anatolia and the Near East (Tahsin O¨zgu¨¸ec Armag˘an) (Studies in Honour of Tahsin O¨zgu¨¸)c (Ankara, 1989) Fs Popko P. Taracha, Silva Anatolica. Anatolian Studies Presented to Macief Popko on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday (Warsaw, 2002) Fs Veenhof W. H. van, Soldt, Veenhof Anniversary Volume. Studies presented to Klaas R. Veenhof on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday (Leiden, 2001) HKM S. Alp, Hethitische Keilschrifttafeln aus Mas¸at-Ho¨yu¨k (Ankara, 1991) HT L. King, Hittite Texts in the Cuneiform Character from Tablets in the British Museum (London, 1920) HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual IBoT Istanbul Arkeoloji Mu¨zelerinde Bulunan Bog˘azko¨y Tabletleri(nden Sec¸me Metinler) (Istanbul 1944, 1947, 1954; Ankara, 1988) IF Indogermanische Forschungen IM Istanbuler Mitteilungen JAC Journal of Ancient Civilizations JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JEOL Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JIES Journal of Indo-European Studies JKF Jahrbuch fu¨r Kleinasiatische Forschungen JMA Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JOAI Jahresheften des O¨sterreichischen Archa¨ologischen Institutes JWH Journal of World History Abbreviations xiii KatHet Katalog der Ausstellung: Die Hethiter und ihr Reich.
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