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8 Ugarit:Ras Şamra Kazıları Ve Buluntuları, Yerleşimin Hitit'le İlişkileri

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8 Ugarit:Ras Şamra Kazıları Ve Buluntuları, Yerleşimin Hitit'le İlişkileri BÖLÜM 8 UGARİT/RAS ŞAMRA KAZILARI VE BULUNTULARI, YERLEŞİMİN HİTİT’LE İLİŞKİLERİ UGARİT EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR UGARİT EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit Kent Planı Doğu Akdeniz kıyısında Kıbrıs’ın sivri ucunun tam karşısında yeralır. Modern Lazkiye kentinin 11 km. kuzeyindedir Höyükten (Ras Şamra) Ugarit’in eski limanı (Minet El-Beyda) güzel bir görünüme sahiptir. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Minet El Beyda’nın kelime anlamı Beyaz Liman’dır. Açık havalarda Kilikya Torosları bile görülebilir. Minet El Beyda’dan da Kıbrıs açık havalarda görülebilir. En sıcak mevsimde bile denizden gelen rüzgarlar yerleşimi serinleterek büyük sarayın koridorlarında serin esintiler oluşturabilmekteydi. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit’in keşfi yine bir köylünün (Mahmut Mella Ez-Zir) tarlasını sürerken sabanının bir mezar taşına takılması sonucu oldu (1928). Burası Ugarit kentinin mezarlık alanı idi. Bunun üzerine Fransa’dan gelen Claude Schaeffer 1929 yılında kazılara başladı. 1939 yılına dek süren çalışmalar II.Dünya Savaşı ile kesintiye uğrasa da 1948'de yeniden başlar. 1972 yılında H.Contenson tarafından yürütülen kazı, 1975'ten itibaren ise Marguerite Youn idaresinde devam etmektedir. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Suriye’nin stratejik kenti Ugarit’in adı Akkat kaynaklarında, Mari metinlerinde, Boğazköy Hitit metinlerinde ve Tel Amarna metinlerinde karşımıza çıkar. Ebla arşivinde ise u-ga-ra-tim olarak geçer. Mari’de bulunan ve Yamhad kralı Hammurabi tarafından yollanan bir mektupda “Ugarit’li adam (kral)” ifadesi mevcuttur. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR M.Ö. 2. Binde Ugarit önemli bir ticari ve siyasi merkez olarak ağırlığını ortaya koymuştur. Çevrede Asur, Babil ve Hitit gibi büyük krallıkları kurulmaya başlaması ile Yakındoğu’daki ekonomik, siyasi ve idari kontrol, merkezi krallıklara geçmeye başlamıştır. M.Ö.1600’lerden itibaren Hitit krallığı Suriye’nin siyasi kontrolünü ele almaya başlar. Ugarit kenti yaklaşık olarak 25 hektarlık bir alana yayılmıştır. Kentin nüfusunun 25.000-35.000 arasında değiştiği tahmin edilmektedir. Kent yapılarının başlıcaları şunlardır: EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Merkez Krali Saray Güney Sarayı, Kuzey Sarayı, Alabaster Evi, Raşap’Abu Evi, Rap’Anu Evi Baal Tapınağı Baş Rahip Evi ve Tapınak Kütüphanesi Dagan Tapınağı, Büyük Evler, Akropolis EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUPAlanındaki KULLANIM binalar, HAKKI SAKLIDIR M.Ö.3. bin yıl ile birlikte Yakındoğuda ticari faaliyetler geniş ölçekli olarak ortaya çıkar. Bu dönemde Mezopotamya’da, Suriye’de ve Anadolu’da kurulan kent devletleri ve bunların artan hammadde ihtiyacı uzun mesafeli ticaret anlayışının gelişmesine ve ticaretin kurumsallaşmasına etken olmuştur. Bu bağlamda Suriye gibi kent krallıkları aynı zamanda bölgesel ticaret merkezleri olarak önem kazanmışlardır. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit Tabletlerin Çıkarılışı Niqmaddu I M.Ö.1850 Yaqurum I M.Ö.1825 Ibiranu I M.Ö.1600 Ammittamru I M.Ö.1349 Niqmaddu II M.Ö.1349-1315 Arhalba M.Ö.1315-1313 Niqmepa M.Ö.1313-1260 Ammittamru II M.Ö.1260-1235 Ibiranu II M.Ö.1235-1220 Niqmaddu III M.Ö.1220-1215 Ammurapi M.Ö.1215-1180 EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit’in Doğu Akdeniz’deki Konumu EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR 1. Saray Alanı 2. Krali Yerleşim Alanı 3. Aşağı Şehir 4. Akropolis 5. Akropolis’in güney eğimi 6. Güney şehir A. Poternli giriş B. Kule C. Kale D. Tapınak E. Krali alan F. “Ana Kraliçe” Sarayı G. “Yönetici Sarayı” H. Kuzey Sarayı EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUPUGARİT KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Kent bir sur ile korunuyor. Giriş potern adını verdiğimiz ve taştan bindirme tekniği ile yapılmış geçitten sağlanmaktadır. Hitit kenti Boğazköy’ün güzeyindeki Yerkapı’nın altında da aynı tarzda yapılmış bir potern geçit mevcuttur. M.Ö.2. bin yıla tarihlenen bu tür girişlerin Hitit tarzı olduğu bilinmektedir. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Lazkiye’nin (Latakia-Laodice ad mare) 7 mil kuzeyindedir. Kazılar sırasında, Beş arkeolojik tabaka tespit edilmiş: (Schaeffer’in ilk kronolojik sıralaması) I. Tabaka M.Ö.1200-1600 II. Tabaka M.Ö.1600-2100 III. Tabaka M.Ö.2100-3500 IV. Tabaka M.Ö.3500-4000 V. Tabaka Neolitik dönem (5. ve 6. bin) EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Kraliyet sarayında çok sayıda çivi yazılı tablet çıkmış. Tabletler sarayda 6 grup içinde bulunmuş: Merkez arşivi Doğu arşivi Batı arşivi, Güney arşivi, Güneybatı arşivi Tablet fırını Tabletler, Akatça, Sumerce, Hititçe, Mısırca, Hurrice, Kıbrıs’ın Miken yazısı ile EĞİBüyükTİM AMAÇLIbir grup iseOLUP Ugaritçe KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ahat-Milku’nun çeyizi hakkında bir metin var. Tablet son gruba giriyor. Mücevherler, gümüş ve altından kaplar, kumaşlar, mobilyalar, tunç eşyaların listesi veriliyor. MÖ.XIV. asra ait Suriye saraylarının zenginliğini öğretmesi bakımından önem taşıyorlar. Gerçekten bilezik, pendantif, taç ve kemerlerin ağırlığı 12kg.lık altın tutuyor. Gümüş kaplar 9kg. Kıymetli elbiseler 40 kadar gruba ayrılmış ve yarısı Hurri, yarısı da Ammurru modasına göre hazırlanmış. Mobilyalar arasında altın ve lapis kakmalı koltuklar, iskemleler ve tabureler ve nihayet ayak koyacak basamakları ile beraber fildişi plakalar ile süslü 3 yatak mevcut. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Fildişi Yatak Kaplamaları EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Fildişi Yatak Kaplamaları EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit, Fildişi, Yatak Kaplamaları 2 UGARİT 1. Merkez Arşiv 2. Doğu Arşivi 1 3 3. Güney Arşivi 4. Güneybatı 4 arşivi 5. Batı Arşivi 5 EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ana Giriş Doğu arşivi, sarayın doğu ucunda yer almış olup, burada bulunan tabletler yangından çok zarar görmüştür. Aralarında çok sayıda kişisel ve esnaf teşekküllerine ait listeler yer almıştır. Bunlar alfabetik tabletlerdir. Şahıs isimlerinden o zamanki Ugarit halkının çeşitliliği tespit edilmektedir. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugaritçe’de kullanılan alfabe 30 harften oluşur. Bilinen ilk alfabedir. (22) Daha sonraki güncel alfabenin kökeni buna dayanır. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR A y r ı c a arşivlerde Hitit krallarının Ugarit’e yazdıkları mühür baskılı tabletleri ele geçmiştir. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Kenani, Hurri, Girit, Kıbrıs ve Miken kaynaklı olanlar tespit ediliyor; Mısırlı, Hititli, Babil ve Assurlu olanların varlığı da anlaşılıyor. Adı geçen şahıslar, bu liman kentinde yaşıyor veya sık sık buraya geliyorlar. Çeşitli ülkelerden gelen insanların inançları, kültürleri ve sanatları bu kent ile kaynaşmıştır. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit’in yazılı belgelerinde diğer konuların yanı sıra çeşitli dini metinler ve efsaneler de yer alır. Bunlardan bazılarının başlıkları: Baal ve Yam arasındaki Mücadele, Baal’in Sarayı, Baal ve Mot Mücadelesi, Baal ve Anat, Keret’in Hikayesi, Aqhat’ın Hikayesi, Şahar ve Şalim, EĞİTİNikkalM AMAÇLI ve Kotharat OLUP KULLANIM’dır. HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit’te bulunan tabletler arasında oldukça ilgi çeken bir tablet diğerlerinden kendisini ayırmaktadır. M.Ö.14. yüz yıla ait olan bu tablette kutsal bir şarkıya ait notasyon mevcuttur. Bilinen notalı en eski şarkılardan biri olarak literatürde yerini almıştır. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR UGARİT BÜYÜK SARAY Hakikaten, Rib-Adda isimli bir Byblos prensi, MÖ.1360 yılında Amenofis IV’e yolladığı mektupta (raporda) bu sarayın zenginlik ve ihtişamını belirtiyor. Saray, batı Asya ve doğu Akdeniz’de tanınmış olan kral ikametgahlarından en lükslerinden birisidir. Diğer yandan, tüm paralellerinin aksine duvarları taş olup, yontulmuş ve hafif bombelidir. Binanın kuzey cephesinde doğu-batı istikametinde isabet eden 4-5m. genişliğinde bir yol mevcuttur. Hafirler tarafından saray caddesi olarak isimlendirilmiştir. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit’te yürütülen arkeolojik kazılarda büyük b i r s a r a y o r t a y a çıkarılmışt ı r. S a r a y ı n ölçüleri 120 X 80 m. dir. M.Ö.15. yüz yıldan M.Ö.13. yüz yıla kadar çeşitli safhalarda inşa edilmiş. 9 a v l u v e y a a v l u c u k etrafında yer alan 90 salon veya bölme açığa çıkartılmıştır. Ayrıca güneybatı ucundaki giriş hariç hepsi içerde olan 8 adet geçit tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar ikişer sütunla ikiye ayrılmış. S a r a y ı n büyüklüğü, duvarlarının sağlamlığı bir üst katın EvarlıĞİTİMğ ı AMAÇLI n a d a i ş aOLUP r e t KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit etmektedir Büyük Saray EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Sarayda Taşıyıcı Dikme Tabanları EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit, Büyük Saray, Ana Avlu EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR BÜYÜK SARAY AVLUSU TAŞ DÖŞEMESİ Mevcut 12 merdiven, bugün olmayan ikinci katın zamanında varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit Sarayı EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR UGARİT BÜYÜK SARAY DIŞ DUVAR İŞÇİLİĞİ EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Bir avluda havuz (8 X 6 m.) mevcut. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUPSu duvarların KULLANIM altından HAKKI geçen SAKLIDIR bir sistemle havuza geliyor. EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Ugarit, Saray EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR Su Arıtma Sistemi Sarayın Su Sistemi EĞİTİM AMAÇLI OLUP KULLANIM HAKKI SAKLIDIR EĞİTİM AMAÇLI
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