DOCSLIB.ORG

Ancient Syria: a Three Thousand Year History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ancient Syria: a Three Thousand Year History OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi ANCIENT SYRIA OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi ANCIENT SYRIA a three thousand year history TREVOR BRYCE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Trevor Bryce 2014 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2014 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2013942192 ISBN 978–0–19–964667–8 Printed in Italy by L.E.G.O. S.P.A.—Lavis TN Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi Acknowledgements It has been a pleasure to work with OUP’s editorial staff, particularly Luciana O’Flaherty and Matthew Cotton. And I would like to thank Dorothy McCarthy for her meticulous work on the copy-editing process and David Pelteret for his thorough proofreading and many valuable suggestions. My sincere thanks are due also to Geoff Tully for his important contributions to the preparation of the maps, and to the School of History, Philosophy, Reli- gion and Classics, University of Queensland, for its valuable infrastructural support. I am also most grateful to OUP’s anonymous external reviewer, from whose comments I have gained much benefi t in preparing the fi nal manuscript of this book. The idea for writing this book arose partly from lectures I gave during a cruise to Egypt and Syria on the ship Aegean Odyssey . Trevor Bryce University of Queensland OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi Contents List of Maps ix List of Figures xi Abbreviations xiii The Tale to be Told 1 PART I. THE BRONZE AGES 1. The First Kingdoms 11 2. The International Intruders 23 3. The Amorite Warrior-Chiefs 46 4. The Empires Collide 62 5. The End of an Era 86 PART II. FROM THE IRON AGE TO THE MACEDONIAN CONQUEST 6. The Age of Iron 97 7. The Wolf upon the Fold: The Neo-Assyrian Invasions 114 8. From Nebuchadnezzar to Alexander 138 PART III. SYRIA UNDER SELEUCID RULE 9. The Rise of the Seleucid Empire 159 10. The Seleucid Empire in its Prime 179 11. The Maccabean Rebellion 199 12. The Decline and Fall of the Seleucids 207 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi viii contents PART IV. SYRIA UNDER ROMAN RULE 13. The Coming of the Romans 221 14. Nabataean Excursus 241 15. The Syrian Emperors 247 16. The Crisis Years 258 PART V. THE RISE AND FALL OF PALMYRA 17. From Desert Oasis to Royal Capital: The Story of Palmyra 275 18. Syria’s ‘King of Kings’: The Life and Death of Odenathus 286 19. Zenobia, Queen of the East 294 The Last Farewell 319 Appendix I: Chronology of Major Events and Periods 324 Appendix II: King-Lists 332 Appendix III: Literary Sources 339 Notes 341 Bibliography 364 Picture Acknowledgements 368 Index 369 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi List of Maps 1. Modern Syria and its neighbours 6 2. Syria in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages 12 3. Late Bronze Age Anatolia, northern Syria, and northern Mesopotamia 24 4. The Iron Age kingdoms of northern Syria and south-eastern Anatolia 99 5. The Neo-Assyrian World 115 6. The Persian Empire 146 7. Sites on Alexander’s route as far as Babylon 151 8. Initial western allocations to Alexander’s heirs 160 9. The Near Eastern world in 200 bc 188 10. Syria in its Roman Near Eastern context 222 11. Syria and north-western Mesopotamian cities in the Roman imperial period 228 12. Zenobia’s ‘empire’ 305 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi List of Figures 1. Ebla, Palace G 13 2. Idrimi, king of Alalah 33 3. Ankhesenamun and Tutankhamun on the lid of a box from Tutankhamun’s tomb 44 4. Byblos (Bronze Age Gubla) 51 5. Akhenaten, from the temple of Aten at Karnak 53 6. Ramesses II, Abu Simbel 73 7. Hittite warriors at Qadesh, from temple of Luxor 75 8. Palace entrance, Ugarit 87 9. Sea Peoples, Temple of Ramesses III, Medinet Habu 92 10. Storm God, Carchemish 102 11. Philistine prisoners, Medinet Habu Temple of Ramesses III 109 12. Tiglath-pileser III 131 13. Zedekiah brought in chains before Nebuchadnezzar (from Petrus Comestor’s ‘Bible Historiale’ 1670) 144 14. Darius prepares to fl ee the battlefi eld of Issus 152 15. Seleucus I ‘the Conqueror’ 165 16. Antiochus IV Epiphanes 191 17. The Maccabees , painting by Wojciech Stattler (1842) 203 18. Antiochus VIII Grypus (‘Hook-Nose’) 216 19. Pompey the Great 223 20. The plunder of Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome 234 21. Petra, the Khazneh (commonly known as the ‘Treasury’) 244 22. The Severan line of succession 249 23. Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, and Caracalla 251 24. Shapur I and the submission of Philip and Valerian 259 25. Valerian humiliated, sketch by Hans Holbein the Younger 270 26. The Grand Colonnade, Palmyra 281 27. Queen Zenobia’s Last Look Upon Palmyra, painting by Herbert Schmalz 315 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi Abbreviations ABC A. K. Grayson (1975), Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles , New York: J. J. Augustin. (Specifi c references are made to both the Chronicle (Chron.) number and the relevant pages in Grayson’s edition.) ANET J. B. Pritchard (1969), Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament , 3rd edn, Princeton: Princeton University Press. ARAB D. D. Luckenbill (1928), Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (2 vols.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press (repr. Greenwood Press: New York, 1968). Aust. M. Austin (2006), The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest , 2nd edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Beck. G. Beckman (1999), Hittite Diplomatic Texts, 2nd edn, Atlanta: Schol- ars Press. CAH Cambridge Ancient History. CANE J. M. Sasson (ed.) (1995), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (4 vols.), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. CS (I, II, III) W. W. Hallo and K. L. Younger (eds.) (1997, 2000, 2002), The Context of Scripture (3 vols.), Leiden, New York, and Cologne: Brill. DCM F. Joannès (ed.) (2001), Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne , Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont. DL M. H. Dodgeon and S. N. C. Lieu (1991), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363: A Documentary History , London and New York: Routledge. EA The El-Amarna letters , most recently ed. and transl. by W. Moran (1992), The Amarna Letters , Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press (cited by document nos.). Eccl. Hist. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History. Epit . Justin’s epitome (i.e. abridged version) of the Historiae Philippicae (‘Philippic Histories’) of Pompeius Trogus. FGrH F. Jacoby (ed.) (1923–59), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker , Berlin: Weidmann. FHG C. Müller (ed.) (1841–70), Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (5 vols.), Paris: Ambroise Firmin-Didot. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/20/2013, SPi xiv abbreviations HCBD P. J. Achtemeier (ed.) (1996), The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary , New York: HarperCollins. HA Historia Augusta = Scriptores Historiae Augustae. JA Josephus, Jewish Antiquities. JW Josephus, Jewish Wars. OCD S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds.) (1996), Oxford Classical Dictionary , 3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press. OEANE E. M. Meyers (ed.) (1997), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East , New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. OGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (2 vols.), ed. W. Dittenberger (1903–5), Leipzig: Hirzel. PRU IV J. Nougayrol (1956), Le Palais Royal d’Ugarit IV (Mission de Ras Shamra, Tome IX), Paris: Klincksieck. RIMA 2 A. K. Grayson (1991), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Assyrian Periods, Vol. 2. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114 – 859 BC) , Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto. RIMA 3 A. K. Grayson (1996), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Assyrian Periods, Vol. 3. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858 – 745 BC) , Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto. RS Tablets from Ras Shamra > ‘translated in’ OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/26/2013, SPi The Tale to be Told Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale told . (Shakespeare, Macbeth ) 1 he purpose of this book is to tell a story, more precisely a series of Tstories and sometimes stories within stories.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Story of the Byzantine Empire
    THE STO RY O F T HE NATIO NS L LU T T E E R VO L . I z M o I S A . P , R D , T H E E AR L I E R VO L UM E S A R E f I N E F R E E B P o AS A . SO T H STO R Y O G E C . y r . I . HARR R F R E B TH U ILM A N T HE STO Y O O M . y A R R G EW B P f A K O S E R F T HE S . o S . M T HE ST O Y O J y r . J . H R B Z N R O F DE . A R A coz I T HE ST O Y C HA L A . y . — R F E R N . B S B ING O U L THE ST O Y O G MA Y y . AR G D F N W B P f H B YE S E N o . H . O T HE ST O R Y O O R A Y . y r N E n E B . E . a d S SA H T HE ST O R Y O F SP A I . y U N AL N B P R of. A . VAM B Y T HE STO R Y O F H U GA R Y . y r E ST R O F E B P of L E TH E O Y C A RT H A G .
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander the Great and Hephaestion
    2019-3337-AJHIS-HIS 1 Alexander the Great and Hephaestion: 2 Censorship and Bisexual Erasure in Post-Macedonian 3 Society 4 5 6 Same-sex relations were common in ancient Greece and having both male and female 7 physical relationships was a cultural norm. However, Alexander the Great is almost 8 always portrayed in modern depictions as heterosexual, and the disappearance of his 9 life-partner Hephaestion is all but complete in ancient literature. Five full primary 10 source biographies of Alexander have survived from antiquity, making it possible to 11 observe the way scholars, popular writers and filmmakers from the Victorian era 12 forward have interpreted this evidence. This research borrows an approach from 13 gender studies, using the phenomenon of bisexual erasure to contribute a new 14 understanding for missing information regarding the relationship between Alexander 15 and his life-partner Hephaestion. In Greek and Macedonian society, pederasty was the 16 norm, and boys and men did not have relations with others of the same age because 17 there was almost always a financial and power difference. Hephaestion was taller and 18 more handsome than Alexander, so it might have appeared that he held the power in 19 their relationship. The hypothesis put forward here suggests that writers have erased 20 the sexual partnership between Alexander and Hephaestion because their relationship 21 did not fit the norm of acceptable pederasty as practiced in Greek and Macedonian 22 culture or was no longer socially acceptable in the Roman contexts of the ancient 23 historians. Ancient biographers may have conducted censorship to conceal any 24 implication of femininity or submissiveness in this relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4, Section 1
    Hellenistic Civilization 324 - 100 BC Philip II of Macedonia . The Macedonians were viewed as barbarians. By the 5th century BC, the Macedonians had emerged as a powerful kingdom in the north. In 359 BC, Philip II became king, and he turned Macedonia into the chief power in the Greek world. Philip II Philip II of Macedonia . The Macedonians were viewed as barbarians. By the 5th century BC, the Macedonians had emerged as a powerful kingdom in the north. In 359 BC, Philip II became king, and he turned Macedonia into the chief power in the Greek world. Philip was a great admirer of Greek culture, and he wanted to unite all of Greece under Macedonian rule. Fearing Philip, Athens allied with a number of other Greek city-states to fight the Macedonians. In 338, the Macedonians crushed the Greeks. After quickly gaining control over most of the Greek city-states, Philip turned to Sparta. He sent them a message, "You are advised to submit without further delay, for if I bring my army into your land, I will destroy your farms, slay your people, and raze your city." . Their reply was “if", both Philip and his son, Alexander, would leave the Spartans alone. By 336 BC, Philip was preparing to invade the Persian Empire when he was assassinated. The murder occurred during the celebration of his daughter’s marriage, while the king was entering the theater, he was killed by the captain his bodyguards. Alexander the Great . Alexander III was born in 356 BC. When Alexander was 13, his father Philip chose Aristotle as his tutor, and in return for teaching Alexander, Philip agreed to rebuild Aristotle's hometown which Philip had razed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny
    THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Tayinat's Building XVI: the Religious Dimensions and Significance of A
    Tayinat’s Building XVI: The Religious Dimensions and Significance of a Tripartite Temple at Neo-Assyrian Kunulua by Douglas Neal Petrovich A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Copyright by Douglas Neal Petrovich, 2016 Building XVI at Tell Tayinat: The Religious Dimensions and Significance of a Tripartite Temple at Neo-Assyrian Kunulua Douglas N. Petrovich Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto 2016 Abstract After the collapse of the Hittite Empire and most of the power structures in the Levant at the end of the Late Bronze Age, new kingdoms and powerful city-states arose to fill the vacuum over the course of the Iron Age. One new player that surfaced on the regional scene was the Kingdom of Palistin, which was centered at Kunulua, the ancient capital that has been identified positively with the site of Tell Tayinat in the Amuq Valley. The archaeological and epigraphical evidence that has surfaced in recent years has revealed that Palistin was a formidable kingdom, with numerous cities and territories having been enveloped within its orb. Kunulua and its kingdom eventually fell prey to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which decimated the capital in 738 BC under Tiglath-pileser III. After Kunulua was rebuilt under Neo- Assyrian control, the city served as a provincial capital under Neo-Assyrian administration. Excavations of the 1930s uncovered a palatial district atop the tell, including a temple (Building II) that was adjacent to the main bit hilani palace of the king (Building I).
    [Show full text]
  • Seleucid Hasmonean Shiloh Coins
    “The Seleucid and Hasmonean Coins of Shiloh: What They Do and Do Not Tell Us about the Occupation of Second Century BCE Shiloh” Paper presented at Stone-Campbell Journal Conference, April 5-6, 2019 by Kevin W. Larsen, Ph.D.1 Geo-political factors make archaeological research difficult in the highlands of Israel (i.e., West Bank). While much progress has been made, the recovery and interpretation of the material culture is still lagging in comparison to other parts of the southern Levant. In many cases scholars are limited to textual evidence in constructing a history of the region. The Associates for Biblical Research, under the direction of Scott Stripling and the auspices of the Civil Administration of Judea and Samaria, began excavation work at Shiloh in 2017. After two seasons one hundred eighty-one coins have been found. The coins may be useful for our understanding of life at Shiloh, but there are also difficulties in using them for stratigraphy. The aim of the paper is to offer suggestions about how the coins may or may not assist in augmenting the literary evidence of the Seleucids and Hasmoneans in the second-century BCE in and around Shiloh. Recovery from the Babylonian invasion of Judah2 and the repatriation of Jews into their former homeland under the Persians was long and difficult. While the process was much quicker on the Mediterranean coast, where cities and large villages were settled, in the central hills there was but one city (Jerusalem) and small farmsteads that dotted the region. In the highlands few villages can be identified, with settlement activity being at best fragmented and dispersed.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiochus I Soter
    Antiochus I Soter home : ancient Persia : ancient Greece : Seleucids : index : article by Jona Lendering Antiochus I Soter Antiochus I Soter ('the savior'): name of a Seleucid king, ruled from 281 to 261. Successor of: Seleucus I Nicator Relatives: Father: Seleucus I Nicator Coin of Antiochus I Soter Mother: Apame I, daughter of Spitamenes (Museum of Anatolian Wife: Stratonice I (his stepmother), daughter of Demetrius Civilizations, Ankara) Poliorcetes Children: Seleucus Laodice Apame II (married to Magas of Cyrene) Stratonice II (married to Demetrius II of Macedonia) Antiochus II Theos Main deeds: 301: Present during the Battle of Ipsus 294/293: marriage with his father's wife Stratonice I 292: made co-regent and satrap of Bactria (perhaps Seleucus was thinking of the ancient Achaemenid office of mathišta) Stay in Babylon (on several occasions?), where he showed an interest in the cults of Sin and Marduk, and in the rebuilding of the Esagila and Etemenanki September 281: death of Seleucus (more...); accession of Antiochus; Philetaerus of Pergamon buys back Seleucus' corpse 280-279: Brief war against Ptolemy II Philadelphus (First Syrian War, first part); Cappadocia becomes independent when its leader Ariarathes II and his ally Orontes III of Armenia defeat the Seleucid general Amyntas 279: Intervention in Greece: soldiers sent to Thermopylae to fight against the Galatians; they are defeated 275 Successful "Elephant Battle" against the Galatians; they enter his army as mercenaries; Antiochus is called Soter, 'victor' 274-271: Unsuccessful war against Ptolemy (First Syrian War, second part) 268: Stay in Babylonia; rebuilding of the Ezida in Borsippa 266: Execution of his son Seleucus 263: Eumenes I of Pergamon, successor of Philetaerus, declares himself independent 262: Antiochus defeated by Eumenes Page 1 Antiochus I Soter 262: Antiochus defeated by Eumenes Dies 2 June 261 Succeeded by: Antiochus II Theos Sources: During Antiochus' years as crown prince, he played a large role in Babylonian policy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arsenite Schism and the Babai Rebellion: Two Case Studies
    THE ARSENITE SCHISM AND THE BABAI REBELLION: TWO CASE STUDIES IN CENTER-PERIPHERY RELATIONS by Hüsamettin ŞİMŞİR Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Sabancı University June 2018 © Hüsamettin Şimşir 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE ARSENITE SCHISM AND THE BABAI REBELLION: TWO CASE STUDIES IN CENTER-PERIPHERY RELATIONS Hüsamettin Şimşir M.A Thesis, June 2018 Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Fac. Member Ferenc Péter Csirkés This thesis aims to present an analysis of the interaction between Christians and Muslims in the west of Asia Minor at the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th centuries after two religious-social movements in the Byzantine and the Rum Seljuk Empires, the Arsenite Schism and the Babai Rebellion. After the unsuccessful rebellion of the Babais, antinomian dervishes who had migrated to the west of Asia Minor because of a heavy oppression as well as inquisition by the state and had a different religious belief apart from the mainstream religious understanding of the center initiated missionary activities in the regions along the Byzantine border. Accordingly, these dervishes had joined the military activities of the Turcoman chieftains against the Byzantines and interacted with the local Christian population and religious figures. As a result of this religious interaction, messianic and ascetic beliefs were increasingly present among the Greek-speaking population as well as spiritual leaders of western Anatolia. Since such interfaith and cross- cultural interaction had a considerable impact on the course of all these events, this thesis focuses on them to create a better understanding of the appearance of the Hesychasm in the Byzantine spiritual environment in the later period.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortem Et Gloriam Army Lists Use the Army Lists to Create Your Own Customised Armies Using the Mortem Et Gloriam Army Builder
    Army Lists Syria and Asia Minor Contents Asiatic Greek 670 to 129 BCE Lycian 525 to 300 BCE Bithynian 434 to 74 BCE Armenian 330 BCE to 627 CE Asiatic Successor 323 to 280 BCE Cappadocian 300 BCE to 17 CE Attalid Pergamene 282 to 129 BCE Galatian 280 to 62 BCE Early Seleucid 279 to 167 BCE Seleucid 166 to 129 BCE Commagene 163 BCE to 72 CE Late Seleucid 128 to 56 BCE Pontic 110 to 47 BCE Palmyran 258 CE to 273 CE Version 2020.02: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I
    ISRAEL AND EMPIRE ii ISRAEL AND EMPIRE A Postcolonial History of Israel and Early Judaism Leo G. Perdue and Warren Carter Edited by Coleman A. Baker LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY 1 Bloomsbury T&T Clark An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Imprint previously known as T&T Clark 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury, T&T Clark and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2015 © Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the authors. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56705-409-8 PB: 978-0-56724-328-7 ePDF: 978-0-56728-051-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Forthcoming Publications (www.forthpub.com) 1 Contents Abbreviations vii Preface ix Introduction: Empires, Colonies, and Postcolonial Interpretation 1 I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coins from the Necropolis "Metlata" Near the Village of Rupite
    margarita ANDONOVA the coins from the necropolis "metlata" near the village of rupite... THE COINS FROM THE NECROPOLIS METLATA NEAR THE VILLAGE "OF RUPITE" (F. MULETAROVO), MUNICIPALITY OF PETRICH by Margarita ANDONOVA, Regional Museum of History– Blagoevgrad This article sets to describe and introduce known as Charon's fee was registered through the in scholarly debate the numismatic data findspots of the coins on the skeleton; specifically, generated during the 1985-1988 archaeological these coins were found near the head, the pelvis, excavations at one of the necropoleis situated in the left arm and the legs. In cremations in situ, the locality "Metlata" near the village of Rupite. coins were placed either inside the grave or in The necropolis belongs to the long-known urns made of stone or clay, as well as in bowls "urban settlement" situated on the southern placed next to them. It is noteworthy that out of slopes of Kozhuh hill, at the confluence of 167 graves, coins were registered only in 52, thus the Strumeshnitsa and Struma Rivers, and accounting for less than 50%. The absence of now identified with Heraclea Sintica. The coins in some graves can probably be attributed archaeological excavations were conducted by to the fact that "in Greek society, there was no Yulia Bozhinova from the Regional Museum of established dogma about the way in which the History, Blagoevgrad. souls of the dead travelled to the realm of Hades" The graves number 167 and are located (Зубарь 1982, 108). According to written sources, within an area of ​​750 m². Coins were found mainly Euripides, it is clear that the deceased in 52 graves, both Hellenistic and Roman, may be accompanied to the underworld not only and 10 coins originate from areas (squares) by Charon, but also by Hermes or Thanatos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migration of Syrian and Palestinian Populations in the 7Th Century: Movement of Individuals and Groups in the Mediterranean
    Chapter 10 The Migration of Syrian and Palestinian Populations in the 7th Century: Movement of Individuals and Groups in the Mediterranean Panagiotis Theodoropoulos In 602, the Byzantine emperor Maurice was dethroned and executed in a mili- tary coup, leading to the takeover of Phokas. In response to that, the Sasanian Great King Khosrow ii (590–628), who had been helped by Maurice in 591 to regain his throne from the usurper Bahram, launched a war of retribution against Byzantium. In 604 taking advantage of the revolt of the patrikios Nars- es against Phokas, he captured the city of Dara. By 609, the Persians had com- pleted the conquest of Byzantine Mesopotamia with the capitulation of Edes- sa.1 A year earlier, in 608, the Exarch of Carthage Herakleios the Elder rose in revolt against Phokas. His nephew Niketas campaigned against Egypt while his son, also named Herakleios, led a fleet against Constantinople. Herakleios managed to enter the city and kill Phokas. He was crowned emperor on Octo- ber 5, 610.2 Ironically, three days later on October 8, 610, Antioch, the greatest city of the Orient, surrendered to the Persians who took full advantage of the Byzantine civil strife.3 A week later Apameia, another great city in North Syria, came to terms with the Persians. Emesa fell in 611. Despite two Byzantine counter at- tacks, one led by Niketas in 611 and another led by Herakleios himself in 613, the Persian advance seemed unstoppable. Damascus surrendered in 613 and a year later Caesarea and all other coastal towns of Palestine fell as well.
    [Show full text]