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Pääotsikko Arial Bold 48 Pt Ugarit ja muinaisen Israelin kulttuuriperintö TT Joanna Töyräänvuori www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 1 • Ugaritin historia ja lähteet • Ugarit ja Vanha testamentti • Taikuus ja divinaatio www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 2 • Ugaritin historia ja lähteet Löydettiin 20-luvun lopulla (Ras Shamra) Tekstit sukua Raamatun heprealle Osa pronssikauden kansainvälistä verkostoa www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 5 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 6 Himulli Ugaritin kuningaskunta - Merivalta Ma’hadu - Suuri kauppalaivasto - Alue n. 5425 km² - Populaatio n. 33 000 - Hallitsi useita kyliä Attalig Gibala www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 7 Himulli Ugaritin kuningaskunta - Merivalta Ma’hadu - Suuri kauppalaivasto - Alue n. 5425 km² - Populaatio n. 33 000 - Hallitsi useita kyliä Attalig Gibala www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 8 Himulli Ugaritin kuningaskunta - Merivalta Ma’hadu - Suuri kauppalaivasto - Alue n. 5425 km² - Populaatio n. 33 000 - Hallitsi useita kyliä Attalig Gibala www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 9 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 28.10.2011 10 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 28.10.2011 11 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 28.10.2011 12 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 28.10.2011 13 Ugaritin kuningaskunta - Tekstit n. 1400-1200 eaa. (asutettu neoliittiselta ajalta) - Tuhoutui myöhäispronssikauden mullistusten sarjassa (1191) - Egyptiläistä ja heettiläistä vaikutusta www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 14 Tekstilöydöt: - Ennentuntematon kieli - Nuolenpääaakkoskirjoitus - Seemiläinen kieli, sukua heprealle - Monenlaisia tekstejä: . sopimuksia . kirjeitä . sinettejä . loitsuja . lääketieteellisiä . musiikkia . myyttejä www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 15 Tekstilöydöt: - Ennentuntematon kieli - Nuolenpääaakkoskirjoitus - Seemiläinen kieli, sukua heprealle - Monenlaisia tekstejä: . sopimuksia . kirjeitä . sinettejä . loitsuja . lääketieteellisiä . musiikkia . myyttejä www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 16 Tekstilöydöt: - Ennentuntematon kieli - Nuolenpääaakkoskirjoitus - Seemiläinen kieli, sukua heprealle - Monenlaisia tekstejä: . sopimuksia . kirjeitä . sinettejä . loitsuja . lääketieteellisiä . musiikkia . myyttejä www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 17 Tekstilöydöt: - Ennentuntematon kieli - Nuolenpääaakkoskirjoitus - Seemiläinen kieli, sukua heprealle - Monenlaisia tekstejä: . sopimuksia . kirjeitä . sinettejä . loitsuja . lääketieteellisiä . musiikkia . myyttejä Palatsi Temppeli 2 yksityistä arkistoa www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 18 Tekstilöydöt: - Ennentuntematon kieli - Nuolenpääaakkoskirjoitus - Seemiläinen kieli, sukua heprealle - Monenlaisia tekstejä: . sopimuksia . kirjeitä . sinettejä . loitsuja . lääketieteellisiä . musiikkia . myyttejä Ugarit, sumeri, akkadi, heetti, hurri, luuvilaiset hieroglyfit, kypro- minolainen kirjoitus www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 19 Tekstilöydöt: - Ennentuntematon kieli - Nuolenpääaakkoskirjoitus - Seemiläinen kieli, sukua heprealle - Monenlaisia tekstejä: . sopimuksia . kirjeitä . sinettejä . loitsuja . lääketieteellisiä . musiikkia . myyttejä Baal-sikermä Kirta Aqhat www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 20 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 21 Ikuinen sopimus 1259 eaa. - Ramesses II:n ja Hattusili III:n välillä - Seurasi Kadeshin taistelua (Ramesses vs. Muwatalli II) - Ugaritin kuningas Niqmepa IV taisteli heettien puolella www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 15.04.2014 22 Ikuinen sopimus 1259 eaa. - Ramesses II:n ja Hattusili III:n välillä - Seurasi Kadeshin taistelua (Ramesses vs. Muwatalli II) - Ugaritin kuningas Niqmepa IV taisteli heettien puolella www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 15.04.2014 23 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 24 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 25 Egypti Ugarit Hatti Akhenaten Niqmaddu III Suppiluliuma I Smenkhare Arnuwanda II Tutankhamon Khepekheperure Ay Horemheb Arhalba Mursili II Horemheb Niqmepa IV Muwatalli II Ramesses I Mursili III Seti I Hattusili III Ramesses II Ramesses II Ammittamru III Hattusili III Ibbiranu IV Tudhaliya IV Arnuwanda III Merneptah Niqmaddu IV Arnuwanda III Menmire-setpenre Ammurapi Suppiluliuma II www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 26 Seti II Egypti Ugarit Hatti Akhenaten Niqmaddu III Suppiluliuma I Smenkhare Arnuwanda II o Vasallijärjestelmä Tutankhamon Khepekheperure Ay o Perhesuhteet ja siteet Horemheb Arhalba Mursili II Horemheb Niqmepa IV Muwatalli II o Prinssit ja Ramesses I Mursili III prinsessat Seti I Hattusili III Ramesses II o kaupankäynti Ramesses II Ammittamru III Hattusili III Ibbiranu IV Tudhaliya IV Arnuwanda III Merneptah Niqmaddu IV Arnuwanda III Menmire-setpenre Ammurapi Suppiluliuma II www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 27 Seti II Pronssikauden systeeminromahdus: ENNEN Kansainvälinen aika, sofistikoituneiden valtakuntien välillä kaupallisia ja perhesuhteita, yhteinen kulttuuripiiri. Akkadinkieli lingua franca Egyptissä Ramesses II:n rauhan aika Kadeshin taistelu, merikansoja mainitaan taistelukuvauksissa Egypti häviää Pohjoissyyrian heeteille. Mesopotamia Assyrialaiset valtaavat Mitannin. Tukulti-Ninurta valtaa Babylonin. Elamilaisen imperiumin kultakausi Syria-Palestiina Egyptiläisiä vasallivaltioita Egyptiläistynyt materiaalinen kulttuuri www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 12.12.2017 28 Pronssikauden systeeminromahdus: ENNEN Kansainvälinen aika, sofistikoituneiden valtakuntien välillä kaupallisia ja perhesuhteita, yhteinen kulttuuripiiri. Akkadinkieli lingua franca Anatolia Heettiläisimperiumin kultakausi Muwatalli II ja Hattusili III taistelevat egyptiläisiä vastaan Kreikka Mykeneläinen palatsisivilisaatio ja Lineaari B inskriptiot Keskuksia Ateenassa, Mykenessä, Thebassa, Pyloksessa ja Tirynsissä, mutta ei yhtä keskitettyä kreikkalaisvaltiota Legendaarisia kuninkaita kuten Kekrops, Pandion ja Metion. Myöhempien kreikkalaisten myyttien tapahtuma-aika www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 12.12.2017 29 . www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 30 www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 18.011.2011 31 Isäni, katso! Vihollisen laivat tulivat; kaupunkini poltettiin ja he tekivät pahoja asioita valtakunnassani. Eikö isäni tiedä, että kaikki joukkoni ja sotavaununi ovat Hatin maassa ja kaikki laivani ovat Lukan maassa? [...] Niinpä maa on hylätty itselleen. Tietäköön isäni: vihollisen seitsemän laivaa tulivat tänne ja tekivät paljon vahinkoa meille. RS 18.147, Ammurapi Alashian kuninkaalle www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 32 AIKANA Laajoja kasainvaelluksia, joiden syinä nälänhädät, vallankumoukset ja sodat, teknologiset muutokset kuten raudan käyttöönotto, aseiden massavalmistus ja halventuminen, ilmastonmuutos ja luonnonkatastrofit. Kaupalliset suhteet vähenivät. Tekstit ja arkeologinen todistusaineisto vaikenevat, tuhokerrostumia. Egypti Merneptah Libylaisten ja merikansojen liittouma hyökkää 5. hallitusvuonna. Mainitaan Karnakin piirtokirjoituksen Kairo-kolumissa, Athribis- steelassa ja Merenptahin steelan voitonhymnissä. Libylaisten kuningas Meri-ey keräsi “yhdeksän jousta” uuteen hyökkäykseen Ramesses III Merikansat hyökkäsivät mereltä ja maalta 8. hallitusvuonna, Ramesses väittää Medinet Habun hautapiirtokirjoituksessa voittaneensa 2 taistelua ja asuttaneensa kansat etelä-Levanttiin. Imperiumi murentuu: työläisten lakkoja, nälänhätiä kolmas välikausi www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 12.12.2017 33 Anatolia Hattusa tuhoutuu ja hylätään Perinteisesti pidetty pimeänä aikana, vaikka muutama inskriptioita tunnetaan Mesopotamia Tiglath-Pileser valloittaa heetiläisvaltakunnan jäänteet. Assyrislaisten asutuskeskukset vähenevät, mutta valta-asema säilyy. Isinin toinen dynastia Babylonissa. Nälänhätää ja anarkiaa.Myöhemmin uusassyrialainen imperiumi. Syria-Palestiina Ugarit tuhoutuu. Tuhokerrostumia: Hazor, Byblos, Ashkelon. Djahyn taistelu. Rannikkoalueen asutukset tuhoutuvat. Asutuskeskuset vähenevät ja populaatiot pienenevät. Itsenäiset kaupunkivaltiot lisääntyvät: foinikialaiset, filistealaiset ja israelilaiset. Myöhemmin omridit ja Aram-Damaskos Kreikka Fragmentoituneet ja lokalisoituneet kulttuurit. Pylos, Knossos ja Mykene tuhoutuvat. Doorilaisten maihinnousu aloittaa pimeän ajan. Populaatio ja asutuskeskukset vähenevät, ei inskriptioita tai palatsikulttuuria.Ei monumentaalista rakennusta, ei todisteita hallinnosta. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 12.12.2017 34 JÄLKEEN Israelilaiset, kreikkalaiset ja roomalaiset etsivät myyttisiä alkulähteitään pronssikauden romahduksesta. Seurauksia: aakkoskirjoituksen leviäminen, nationalistisen ajattelun lisääntyminen, itsenäiset kaupunkivaltiot, ensimmäiset demokraattiset tasavallat, uudenlainen kauppaverkosto (foinikialaiset), monoteismi(t) ja metallurgiset sekä sotilaalliset innovaatiot. Vähän kirjallisia lähteitä, jonkin verran jatkuvuutta materiaalisessa kultuurissa. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 12.12.2017 35 Mitä pronssikauden systeeminromahdus voi opettaa nykyihmiselle? www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 12.12.2017 36 • Ugarit ja Vanha testamentti lähteet uskonto kulttuuri www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 37 • Ugarit ja Vanha testamentti lähteet: tekstit, arkeologia, ikonografia uskonto kulttuuri www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 38 Baal-sikermä - 6 savitaulua - Jammin (meren) ja Baalin taistelu tauluissa 1-2, Baalin ja Motun (kuoleman) taistelu tauluissa 5-6 - Jammi vaatii itselleen palatsia ja jumalten kuninkuutta - Baal kieltäytyy ja haastaa meren taisteluun - Seppä Kothar valmistaa Baalille aseita - Baal taistelee kahdesti merta vastaan - Baal kruunataan jumalten kuninkaaksi ja hän rakentaa palatsin (taulut 3-4) - Baal kuolee ja neito Anat pelastaa hänet tuonelasta www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 39 Baal-sikermä - 6 savitaulua - Jammin (meren) ja Baalin taistelu tauluissa 1-2, Baalin ja Motun (kuoleman) taistelu tauluissa 5-6 - Jammi vaatii itselleen palatsia ja jumalten kuninkuutta - Baal kieltäytyy ja haastaa meren taisteluun - Seppä Kothar valmistaa Baalille aseita - Baal taistelee kahdesti merta vastaan - Baal kruunataan jumalten kuninkaaksi
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