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Amarna Çaği'nda Ön Asya Toplumlari Arasinda

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Amarna Çaği'nda Ön Asya Toplumlari Arasinda AMARNA ÇAĞI’NDA ÖN ASYA TOPLUMLARI ARASINDA DİPLOMATİK İLİŞKİLER Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tarih Anabilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Programı Cemal YILMAZ Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat ORHUN Temmuz 2015 DENİZLİ ÖNSÖZ Devletlerin birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri bilinen ilk siyasi yapıların teşekkülüyle başlatılabilir. Bu ilişkiler çeşitli sebeplere dayalı olarak ortaya çıkmış, en başında da ekonomik çıkarlar gelmiştir. Hatta bu durum savaşlara dahi yol açmıştır. Bazı zamanlarda da iki devletin yönetici zümresinin akrabalık bağları kurmasıyla dostluk bağları kuvvetlendirilerek aradaki husumetler giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Zaman, mekân ve insan farklılaşsa da savaş ve barış devletlerarası ilişkilerde belirleyici unsur olmuştur. Devletlerarasında ekonomi, siyaset ve evlilik gibi konulara bağlı olarak elçiler görevlendirilmiş, bunun neticesinde de dostluk ya da düşmanlıklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Çalışmamız ilk devletlerin ortaya çıktığı Mezopotamya ve komşuları olan Mısır, Anadolu ve Suriye gibi geniş bir coğrafyayı kapsamaktadır. Bu kadar geniş bir alanda çok sayıda siyasi yapı ortaya çıkmış, bunlar birbirlerine olan coğrafi yakınlıklarına göre çeşitli ilişkiler kurmuşlardır. Eski Mısır’da Amarna Çağı olarak adlandırılan dönem bu tür ilişkilerin en iyi örneklerinden birisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Mısır ile birlikte devrin diğer büyük devletleri olan Hitit, Mitanni, Babil, Asur ve Alašia arasında Amarna merkezli gerçekleşen devletlerarası yoğun diplomasi ağı ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca Suriye-Filistin bölgesindeki küçük siyasi yapılar politik ve ekonomik koşullar ne gerektiriyorsa ona uygun bir şekilde bu diplomasi trafiğine katılmışlardır. Amarna, tarihte Akhenaton ismiyle de bilinen IV. Amenhotep tarafından kurulmuş olup, burası hem yeni dini sistem Atonisme’nin hem de Mısır’ın yanı sıra diplomasinin de merkezi olmuştur. Amarna arşivinden ele geçen ve 382 adet çivi yazılı belgenin ışığında devrin uluslararası ilişkilerinin değerlendirilmesi çalışmamızın içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, mektuplardaki sayısal fazlalık nedeniyle sınırlamaya ihtiyaç duyulmuş, bunlardan da diplomatik ilişkilere örnek teşkil edecek ve ışık tutacak olanları seçilerek ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca dönemin uluslararası yazı dili olan Akadca ile kil tabletlere yazılmış mektupların bazılarında aradan geçen zamana ve saklanma şartlarına bağlı olarak bozulmalar meydana gelmiştir. Bu da tabletlerin okunmasında zorluklar çıkarmıştır. Bu bakımdan çalışmamızda genel itibariyle daha iyi okunabilen diğer mektuplar tercih sebebidir. Savaşlar, evlilikler, Mısır’ın altın zenginliği ve bunu elde etme hevesine dayalı olarak tesis edilen devletlerarasındaki çıkar çatışmaları mektupların içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. i Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında fikirleriyle bana yardımcı olan kıymetli hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat ORHUN’a yürekten teşekkür ediyorum. Bana destek olan, Eskiçağ tarihini sevdiren değerli hocam Doç. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ’a teşekkürleri bir borç biliyorum. İngilizce çevirilerde yardımlarını esirgemeyen kıymetli hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. H. Hande Duymuş FLORIOTI’ye şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Tarih bölümündeki hocalarıma da teşekkürlerimi ayrı bir borç biliyorum. Manen ve madden hep yanımda olan annem Ümmü YILMAZ ve babam Yaşar YILMAZ’a ve tüm aileme yürekten teşekkür ediyorum. Çalışmam boyunca bana destek olan Mustafa KOCAKULAK’a, Hasan BARDA, arkadaşlarım Nuh ÖKTEN, Hamit ÇETİN, Sinan EGE, Halil AKTAŞ, Harun PALLAVUŞ, Mevlüt BAYKAL ve ismini sayamadığım bütün arkadaşlarıma en derin şükranlarımı sunuyorum. ii ÖZET AMARNA ÇAĞINDA ÖN ASYA TOPLUMLARI ARASINDA DİPLOMATİK İLİŞKİLER Yılmaz, Cemal Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tarih Anabilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat ORHUN Temmuz 2015, 234 sayfa Tezimizde Eskiçağda Mısır’ın Yeni Krallık döneminde yaşanmış olan Amarna Çağında Mısır, Suriye-Filistin, Mezopotamya, Anadolu ve Kıbrıs’taki siyasi yapılanmaların yaptığı yazışmalar ele alınmıştır. M.Ö 1390-1322 yılları arasında yaşanan bu dönem eskiçağ tarihinde uluslararası diplomasinin en yoğun olduğu dönem olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Hem Mısır’a gönderilen hem de Mısır’ın göndermiş olduğu mektuplar üzerinden Amarna Çağı hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmamız üç ana başlıktan oluşmuştur. Birinci bölümde Yeni krallık öncesinde Mısır’ın Hyksos tehlikesiyle mücadelesinden ve ardından Yeni Krallık dönemindeki gelişmelerden, III. Amenhotep ve onun Amarna Çağındaki konumundan bahsedilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise IV. Amenhotep Dönemi, dinde reform hareketi, Amarna Çağı ve Mısır’ın bu dönemdeki çağdaşı olan devletler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise Amarna arşivinin bulunması, Amarna arşivindeki devletlerarası yazışmalara dair mektuplar ışığında bu dönem değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Eskiçağ Tarihi, Mısır, Yeni Krallık, Amarna Çağı, Diplomasi, Mektup. iii ABSTRACT DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AMONG THE ASIA MINOR SOCIETIES IN AMARNA AGE Yılmaz, Cemal Master Thesis History Department Ancient History Programme Adviser of Thesis: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat ORHUN July 2015, 234 pages. In our thesis that took place during the Amarna Age in Ancient Egypt Kingdom of Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Cyprus their political correspondence embodiments are discussed in. In the ancient history of this period it occurred between 1390-1322 years BC is considered to be the most intense period of international diplomacy. The information which was tried to give through letters about Amarna Age was sent to Egypt and also delivered from Egypt. Our work consists of three main topics. In the first part of the fight against the Hyksos Egypt's New Kingdom before and after the danger of the development of the New Kingdom period, III. Amenhotep and his place in the Amarna Period was mentioned. The second part IV. Amenhotep period, the reform movement in religion, Amarna Period and Egypt were informed about the contemporary state in this period. In the third and last part of the discovery of the Amarna archive, in the Amarna archives interstate correspondence of this period are evaluated relating to the light on letters. Key Words: Ancient History, Egypt, New Kingdom, Amarna Age, Diplomacy, Letter. iv İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ…………………………………………………………………………...…....i ÖZET………………………………………………………...………….......................iii ABSTRACT………………………………………………...…………........................iv İÇİNDEKİLER…………………………………………...……………........................v SİMGE VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ……...................................................................vii GİRİŞ……………………………………………………………………......................1 I. BÖLÜM ESKİ MISIR’DA AMARNA ÇAĞI ÖNCESİ 1. Mısır’dan Hyksoslar’ın Kovulması Ve Kušhi Meselesi…………...……………….....8 2. Mısır’da Yeni Krallığın Kurulması………...……………....………...………...........11 3. Firavun III. Amenhotep’e Kadar Mısır’da Yeni Krallık Dönemi’nin Düşünce Yapısı…………………………………………………………………………………...25 4. Firavun III. Amenhotep Dönemi ve Amarna Çağındaki Yeri……………................28 II. BÖLÜM ESKİ MISIR’DA AMARNA ÇAĞI ve SONRASI 1. Amarna Çağı ve Arşivi ………………..………………………………………..........33 1.1. IV. Amenhotep Dönemi, Dinde Reform Hareketi ve Akhetaten.....……….35 2. Amarna Çağı’nın Sonu ve Mısır’daki Gelişmeler……………………………….......42 3. Amarna Çağı’nda Yakın Doğu’daki Toplumlar………...…………………………...46 3.1. Babil.………………………………………………………………….........46 3.2. Asur………...………………………………………………...…………….49 3.3. Elamlılar……………..……………………………....………..……………51 3.4. Hititler…………..…………………….…………...…………………….…54 3.5. Hurri ve Mitanni ………………………………………………..…..……...59 3.6. Ugarit…………………………………………...……………………….…64 3.7. Biblos………………………………………………………..……………..68 3.8. Amurru …………..………………………...……………………….……...70 3.9. Arzawa Memleketi…..……………………..………………………………75 3.10. Alašia Memleketi….……………………………...…………..…………..79 III. BÖLÜM AMARNA MEKTUPLARI 1. Amarna Mektuplarının Bulunması ve Mektuplar Üzerinde Yapılan Çalışmalar…….87 2. Amarna Tabletlerinin İçeriği ve Önemi ………...………………………………..….91 3. Devletlerarası Yazışmalar………………………..…………………………………..95 3.1. Mısır Anadolu Mektuplaşmaları…………………..……….…………....…95 3.1.1. Mısır-Hitit…………………..……………………………..……...95 3.1.2. Mısır-Arzawa………………………………………………..........97 3.1.3. Mısır-Mitanni……………………………………………….........99 v 3. 2. Mısır-Alašia (Kıbrıs) …………………………………………..……......109 3. 3. Mısır-Suriye Filistin Mektuplaşmaları……………………….........…….114 3. 3. 1. Mısır-Beyrut (Lübnan) ………………………………..….......114 3. 3. 2. Mısır-Biblos…………………………………………………...121 3. 3. 3. Mısır-Amurru…….……………………………….……...........142 3. 3. 4. Mısır-Ugarit………...…………………………………............151 3. 3. 5. Mısır-Nuḫašše……...………………………………………….153 3. 3. 6. Mısır-Qatna…………...…………………………….……........154 3. 3. 7. Mısır-Megiddo…………...………………………………..…..159 3. 3. 8. Mısır-Damascus (Şam) …………..……………....……………161 3. 3. 9. Mısır-Sidon…………..………..………………………………163 3. 3. 10. Mısır-Tyre……………..……………….…………………….165 3. 4. Mısır-Mezopotamya Mektuplaşmaları....…..…...…...…...…...…….…....173 3. 4. 1. Mısır-Babil………………………..…...………………….…...173 3. 4. 2. Mısır-Asur……………..………………………..……..……....180 3. 5. Mısır’dan Gönderilmiş Olan Mektuplar………………….………………185 SONUÇ.……………………………………………………………………………….193 KAYNAKÇA……………………………………………………………………….....200 EKLER…………………………………………………………...................................210 ÖZGEÇMİŞ…….…...………………………………………………………………...234 vi SİMGE VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ EA. El Amarna a.g.e. Adı Geçen Eser a.g.m. Adı Geçen Makale A.Ü. DTCF Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Bkz. Bakınız C. Cilt çev. Çeviren ed. Editör eds. Editörler M.Ö. Milattan Önce M.S. Milattan Sonra s. Sayfa ss. Sayfalar
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