This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:29:48 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:29:48 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:29:48 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A CulturAl And SoCiAl HiStory of Modern footbAll ! GoalChristian Koller and Fabian brändle Translated by David S. Bachrach The Catholic University of America Press Washington, D.C. This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:29:48 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Originally published as Goal! Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte des modernen Fussballs. © Orell Fuessli 2002 English translation copyright © 2015 The Catholic University of America Press All rights reserved The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Science— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ∞ Design and typesetting by Kachergis Book Design Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bachrach, David Stewart, 1971– [Goal! Kulture- und Sozialgeschichte des modernen Fussballs. English.] Goal! : a cultural and social history of modern football / Christan Koller and Fabian Braendle ; translated by David S. Bachrach. pages cm “Originally published as Goal! Kulture- und Sozialgeschichte des modernen Fussballs. Orell Fuessli 2002”—T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8132-2727-6 (paper : alk. paper) 1. Soccer— Social aspects. 2. Soccer fans. I. Koller, Christian, 1971– II. Brändle, Fabian. III. Title. GV943.9.S64B34 2015 796.33409—dc23 2015009767 This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:29:48 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ContentS Preface to the English Edition vii 1 | Introduction 1 2 | A Game for the Elite 8 3 | The People’s Game 43 4 | Football and Money 71 5 | Football and Emotion 107 6 | Football and the Nation 139 7 | Football and Class Struggle 175 8 | Football and Dictatorship 200 9 | Football and War 238 10 | Football and Gender 264 11 | Conclusion: Autonomy and Context 295 Bibliography 297 Index 337 v This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:35:15 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:35:15 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Preface to tHe english edition This book was first published in German in 2002, after many of the argu- ments presented here had been discussed extensively with students in a course we jointly taught at the University of Zurich during the win- ter term 1999–2000. In view of the scholarly and popular reception the German edition received, we were delighted when the Catholic Univer- sity of America Press asked if we would be interested in working on an English translation. The text, however, had to be thoroughly revised and updated for two reasons: on the one hand, the cultural and social his- tory of football during the past decade has continued, with many of the trends we described in the 2002 edition—such as the commercialization and the increasing role of the media as well as criticism against it—hav- ing accelerated, while others, such as the tendency toward more gender equality, are still rather sluggish. On the other hand, academic research into the history of football, whose limitations we lamented in the 2002 edition, has become a rapidly expanding, legitimate avenue for academic enquiry. Even outside the United Kingdom, it has become fashionable for academic historians to work on this topic. This development has resulted in a number of scholarly conferences and a multitude of new publications. As a consequence, it is now quite challenging to keep up with the multifarious ongoing debates in the field. In view of this trend toward specialization, the need for syntheses appears even more urgent. Therefore, we are delighted to be able to present our book to an English- language audience. vii This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:39:15 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:39:15 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:39:15 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:39:15 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1 | Introduction In 1901 a thoughtful observer of city life in Glasgow wrote that the best thing about football was that it gave workers something to talk about.1 Football is fundamentally about communication. It provides the context for energetic debates about the proper strategies that the coach of the home team should pursue, wistful memories of a past golden age, as well as apocalyptic visions of decline in the next season. However, discus- sions about football do not take place in a vacuum. Rather, these conver- sations are deeply imbedded in their societal context. In Glasgow, for ex- ample, the rivalry between Celtic and the Rangers reflects the religious and ethnic conflict between Protestants and Irish Catholics. In other places there are social, regional, or ideological conflicts. Games between countries can become issues of national honor, as is demonstrated by the eruption of emotion in the Islamic Republic of Iran following a vic- tory over the United States of America in the World Cup in 1998. On the other hand, identity-creating conversations about football can also paper over societal fault lines because they produce loyalties that are not based on social conditions or ideological convictions. In this context, it is not surprising that the French writer and exis- tentialist philosopher Albert Camus, who was a goalkeeper in his youth on the team Racing Universitaire d’Alger and a lifelong supporter of Rac- ing Paris,2 would write that everything he knew about human morality was due to football. This would be reason enough, one would think, for the historical discipline to investigate the most important pasttime in the world. British social history has been engaged in this topic for more than a (scholarly) generation. Since the 1970s, British scholars have in- 1. James Hamilton Muir, Glasgow in 1901 (Glasgow: White Cockade, 2001), 193. 2. See Patrick McCarthy, Camus: A Critical Study of his Life and Work (London: Hamilton, 1982), 17 and 112. 1 This content downloaded from 132.174.254.159 on Fri, 11 Dec 2015 21:45:29 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Introduction vestigated the history of sport in general, and football in particular, in the context of the general development of industrial society.3 In other places, however, such as in the German-speaking world, the topic did not lose its reputation as being unserious until the 1990s. It was only 2 | after the turn of the millennium that sport became an actual topic of academic history.4 This book is intended to provide an overview of the results of inter- national investigations into the history of football, and at the same time identify interesting questions and problems of social and cultural his- tory that would benefit from additional scholarly research. Our own re- search has addressed, on a selective basis, those phenomena that were of interest to us. Consequently, there is a certain concentration on western and central Europe. We are very well aware that this region encompasses just a small part of the global football community. We have only touched on individual questions regarding some regions that are central to foot- ball, such as southern Europe and Latin America, although there is a growing body of historical literature dealing with these regions.5 This is also true of eastern Europe and the increasingly important continent of Africa.6 However, a systematic investigation of these regions would go far beyond the boundaries of this book. 3. For a synthesis of the scholarship, see Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern His- tory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989). 4. See Pascal Delhaye (ed.), Making Sport History: Disciplines, Identities and the Historiogra- phy of Sport (London: Routledge, 2014). 5. For older scholarship, see An Annotated Bibliography of Latin American Sport: Pre-Conquest to the Present, ed. Joseph Arbena (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1989). For newer schol- arship, see, for example, Edoardo P. Archetti, “In Search of National Identity: Argentinian Foot- ball and Europe,” International Journal of the History of Sport 12 (1995): 201–19; Archetti, “Playing Styles and Masculine Virtues in Argentine Football,” in Machos, Mistresses, Madonnas: Contesting the Power of Latin American Gender Imagery, eds. Marit Melhuus and Anne Stølen (London: Verso, 1996), 34–55; Sport and Society in Latin America, ed. Joseph Arbena (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1988); Osvaldo Bayer, Fútbol argentine (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1990); Leon- ardo Affonso de Miranda Pereira, Uma historia social do futebol no Rio de Janeiro, 1902–1938 (Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 2000); and Ronaldo César de Oliveira Silva, Uma caixinha de surpre- sas: Apropriação do futebol pelas classes populares (1900–1930) (Londrina: Editora UEL, 1998). For a brief sketch, see William Rowe and Vivian Schelling, Memory and Modernity: Popular Culture in Latin America (London: Verso, 1991), 138–42. 6. See Eva Apraku and Markus Hesselmann, Schwarze Sterne und Pharaonen: Der Aufstieg des afrikanischen Fussballs (Göttingen: Werkstatt, 1998); Paul Darby, Africa, Football, and FIFA: Politics, Colonialism, and Resistance (London: Taylor & Francis, 2001); and Peter C.