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Generalized Pan-European Geological Database for Shallow Geothermal Installations

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Generalized Pan-European Geological Database for Shallow Geothermal Installations geosciences Article Generalized Pan-European Geological Database for Shallow Geothermal Installations Johannes Müller 1, Antonio Galgaro 2, Giorgia Dalla Santa 2, Matteo Cultrera 2, Constantine Karytsas 3, Dimitrios Mendrinos 3, Sebastian Pera 4, Rodolfo Perego 4, Nick O’Neill 5, Riccardo Pasquali 5, Jacques Vercruysse 6, Leonardo Rossi 7, Adriana Bernardi 8 and David Bertermann 1,* ID 1 GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; [email protected] 2 Department of Geosciences, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 635131 Padova, Italy; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (G.D.S.); [email protected] (M.C.) 3 Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, 19th km Marathonos Ave, 19009 Pikermi Attiki, Greece; [email protected] (C.K.); [email protected] (D.M.) 4 SUPSI, Stabile Le Gerre, Manno 6928, Switzerland; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (R.P.) 5 SLR Environmental Consulting (Ireland) Limited (SLR), 7 Dundrum Business Park, Windy Arbour 14, D14 N2Y7 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] (N.O.N.); [email protected] (R.P.) 6 GEO-GREEN sprl, Rue de Priesmont 63, 1495 Marbais, Belgium; [email protected] 7 Pietre Edil, Strada Slănic nr.2, 030242 Bucures, ti, Romania; [email protected] 8 CNR-ISAC, Corso Stati Uniti 435127 Padova, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-9131-85-25824 Received: 18 December 2017; Accepted: 17 January 2018; Published: 22 January 2018 Abstract: The relatively high installation costs for different types of shallow geothermal energy systems are obstacles that have lowered the impact of geothermal solutions in the renewable energy market. In order to reduce planning costs and obtain a lithological overview of geothermal potentials and drilling conditions, a pan-European geological overview map was created using freely accessible JRC (Joint Research Centre) data and ArcGIS software. JRC data were interpreted and merged together in order to collect information about the expenditure of installing geothermal systems in specific geological set-ups, and thereby select the most economic drilling technique. Within the four-year project of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program, which is known as “Cheap-GSHPs” (the Cheap and efficient application of reliable Ground Source Heat exchangers and Pumps), the most diffused lithologies and corresponding drilling costs were analyzed to provide a 1 km × 1 km raster with the required underground information. The final outline map should be valid throughout Europe, and should respect the INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) guidelines. Keywords: GSHP systems; ground heat exchanger; ArcGIS; drillability; thermal conductivity 1. Introduction Nowadays, geothermal energy is one of the most seminal renewable energy sources, due to its high potential and multiple uses. With the aim of both reducing the overall costs of shallow geothermal systems and improving their installation safety, a European project is recently undertaken, under the Horizon 2020 EU framework program for Research and Innovation. The “Cheap-GSHPs” (the Cheap and efficient application of reliable Ground Source Heat exchangers and Pumps) project (http://cheap-gshp.eu/) involves 17 partners among nine European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Romania, Spain, and Switzerland. The project is financed for four Geosciences 2018, 8, 32; doi:10.3390/geosciences8010032 www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences Geosciences 2018, 8, 32 2 of 15 Geosciences 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 years,Belgium, for the France, period Germany, between Greece, June 2015Ireland, and Italy, May Romania, 2019. In Spain, order and to achieveSwitzerland. the plannedThe project targets, is a holisticfinanced approach for four isyears, adopted, for the where period all between of the involved June 2015 elements and May in 2019. shallow In order geothermal to achieve activities the areplanned integrated. targets, Since a holistic the technical approa feasibility,ch is adopted, total where performance, all of th ande involved installation elements costs in are shallow affected enormouslygeothermal by activities underground are integrated. properties, itSince is indispensable the technical to havefeasibility, detailed total information performance, about and these parameters.installation Basedcosts are on affected information enormously provided by byunder theground partners, properties, drilling costsit is indispensable differ from countryto have to countrydetailed as ainformation function of about the maturity these parameters. of the market, Based the soilson information and near-surface provided geology, by the the partners, hydrology, drilling costs differ from country to country as a function of the maturity of the market, the soils and and the competitiveness of the drilling companies. The general aim of the project is to reduce the near-surface geology, the hydrology, and the competitiveness of the drilling companies. The general overall cost up to 20%. In order to reach that goal, installation techniques on the construction site are aim of the project is to reduce the overall cost up to 20%. In order to reach that goal, installation reviewed and rectified where applicable. Also, the probe and backfilling materials will be examined in techniques on the construction site are reviewed and rectified where applicable. Also, the probe and terms of cost-saving adjustments, with at least the same or better performance than standard materials. backfilling materials will be examined in terms of cost-saving adjustments, with at least the same or In orderbetter toperformance reduce the than drilling standard costs, newmaterials. helicoidal In orde andr to coaxial reduce GSHEs the drilling (ground costs, source new heathelicoidal exchangers) and arecoaxial developed GSHEs within (ground the project.source heat These exchangers) types of GSHE are developed are expected within to reduce the project. installation These costs,types sinceof theyGSHE can are be installedexpected to at reduce a much installation shallower costs, depth sinc thane they standard can be installed double-U at a probes. much shallower As for double-U depth probes,than standard the drilling double-U costs reachprobes. almost As for40% double-U of total probes, installation the drilling costs costs of a reach new geoexchangealmost 40% of systemtotal (Figureinstallation1)[1]. costs of a new geoexchange system (Figure 1) [1]. FigureFigure 1. 1.European European average average costs costs of of a astandard standard geothermalgeothermal installation outside outside the the house house (+in-house (+in-house locatedlocated heat heat pump pump [1 [1]).]). SinceSince it isit veryis very important important to to keep keep drilling drilling costs costs low low from from an an economic economic point point of of view, view, the the drillers drillers and plannersand planners need to need have to access have toaccess reliable to reliable data about data the about underground. the underground. This is anThis important is an important challenge, challenge, as stratigraphy can be widely varied between different locations. Therefore, it is as stratigraphy can be widely varied between different locations. Therefore, it is recommended to recommended to choose the drilling technique based on the physical properties of the underground choose the drilling technique based on the physical properties of the underground to avoid extra to avoid extra financial burden. financial burden. To extrapolate these issues on a European scale, it is also important to provide a homogenous To extrapolate these issues on a European scale, it is also important to provide a homogenous data data set that is valid within all of the participating project partner countries to provide local setpredictions that is valid about within expenditure. all of the Additionally, participating the project resolution partner of underground countries to specific provide data local sets predictions has to be aboutaccurate. expenditure. Soil and Additionally,rock properties the can resolution change very of underground rapidly within specific a small data area. sets Within has tothis be project, accurate. Soilnewly and developed rock properties heat basket-type can change GSHEs very should rapidly reach within around a small 15 m depth area. [2]. Within Hence, this the project, challenge newly is developedto map small-scale, heat basket-type eventually GSHEs vertical, should undergrou reachnd around variability 15 m versus depth [a2 ].European-wide Hence, the challenge demand of is to mapdata, small-scale, in combination eventually with vertical, relevant underground data for th variabilitye improvements versus of a European-widethe economic factors demand of of the data, ininstallation combination of shallow with relevant geothermal data heating for the and improvements cooling systems. of the At economica later stage factors of the “Cheap-GSHPs” of the installation ofproject, shallow the geothermal final map heatingwill be im andplemented cooling systems.into the DSS At a(Decision later stage Support of the System) “Cheap-GSHPs” of the project’s project, thehomepage. final map Therefore, will be implemented interested users into can the select DSS (Decisiontheir property’s Support location, System) and of the the DSS project’s will pick homepage. up the Therefore,required
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