A Systematic Nomenclature for Metamorphic Rocks
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Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
The Forsterite-Anorthite-Albite System at 5 Kb Pressure Kristen Rahilly
The Forsterite-Anorthite-Albite System at 5 kb Pressure Kristen Rahilly Submitted to the Department of Geosciences of Smith College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts John B. Brady, Honors Project Advisor Acknowledgements First I would like to thank my advisor John Brady, who patiently taught me all of the experimental techniques for this project. His dedication to advising me through this thesis and throughout my years at Smith has made me strive to be a better geologist. I would like to thank Tony Morse at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst for providing all of the feldspar samples and for his advice on this project. Thank you also to Michael Jercinovic over at UMass for his help with last-minute carbon coating. This project had a number of facets and I got assistance from many different departments at Smith. A big thank you to Greg Young and Dale Renfrow in the Center for Design and Fabrication for patiently helping me prepare and repair the materials needed for experiments. I’m also grateful to Dick Briggs and Judith Wopereis in the Biology Department for all of their help with the SEM and carbon coater. Also, the Engineering Department kindly lent their copy of LabView software for this project. I appreciated the advice from Mike Vollinger within the Geosciences Department as well as his dedication to driving my last three samples over to UMass to be carbon coated. The Smith Tomlinson Fund provided financial support. Finally, I need to thank my family for their support and encouragement as well as my friends here at Smith for keeping this year fun and for keeping me balanced. -
User Guide: Soil Parent Material 1 Kilometre Dataset
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NERC Open Research Archive User Guide: Soil Parent Material 1 kilometre dataset. Environmental Modelling Internal Report OR/14/025 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL Modelling INTERNAL REPORT OR/14/025 User Guide: Soil Parent Material 1 kilometre dataset. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights 2012. Ordnance Survey Licence R. Lawley. No. 100021290. Keywords Contributor/editor Parent Material, Soil,UKSO. B. Rawlins. National Grid Reference SW corner 999999,999999 Centre point 999999,999999 NE corner 999999,999999 Map Sheet 999, 1:99 000 scale, Map name Front cover Soil Parent Material 1km dataset. Bibliographical reference LAWLEY., R. USER GUIDE: SOIL PARENT Material 1 Kilometre dataset. 2012. User Guide: Soil Parent Material 1km dataset.. British Geological Survey Internal Report, OR/14/025. 20pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, email [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2014. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2012 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS shops at British Geological Survey offices Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com BGS Central Enquiries Desk Tel 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including maps, for consultation. -
The Oxidation Ratio of Iron in Coexisting Biotite And
1423 The Canadian Mineralo gist Vol.37. pp. 1423-1429(1999\ THE OXIDATIONRATIO OF IRON IN COEXISTINGBIOTITE AND HORNBLENDEFROM GRANITICAND METAMORPHICROCKS: THE ROLE OF P, T AND f(O2) NADINES. BORODINA, GERMAN B. FERSHTATER$erro SERGEI L. VOTYAKOV Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, RussianAcademy of Sciences,Pochtoty per., 7, Eknterinburg, 620151, Russia Assrnecr Previously published and new data on the composition of coexisting biotite and homblende from granitic and metamorphic rocks show that the degree of iron oxidation, R [= Fe3*/(Fe2*+ Fe3*)], is different in these two minerals; the R of hornblende is greater. Granulite-facies minerals have the greatest difference in R, whereas in granitic rocks, those minerals show the least difference The oxidation of biotite and hornblende under high-level conditions is accompaniedby the crystallization of magnet- ite, and newly formed oxidized mafic minerals have a lower Fe/(Fe + Mg) and R than the original ones. Under mesozonal and catazonalconditions, the increasein pressureprevents the formation of magnetite, and oxidation is accompaniedby a significant increase in R; these changes in the chemical composition of hornblende are supplementedby an increase in Al. Since the Al content of homblende is known to be an indicator of pressure, such a correlation of R and Fer+ content with aluminum content points to an increaseof theseparameters with a rise of pressure Keywords:biotite, hornblende,oxidation ratio, granitic rocks, metamorphic rocks, epizonal plutons, mesozonalplutons , cat^7'onal plutons. Sorravarnr, Les donn6esnouvelles et celles tirde de la litt6rature portant sur 1acomposition de la biotite et celle de la hornblendecoexistante des roches granitiques et m6tamorphiquesmontrent qui le degrd d'oxydation du fer, R [= Fe3*/(Fe2*+ Fe3+)],est diffdrent dans ces deux mindraux. -
The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals
RESEARCH BULLETIN 614 SEPTEMBER, 1956 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION J. H. Longwell, Director The Surface Reactions Of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. V. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL (Publication authorized September 5, 1956) COLUMBIA, MISSOURI TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......... .. 3 The Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions . .. 4 The Interaction of Anorthite with Salt Solutions ........ .. 7 Relative Effectiveness of Ammonium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride on the Release of Sodium from Albite . .. 9 Surface Interaction of Albite with Salt Solutions in Methanol . .. 13 Experiments on Cationic Fixation ............................... 16 Detailed Exchange and Activity Studies with Individual Feldspars .......... .. 19 Procedure .. .. 20 Microcline . .. 21 Albite .................................................... 22 Oligoclase . .. 23 Andesine . .. 24 Labradori te . .. 25 Bytownite ................................................. 25 Anorthite . .. 27 Discussion ........ .. 28 Summary ..................................................... 35 References .. .. 36 Most of the experimental material of this and the preceding Research Bulletin is taken from the Ph.D. Thesis of Victor Nash, University of Missouri, June 1955. The experiments on cation fixation were carried our with the aid of a research grant from the Potash Rock Company of America, Lithonia, Georgia, for which the authors wish to record their appreciation. The work was part of Department of Soils Research Project No.6, entitled, "Heavy Clays." The Surface Reactions of Silicate Minerals PART II. REACTIONS OF FELDSPAR SURFACES WITH SALT SOLUTIONS. v. E. NASH AND C. E. MARSHALL INTRODUCTION The review of literature cited in Part I of this series indicates that little is known of the interaction of feldspar surfaces with salt solutions. The work of Breazeale and Magistad (1) clearly demonstrated that ex change reactions between potassium and calcium occur in the case of or thoclase surfaces. -
The Diversity of Magmatism at a Convergent Plate
1 Flow of partially molten crust controlling construction, growth and collapse of the Variscan orogenic belt: 2 the geologic record of the French Massif Central 3 4 Vanderhaeghe Olivier1, Laurent Oscar1,2, Gardien Véronique3, Moyen Jean-François4, Gébelin Aude5, Chelle- 5 Michou Cyril2, Couzinié Simon4,6, Villaros Arnaud7,8, Bellanger Mathieu9. 6 1. GET, UPS, CNRS, IRD, 14 avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France 7 2. ETH Zürich, Institute for Geochemistry and Petrology, Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8038 Zürich, Switzerland 8 3. Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France 9 4. Université de Lyon, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, UJM-UCA-CNRS-IRD, 23 rue Dr. Paul Michelon, 10 42023 Saint Etienne 11 5. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth,UK 12 6. CRPG, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7358, 15 rue Notre Dame des Pauvres, F-54501 13 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 14 7. Univ d’Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071, Orléans, France ; CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, 15 France ; BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France 16 8. University of Stellenbosch, Department of Earth Sciences, 7602 Matieland, South Africa 17 9. TLS Geothermics, 91 chemin de Gabardie 31200 Toulouse. 18 19 [email protected] 20 +33(0)5 61 33 47 34 21 22 Key words: 23 Variscan belt; French Massif Central; Flow of partially molten crust; Orogenic magmatism; Orogenic plateau; 24 Gravitational collapse. 25 26 Abstract 27 We present here a tectonic-geodynamic model for the generation and flow of partially molten rocks and for 28 magmatism during the Variscan orogenic evolution from the Silurian to the late Carboniferous based on a synthesis 29 of geological data from the French Massif Central. -
Module 7 Igneous Rocks IGNEOUS ROCKS
Module 7 Igneous Rocks IGNEOUS ROCKS ▪ Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten rock material IGNEOUS ROCKS ▪ Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten rock material ▪ Molten rock material below Earth’s surface is called magma ▪ Molten rock material erupted above Earth’s surface is called lava ▪ The name changes because the composition of the molten material changes as it is erupted due to escape of volatile gases Rocks Cycle Consolidation Crystallization Rock Forming Minerals 1200ºC Olivine High Ca-rich Pyroxene Ca-Na-rich Amphibole Intermediate Na-Ca-rich Continuous branch Continuous Discontinuous branch Discontinuous Biotite Na-rich Plagioclase feldspar of liquid increases liquid of 2 Temperature decreases Temperature SiO Low K-feldspar Muscovite Quartz 700ºC BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES Rock Forming Minerals Olivine Ca-rich Pyroxene Ca-Na-rich Amphibole Na-Ca-rich Continuous branch Continuous Discontinuous branch Discontinuous Biotite Na-rich Plagioclase feldspar K-feldspar Muscovite Quartz BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES Rock Forming Minerals High Temperature Mineral Suite Olivine • Isolated Tetrahedra Structure • Iron, magnesium, silicon, oxygen • Bowen’s Discontinuous Series Augite • Single Chain Structure (Pyroxene) • Iron, magnesium, calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen • Bowen’s Discontinuos Series Calcium Feldspar • Framework Silicate Structure (Plagioclase) • Calcium, silicon, aluminium, oxygen • Bowen’s Continuous Series Rock Forming Minerals Intermediate Temperature Mineral Suite Hornblende • Double Chain Structure (Amphibole) -
Constraining the Source Regions of Lunar Meteorites Using Orbital Geochemical Data
Meteoritics & Planetary Science 50, Nr 2, 214–228 (2015) doi: 10.1111/maps.12412 Constraining the source regions of lunar meteorites using orbital geochemical data A. CALZADA-DIAZ1,2*, K. H. JOY3, I. A. CRAWFORD1,2, and T. A. NORDHEIM2,4 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK 2Centre for Planetary Sciences UCL/Birkbeck, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK 4Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 30 July 2014; revision accepted 06 November 2014) Abstract–Lunar meteorites provide important new samples of the Moon remote from regions visited by the Apollo and Luna sample return missions. Petrologic and geochemical analysis of these meteorites, combined with orbital remote sensing measurements, have enabled additional discoveries about the composition and age of the lunar surface on a global scale. However, the interpretation of these samples is limited by the fact that we do not know the source region of any individual lunar meteorite. Here, we investigate the link between meteorite and source region on the Moon using the Lunar Prospector gamma ray spectrometer remote sensing data set for the elements Fe, Ti, and Th. The approach has been validated using Apollo and Luna bulk regolith samples, and we have applied it to 48 meteorites excluding paired stones. Our approach is able broadly to differentiate the best compositional matches as potential regions of origin for the various classes of lunar meteorites. Basaltic and intermediate Fe regolith breccia meteorites are found to have the best constrained potential launch sites, with some impact breccias and pristine mare basalts also having reasonably well-defined potential source regions. -
Mineralogy and Paragenesis of Amphiboles from Gibson Peak Pluton
THE AIVIERICAN MINERALOGIST, VOL. 49, SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER. 1964 MINERALOGY AND PARAGENESIS OF AMPHIBOLES FROM GIBSON PEAK PLUTON. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA PBrBn W. Lrelrlx, U. S. Geotogi,calSurvey, Denaer,Colorad,o. Ansrnacr Ixrnooucrrow Gibson Peak pluton, a 3-squaremile compositeintrusion in the Trin- itv Aips of northern california, is particularly suitablefor investigation of relations between amphibole paragenesisand igneouscrystallization becauseseveral distinctive amphiboles are important constituents of geneticallyrelated rocks that range from gabbro to trondhjemitic tona- lite. This paper describesthe sequenceof amphibole crystallization in difierent parts of the intrusion and reiates the compositionsof three newly analyzedamphiboles to crystallizationsequence and composition of the enclosingrock. The main conclusionis that compositionsof the investigatedamphiboles are as dependenton time of crystallizationwithin their respectiverocks as on bulk rock composition. Pnrnocn.q.pnrcrNtrnpnBTATroN oF THE Alrpnrsolr panecnNpsrs The generalstructural and petrologicfeatures of Gibson peak pluton are describedelsewhere (Lipman, 1963),and onl1-relations bearing on the origin of the amphibolesare summarizedhere. The pluton is com- posite,and five discreteintrusive units have beenrecognized on the basis of field relations.rn order of intrusion theseare hypersthene-hornblende gabbro, (augite-)hornblendegabbro, hornblende diorite, porphyritic quartz-bearingdiorite, and trondhjemitic biotite tonalite. All units show intrusive contacts with the preceding rocks, are petrographically dis- tinctive, and contain at least one amphibole. An interpretation of th" peak complex paragenesisof the Gibson amphiboles,based mainly on the textural featuresdescribed below, is presentedin Fig. 1. The evi- denceis clear orr the occurrenceof the indicated reactions,but the rela- 1321 PETER W. LIPMAN I I I F I I F I 1 I I cd d l :d d9 z z t.i r F-] {Fl z z.zt- z .=l il. -
Geologic Boulder Map of Campus Has Been Created As an Educational Educational an As Created Been Has Campus of Map Boulder Geologic The
Adam Larsen, Kevin Ansdell and Tim Prokopiuk Tim and Ansdell Kevin Larsen, Adam What is Geology? Igneous Geo-walk ing of marine creatures when the limestone was deposited. It also contains by edited and Written Geology is the study of the Earth, from the highest mountains to the core of The root of “igneous” is from the Latin word ignis meaning fire. Outlined in red, numerous fossils including gastropods, brachiopods, receptaculita and rugose the planet, and has traditionally been divided into physical geology and his- this path takes you across campus looking at these ancient “fire” rocks, some coral. The best example of these are in the Geology Building where the stone torical geology. Physical geology concentrates on the materials that compose of which may have been formed at great depths in the Earth’s crust. Created was hand-picked for its fossil display. Campus of the Earth and the natural processes that take place within the earth to shape by the cooling of magma or lava, they can widely vary in both grain size and Granite is another common building stone used on campus. When compa- its surface. Historical geology focuses on Earth history from its fiery begin- mineral composition. This walk stops at examples showing this variety to help nies sell granite, they do not use the same classification system as geologists. nings to the present. Geology also explores the interactions between the you understand what the change in circumstances will do to the appearance Granite is sold in many different colours and mineral compositions that a Map Boulder Geologic lithosphere (the solid Earth), the atmosphere, the biosphere (plants, animals of the rock. -
Facies and Mafic
Metamorphic Facies and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks l V.M. Goldschmidt (1911, 1912a), contact Metamorphic Facies and metamorphosed pelitic, calcareous, and Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks psammitic hornfelses in the Oslo region l Relatively simple mineral assemblages Reading: Winter Chapter 25. (< 6 major minerals) in the inner zones of the aureoles around granitoid intrusives l Equilibrium mineral assemblage related to Xbulk Metamorphic Facies Metamorphic Facies l Pentii Eskola (1914, 1915) Orijärvi, S. l Certain mineral pairs (e.g. anorthite + hypersthene) Finland were consistently present in rocks of appropriate l Rocks with K-feldspar + cordierite at Oslo composition, whereas the compositionally contained the compositionally equivalent pair equivalent pair (diopside + andalusite) was not biotite + muscovite at Orijärvi l If two alternative assemblages are X-equivalent, l Eskola: difference must reflect differing we must be able to relate them by a reaction physical conditions l In this case the reaction is simple: l Finnish rocks (more hydrous and lower MgSiO3 + CaAl2Si2O8 = CaMgSi2O6 + Al2SiO5 volume assemblage) equilibrated at lower En An Di Als temperatures and higher pressures than the Norwegian ones Metamorphic Facies Metamorphic Facies Oslo: Ksp + Cord l Eskola (1915) developed the concept of Orijärvi: Bi + Mu metamorphic facies: Reaction: “In any rock or metamorphic formation which has 2 KMg3AlSi 3O10(OH)2 + 6 KAl2AlSi 3O10(OH)2 + 15 SiO2 arrived at a chemical equilibrium through Bt Ms Qtz metamorphism at constant temperature and = -
Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.