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16x17layoutalt.indd 1 16x17layoutalt.indd 10-03-15 11:05 PM 11:05 10-03-15

Printed by Houghton Boston Printers . 2010 . Printers Boston Houghton by Printed

country that has been invaded by an igneous mass. igneous an by invaded been has that rock country

- burrow the by caused been have

an inclusion of a pre-existing rock in an . Often derived from from derived Often rock. igneous an in rock pre-existing a of inclusion an : Xenolith

coloured mottling, which may may which mottling, coloured

http://artsandscience.usask.ca/geology/ themes are Igneous Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks and Unique Boulders. Unique and Rocks Metamorphic Rocks, Igneous are themes ing it into . into it ing

its cream colour and pervasive pervasive and colour cream its

- transform eventually rock, solid corrode and up break that processes the : Phone 306.966.5683 Phone and encounter examples that describe changes within a main theme. These These theme. main a within changes describe that examples encounter and

Manitoba. This rock is famous for for famous is rock This Manitoba.

Earth’s surface and hardens (crystallizes); synonymous with . extrusive with synonymous (crystallizes); hardens and surface ’s Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2 S7N SK Saskatoon, ‘Geo-walks’ have also been suggested, in which you can follow a specific route route specific a follow can you which in suggested, been also have ‘Geo-walks’

tion in the vicinity of Tyndall, Tyndall, of vicinity the in tion a fine-grained igneous rock formed when reaches reaches magma when formed rock igneous fine-grained a : rock (Extrusive) Volcanic

114 Science Place Science 114 as well as what a geologist may envision to be the rock’s history. Three Three history. rock’s the be to envision may geologist a what as well as

away from the walls toward the middle. the toward walls the from away - Forma River Red Ordovician the

University of Saskatchewan of University ing to specific sites or boulders. A description of what you will see is provided, provided, is see will you what of description A boulders. or sites specific to ing

: a tabular deposit of occupying a , in which particles may grow grow may particles which in fracture, a occupying minerals of deposit tabular a :

Tyndall Stone is quarried from from quarried is Stone Tyndall

Department of Geological Sciences Geological of Department - pertain information detailed more with along type, rock their and boulders of

: the general physical appearance or character of a rock. a of character or appearance physical general the : Texture

down to north of Winnipeg. Winnipeg. of north to down

Contact Us

On the opposite side of this brochure is a map of campus showing the location location the showing campus of map a is brochure this of side opposite the On tions along their adjacent sides. adjacent their along tions

from northern Saskatchewan Saskatchewan northern from

How is the map arranged and how can you use it? use you can how and arranged map the is How - direc opposite in slide that blocks parallel into rocks slices that stress : stress Shearing

same rock unit, which is exposed exposed is which unit, rock same

depending on how they have formed. have they how on depending

limestone that comes from the the from comes that limestone Summer Student Employment Program (USTEP). Program Employment Student Summer accumulated in layers. Sedimentary can be divided into Clastic, Chemical and Organic, Organic, and Chemical Clastic, into divided be can Sedimentary layers. in accumulated

sentially Greystone, Fieldstone and Tyndall Stone are all the same, dolomitized dolomitized same, the all are Stone Tyndall and Fieldstone Greystone, sentially conference held at the U of S in 2002, and by the University of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan of University the by and 2002, in S of U the at held conference : a rock resulting from the consolidation of loose that has has that sediment loose of consolidation the from resulting rock a : rock Sedimentary

rocks through his or her eyes. her or his through rocks

cal Association of Canada and Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Annual Canada of Association Mineralogical and Canada of Association cal exhausted. The University then turned to Tyndall Stone and Fieldstone. Es Fieldstone. and Stone Tyndall to turned then University The exhausted. - .

by every day. It is our goal to put you in the shoes of a geologist and to view view to and geologist a of shoes the in you put to goal our is It day. every by

- Geologi the from proceeds the by funded was map this of development The : a light-coloured, fine-grained compositionally the same as as same the compositionally rock volcanic fine-grained light-coloured, a : a recognizable campus signature until the local supply of limestone was was limestone of supply local the until signature campus recognizable a

map highlights interesting rocks around campus, many of which you may pass pass may you which of many campus, around rocks interesting highlights map

harder than and widespread in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. sedimentary and metamorphic igneous, in widespread and feldspar than harder Greystone), which was quarried just north of campus. This Greystone became became Greystone This campus. of north just quarried was which Greystone),

Management Division for the base map. base the for Division Management on the origin of some of the boulders and building stones on campus. The The campus. on stones building and boulders the of some of origin the on : next to feldspar, the most common rock-forming . It is transparent, transparent, is It mineral. rock-forming common most the feldspar, to next :

1910, construction started on the College Building. They used a limestone (or (or limestone a used They Building. College the on started construction 1910,

for his work on the website and providing photos, and the U of S Facilities Facilities S of U the and photos, providing and website the on work his for finer-grained groundmass. finer-grained ested in Geology an introduction to the subject and to provide information information provide to and subject the to introduction an Geology in ested

number of boulders, but that rock is integrated into our buildings as well. In In well. as buildings our into integrated is rock that but boulders, of number

tions, Development & Alumni Relations office for proofing, Jason Belhumeur Belhumeur Jason proofing, for office Relations Alumni & Development tions, : large mineral in a that has grown within the the within grown has that rock metamorphic a in crystal mineral large :

Saskatchewan. The map was designed to give individuals who may be inter be may who individuals give to designed was map The Saskatchewan. -

As you walk around campus it is easy to see that there are not only a large large a only not are there that see to easy is it campus around walk you As

identification, Sharla Larsen and the College of Arts & Science Communica Science & Arts of College the and Larsen Sharla identification, - in a finer-grained groundmass. finer-grained a in

outreach tool by the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of of University the at Sciences Geological of Department the by tool outreach

Tyndall Stone and other Building material Building other and Stone Tyndall

Thanks to Kyle Larson, Yuanming Pan and Mel Stauffer for advice on rock rock on advice for Stauffer Mel and Pan Yuanming Larson, Kyle to Thanks : the texture of an igneous rock in which larger () are set set are (phenocrysts) crystals larger which in rock igneous an of texture the :

The Geologic Boulder Map of Campus has been created as an educational educational an as created been has Campus of Map Boulder Geologic The

Acknowledgments

erable depth by crystallization of magma; synonymous with . intrusive with synonymous magma; of crystallization by depth erable

What is the purpose of this map? this of purpose the is What

Plutonic (Intrusive) rock (Intrusive) Plutonic - consid at formed rock igneous coarse-grained to medium- a :

metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. sedimentary and metamorphic

parking lots and landscaping. landscaping. and lots parking

www.geoscapesask.ca and geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca and www.geoscapesask.ca and , but it also occurs in many other igneous rocks, as well as as well as rocks, igneous other many in occurs also it but gabbro, and granodiorite

present location during the construction of the campus buildings, walkways, walkways, buildings, campus the of construction the during location present

available at at available Posters Geoscape and Society, Geological katchewan of the feldspar group, rich in calcium and sodium. One of the main constituents of of constituents main the of One sodium. and calcium in rich group, feldspar the of

as the Precambrian Shield. Most of the boulders were then moved to their their to moved then were boulders the of Most Shield. Precambrian the as Geological Highway Map of Saskatchewan of Map Highway Geological Kulyk, L. Christine & - Sas the by : variously coloured (often white), common rock-forming mineral mineral rock-forming common white), (often coloured variously : feldspar

campus by this process, and thus originally came from areas to the north, such such north, the to areas from came originally thus and process, this by campus by W. Kim Mysyk Mysyk Kim W. by Stone Saskatoon’s include: brochure this for used Resources a large crystal surrounded by a finer-grained in an igneous rock. igneous an in matrix finer-grained a by surrounded crystal large a :

Additional Resources Additional campus the boulders we see were most likely transported to the vicinity of the the of vicinity the to transported likely most were see we boulders the campus unaided eye. unaided

: an igneous rock containing components large enough to be seen with the the with seen be to enough large components containing rock igneous an : Phaneritic transported by and deposited by ice sheets are called “erratics”. All across across All “erratics”. called are sheets ice by deposited and by transported

: very coarse-grained igneous rock. igneous coarse-grained very : find large boulders mixed with anything from clay to . The boulders boulders The pebbles. to clay from anything with mixed boulders large find

shearing.

is called glacial till, and is usually poorly sorted, meaning that it is possible to to possible is it that meaning sorted, poorly usually is and till, glacial called is

: a streaky or banded rock, produced by intense ductile deformation during during deformation ductile intense by produced rock, banded or streaky a : Mylonite

melted and receded, the material it was carrying was deposited. This material material This deposited. was carrying was it material the receded, and melted

properties.

sorts of debris from Northern Canada towards the South. As the ice sheet sheet ice the As South. the towards Canada Northern from debris of sorts

internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form and physical physical and form crystal composition, chemical characteristic and structure internal

years ago, Saskatchewan was covered by an ice sheet, which transported all all transported which sheet, ice an by covered was Saskatchewan ago, years : a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly orderly an having compound or element inorganic occurring naturally a : Mineral

geological materials were deposited during the last Ice Age. About 10,000 10,000 About Age. Ice last the during deposited were materials geological (brown to black), that can be easily split into elastic flaky plates. flaky elastic into split easily be can that black), to (brown

ewan has had a very complex geological history, but some of the more recent recent more the of some but history, geological complex very a had has ewan : a group of common minerals, including (transparent) and biotite and (transparent) muscovite including minerals, common of group a :

: a prefix for rocks that have undergone . undergone have that rocks for prefix a : Meta- - Saskatch nearby. formed originally rocks the that unlikely is it time, long a for

phosed. Even though the boulders on campus may have called the University home home University the called have may campus on boulders the though Even

process is referred to as metamorphism and the rock undergoing it has been metamor been has it undergoing rock the and metamorphism as to referred is process -

cal and structural changes in response to changes in pressure and temperature. The The temperature. and pressure in changes to response in changes structural and cal

morphic origin. origin. morphic

Metamorphic rock Metamorphic - chemi mineralogical, by rocks pre-existing from derived rock any :

phenomena such as global climate change. climate global as such phenomena - Meta or Igneous Sedimentary,

or particles. or

origin, the boulders may be of of be may boulders the origin, evaluate to history Earth’s the of knowledge the use and rocks and fossils of : term denoting the interstitial material lying between larger crystals, fragments fragments crystals, larger between lying material interstitial the denoting term : Matrix

to the size of a rock and not its its not and rock a of size the to study the through past geological the investigate They resources. energy and Magma that reaches and extrudes onto the Earth’s surface is termed . termed is surface Earth’s the onto extrudes and reaches that Magma

Because the term boulder refers refers boulder term the Because mineral of development safe the in and problems environmental of control and capable of intrusion or extrusion. When magma hardens, igneous rocks are formed. formed. are rocks igneous hardens, magma When extrusion. or intrusion of capable and

naturally occurring molten and mobile material, generated within the Earth Earth the within generated material, mobile and molten occurring naturally : Magma called “boulders” by geologists. geologists. by “boulders” called and prevention the in hazards, natural of analysis the in involved are gists

in , and calcium. and iron magnesium, in limeters (mm) in diameter are are diameter in (mm) limeters - geolo Modern universities. and firms consulting institutes, research ments,

minerals, such as , amphibole, or biotite. These minerals tend to be rich rich be to tend minerals These biotite. or olivine amphibole, pyroxene, as such minerals,

- mil 256 than larger ‘chunks’ - govern companies, mining and oil with careers professional pursue Many

used to describe igneous rocks that are composed mostly of dark-coloured dark-coloured of mostly composed are that rocks igneous describe to used :

called detritus. Any of these these of Any detritus. called graduates. Geophysics and Geology to open opportunities professional of ety

: a rock that has solidified from hot molten material (magma or lava). or (magma material molten hot from solidified has that rock a : rock Igneous

or separate crystals collectively collectively crystals separate or - vari wide a are there three, all of combination a maybe or places, exotic most

quartz, but often containing mica and amphibole. and mica containing often but quartz,

down rock into smaller chunks chunks smaller into rock down Earth’s the of some in laboratory, a office, an in work to want you Whether a light-coloured, coarse-grained plutonic rock dominated by feldspar and and feldspar by dominated rock plutonic coarse-grained light-coloured, a : Granite

Career Opportunities Career Physical weathering breaks breaks weathering Physical granular minerals alternate with bands of dark-coloured flaky minerals. flaky dark-coloured of bands with alternate minerals granular

Boulder Information Boulder : a rock formed by regional metamorphism in which bands of light-coloured light-coloured of bands which in metamorphism regional by formed rock a : Gneiss

compositional banding in a metamorphic rock. metamorphic a in banding compositional

: Layering formed as a consequence of the alignment of mineral grains or of of or grains mineral of alignment the of consequence a as formed Layering :

programs all across , and industry careers all over the world. the over all careers industry and America, North across all programs be rich in sodium, potassium and aluminum. and potassium sodium, in rich be

covered in other areas. areas. other in covered

minerals, such as quartz, , or muscovite. These minerals tend to to tend minerals These muscovite. or feldspathoids feldspars, quartz, as such minerals, of Geological Sciences at the U of S have been highly successful in graduate graduate in successful highly been have S of U the at Sciences Geological of

or structures, and boulders to zoom in on and explain specific concepts not not concepts specific explain and on in zoom to boulders and structures, or

: used to describe igneous rocks that are composed mostly of light-coloured light-coloured of mostly composed are that rocks igneous describe to used : advantage in terms of career opportunities. Graduates from the Department Department the from Graduates opportunities. career of terms in advantage

ing points with multiple boulders of interest, boulders with unique textures textures unique with boulders interest, of boulders multiple with points ing sodium and calcium we call it a plagioclase feldspar. plagioclase a it call we calcium and sodium

and seismology. A Master’s or PhD degree can be a significant significant a be can degree PhD or Master’s A seismology. and stratigraphy

tionally between potassium and sodium we call it an alkali feldspar, and if it is between between is it if and feldspar, alkali an it call we sodium and potassium between tionally making it such an interesting place. You will see all of the rock types, includ types, rock the of all see will You place. interesting an such it making -

ology, sedimentology, sedimentology, ology,

- composi is feldspar a When sodium. and potassium calcium, between vary may spars

specimens that add to the geological complexity found here at the University, University, the at here found complexity geological the to add that specimens

- hydroge palaeobotany,

- feld in elements Major types. rock most in common are and crust Earth’s the of 60%

The light blue path does not follow a geologic trend. It shows you the unique unique the you shows It trend. geologic a follow not does path blue light The

paleontology, ichnology, ichnology, paleontology,

: the most widespread of any rock-forming mineral group, feldspars make up up make feldspars group, mineral rock-forming any of widespread most the : Feldspar

Unique Boulder Geo-walk Boulder Unique

mineralogy, , petrology, mineralogy, occurs during deformation rather than afterwards as part of a separate heat treatment. heat separate a of part as afterwards than rather deformation during occurs

physics, geochemistry, geochemistry, physics, : a process where the nucleation and growth of new grains grains new of growth and nucleation the where process a : recrystallization Dynamic

: a carbonate composed of the mineral dolomite. mineral the of composed rock sedimentary carbonate a : Dolostone - geo geology, petroleum

breaking or flowing. or breaking mineral deposit geology, geology, deposit mineral slates, and phyllites. and schists slates,

: a change in the shape, position or orientation of a material by bending, bending, by material a of orientation or position shape, the in change a : Deformation

, geology, structural metamorphic textures, including including textures, metamorphic

flaky in form, and can be found primarily in igneous and metamorphic rocks. metamorphic and igneous in primarily found be can and form, in flaky

of geoscience such as as such geoscience of classification is similar for the other other the for similar is classification

: an important rock-forming mineral of the mica group. It is generally black and and black generally is It group. mica the of mineral rock-forming important an : Biotite

study in specific areas areas specific in study gneiss). This process of of process This gneiss). hornblende

: a dark-coloured, fine-grained mafic volcanic rock. volcanic mafic fine-grained dark-coloured, a :

wish to pursue advanced advanced pursue to wish add it to the name of the rock (e.g., (e.g., rock the of name the to it add the naked eye. naked the

interest to those who who those to interest specific mineral is abundant, we may may we abundant, is mineral specific : an igneous rock containing grains that are so small as to be barely visible to to visible barely be to as small so are that grains containing rock igneous an : Aphanitic

will be of particular particular of be will classify it as a granitic gneiss. If a a If gneiss. granitic a as it classify mentary rocks. mentary

- sedi and metamorphic in occurs also it but rhyolite, and granite of constituents main Earth’s origin and history and who care about its future. University programs programs University future. its about care who and history and origin Earth’s granitic protolith, we may further further may we protolith, granitic

of the feldspar group, rich in the alkali elements potassium and sodium. One of the the of One sodium. and potassium elements alkali the in rich group, feldspar the of ground for students who like both science and nature, are curious about the the about curious are nature, and science both like who students for ground know that they it formed from a a from formed it they that know

mineral rock-forming common red), to pink (often coloured variously a : feldspar Alkali

example, is a general term for a banded metamorphic rock; however, if we we if however, rock; metamorphic banded a for term general a is example, - back academic excellent an provides Geophysics or Geology in degree A

Glossary of Geological Terms Geological of Glossary

A Stepping Stone... Stepping A and what the rock was previous to deformation, or its protolith. A gneiss, for for gneiss, A protolith. its or deformation, to previous was rock the what and

affect a rock. Geologists classify this rock type based on metamorphic textures textures metamorphic on based type rock this classify Geologists rock. a affect

logical process called metamorphism and how varying heat and pressure will will pressure and heat varying how and metamorphism called process logical

heat and incredibly high pressures. You can see different stages of the geo the of stages different see can You pressures. high incredibly and heat -

Following the dark blue path showa you what it is like to withstand immense immense withstand to like is it what you showa path blue dark the Following

Metamorphic Geo-walk Metamorphic

rocks.

distinguish different kinds of igneous igneous of kinds different distinguish

develop as they cool, and can further further can and cool, they as develop

rocks also have unique textures that that textures unique have also rocks

as an extrusive rock. Many igneous igneous Many rock. extrusive an as

can only be seen with a microscope, microscope, a with seen be only can

or cooled rapidly to form crystals that that crystals form to rapidly cooled or

to the naked eye, as an intrusive rock, rock, intrusive an as eye, naked the to physics. and geography physical mathematics, chemistry, biology,

cooled slowly to form crystals visible visible crystals form to slowly cooled include study of areas Related change. climate global and gems and minerals

depending on whether these magmas these whether on depending shorelines, mountains, , volcanoes, earthquakes, tectonics, plate as Thorvaldson Building is also granodioritic in composition. composition. in granodioritic also is Building Thorvaldson

rocks. We also use different names, names, different use also We rocks. such phenomena study Geoscientists time. of course the over and today than a granite. Similarly, the granite used for the stairs at the entrance to the the to entrance the at stairs the for used granite the Similarly, granite. a than

plagioclase feldspar and alkali feldspar to classify and name these types of of types these name and classify to feldspar alkali and feldspar plagioclase both groundwater), and lakes rivers, (oceans, hydrosphere the and soil) and tural base for the College Building has a composition closer to a granodiorite granodiorite a to closer composition a has Building College the for base tural

of the rock. Geologists use the relative proportions of the minerals, quartz, quartz, minerals, the of proportions relative the use Geologists rock. the of animals (plants, biosphere the atmosphere, the Earth), solid (the lithosphere - struc a as used granite the example, For differently. name would geologist

you understand what the change in circumstances will do to the appearance appearance the to do will circumstances in change the what understand you the between interactions the explores also Geology present. the to nings

Geologic Boulder Map a that compositions mineral and colours different many in sold is Granite

mineral composition. This walk stops at examples showing this variety to help help to variety this showing examples at stops walk This composition. mineral - begin fiery its from history Earth on focuses geology Historical surface. its nies sell granite, they do not use the same classification system as geologists. geologists. as system classification same the use not do they granite, sell nies

by the cooling of magma or lava, they can widely vary in both grain size and and size grain both in vary widely can they lava, or magma of cooling the by shape to earth the within place take that processes natural the and Earth the - compa When campus. on used stone building common another is Granite

of which may have been formed at great depths in the Earth’s crust. Created Created crust. Earth’s the in depths great at formed been have may which of compose that materials the on concentrates geology Physical geology. torical

of Campus display. fossil its for hand-picked was

this path takes you across campus looking at these ancient “fire” rocks, some some rocks, “fire” ancient these at looking campus across you takes path this - his and geology physical into divided been traditionally has and planet, the coral. The best example of these are in the Geology Building where the stone stone the where Building Geology the in are these of example best The coral.

meaning fire. Outlined in red, red, in Outlined fire. meaning ignis word Latin the from is “igneous” of root The of core the to mountains highest the from Earth, the of study the is Geology

numerous fossils including gastropods, brachiopods, receptaculita and rugose rugose and receptaculita brachiopods, gastropods, including fossils numerous

Igneous Geo-walk Igneous Geology? is What

Written and edited by contains also It deposited. was limestone the when creatures marine of ing Adam Larsen, Kevin Ansdell and Tim Prokopiuk A B C D E F G

9 9

FIC RAILWAY Maintenance 103 Energy Centre N O R T H A C C E S S R D A R C H D E R I V E S E The R CANADIAN PACI 110 Concourse 108 112 121

R I V H D E R E S E A R C Bio Processing L.F. Kristjanson Centre The Atrium Biotechnology Complex SRC E Y R O A D N W Analytical O D Laboratories 8 411 The National 8 Dr. Burton Craig Galleria Hydrology Building D O W N E Y R O A D Innovation Place Research Dr. Jack McFaull Research Park Centre Building

Road RESOURCES ROW Waste Closed I N N O V A T I O N Management B O U L E V A R D

Facility SED

E Systems Inc. V

I Canadian R

Agriculture D Space

Greenhouse Agency H

C

R A

E P E R I M E T E

S R R O A D E 7 R 7

.

Canadian Food L

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PRESTON AVENUE Ball Inspection Agency L Lutheran A InterVAC M LEGEND The building that houses the Department of Geological Sciences is partially Field 11 I N P.O.S. Pilot Plant Theological A F built out of the distinctive dolomitic limestone, Tyndall Stone. Many of the O Corporation H Buildings Igneous Seminary T L pieces of Tyndall Stone were specially chosen because of the fossils they A E H O S P L A C E Ogle Hall P contain. In the vicinity of the dinosaurs are examples of receptaculites, CENT Buildings Under Construction Metamorphic

T

SEMINARY CRES CANADIAN WILDLIFE CRT stromatoporoids, rugose and tabulate coral, gastropods, and cephalopods. N R VIDO Environment Canada C Canadian Laboratory Underground Walkway Unique Can you find them all? O Crop Science Canadian Wildlife D Light Source I Service V Field Laboratory Ball Field Synchrotron 1 Highlight Boulders Igneous Geo-walk 2 S 10 At first glance on the side of the boul- Areas with Boulders Metamorphic Geo-walk der with the plaque there appears to Ball Field 9 Tennis Courts 21 Food Centre Unique Geo-walk be a layer with an obvious rust colour. General This is a weathering product as it Peterson Purpose

only occurs at the surface. Looking S.E.R.F.

6 6 17

T

R

at the sides of the boulder reveals U 100m O

0 D Grounds C This wall is built entirely of fieldstone a planar texture, which geologists A Greenhouse O Food Animal and greystone bricks. Notice that a call a foliation. This is caused by R University Clinical Sciences N large number of buildings use this deformation during metamorphism R.J.F. Smith Centre O 20 Services Building (Bovine) Facility I For Aquatic Ecology rock and that each block varies in of the host rock, which was a Porphyritic Granodiorite. If we look closely, Education T A colouration. This is because each C R O A D T the foliation wraps around the large alkali feldspar crystals, suggesting T 1 0 8 t h S T R E E U S A individual block has a slightly different that the crystals formed before pressure was applied to create the foliation. D E VETERINARY ROAD E chemical composition so each one Another feature is the darker, mafic-rich xenoliths, which represent 19 Western D

I E F K E R weathers slightly differently. E A S N B C NORTH HeatingROAD Research N F E R College of fragments of the surrounding rock that were incorporated into the magma B I E T

D C A Agriculture and K Plant Annex Veterinary

E I before it crystallized. Diefenbaker R Agri-Food Canada, . E Medicine P N Saskatoon Research Centre Building L 18 Y A C Toxicology W MAINTENANCE ROAD 3 E S H Centre This Granodiorite is equigranular, which means P O TA A Meta- cross-cut by a later peg- CAMPUS DRIVE P that all grains are approximately the same size. L S P U D A RINA R TE RY M I matite vein, as well as possible localized Edwards School of E A V They are also visible to the naked eye, so we C V C O C E Business Building E U Poultry melt and trace amounts of is an R classify the texture of this rock as phaneritic. T Saskatoon 18 Farm Centre example of how complex rocks can5 be, Law 17 Agriculture Residences The quartz crystals are grey5 in colour and revealing evidence of multiple processes at Cancer Centre have a glassy appearance, which distinguish work. As a tonalite, it is composed of large Thorvaldson them from plagioclase feldspar crystals that Kirk Hall amounts of plagioclase feldspar with RUH Parkade are grey to white in colour and are cloudy. The A R T Arts 12 S Biology 14 over 20% quartz and less than 10% alkali TRC L A C I DME alkali feldspar in this rock is not as prominent (W.P. Thompson) C Engineering Curling feldspar. There is evidence of deformation through alignment of grains R 11 but shows up in pink, white and grey colours with a similar appearance to

T 13 Rink Poultry 15 and some white blotches suggesting melting. The formation of garnet is John plagioclase feldspar. Biotite is distributed throughout this rock and oc- Royal 1 Science also indicative of metamorphic processes. Ferromagnesian minerals can Geology Mitchell Archaeology curs as brown- to dark brown-coloured flakes or clusters of flakes but is not University breakdown due to increases in temperature and pressure and recrystallize Rutherford the only dark mineral present. Also found throughout this rock but more Irene and Leslie Dubé Hospital AHS D-Wing 16 Animal Science Fields as garnet during metamorphism. Centre for Mental Health Expansion Physics Rink abundant within the xenolith, we find hornblende, which are typically 10 T H E B O W L Murray black in colour. 4 Hantelman Health (Library) 2 Sciences Marquis F A R M L A N E 18 Metamorphism and deformation occur Ellis Hall Place NRC - Plant Livestock Hall Biotechnology at varying degrees of intensity. Some rocks T College This Gneiss exhibits excellent R C Riel Institute Research D L Building layering, and you can also see like this Meta-Granite were only mildly A A Observatory O Qu'Appelle T I U M F A R M LA N E the effect thatweathering has R S N Saskatchewan deformed, as is seen by the preferred4 orien- G N A P L Animal Stone 4

Administration M A E Hall Y PRESIDENT'S PLACE C E

tation of the darker hornblende and biotite D Hall Science Barn Dairy on a rock. The appearance of S E Dental V C L I N I C P L A C E 4 ENUE I N 8 crystals. Even though the metamorphism R Barn the rusty, but lighter-coloured D Clinic I McLean Hall Athabasca Physical Activity

G Memorial and deformation were great enough to Little weathered surface is very UNIVERSITY BRIDGE L ST. ANDREW'S PLACE G Hall Complex (PAC) 7 Y A Union Stone I Emmanuel E different from the slightly darker T start creating foliation of these mafic L I 9 Faculty W & St. Chad/ M Building P School 5

O fresh rock underneath. Often minerals, it was not enough to create a visible change of the feldspars and S Chapel Club T 3

O St. Thomas DA M I N P L T certain textural features of a H St. Andrew's quartz in the rock. However, it may be possible to see evidence within O MEMORIAL CRESCENT Rugby

More B C A M P U S D R I V E rock are more obvious on weathered surfaces than fresh surfaces, which them if looked at under a microscope. College Chapel 6 HWY 5

College PRESTON AV C O L L E G E D R I V E may be useful in interpreting the origin of the rock. However, it is impor- 5 tant to recognize weathering products from the original “fresh” minerals when trying to classify rocks. Therefore, in some respects, weathering The most distinctive feature of this igneous rock is the large crystals of Patterson Louis’ 8 Stadium 10 14 can help us understandGarden the rock better, whereas in other examples it may alkali feldspar, which, together with the smaller crystals, gives the rock Volleyball porphyritic texture. Quartz also appears as a minor portion along with To understand this metamorphic rock it is essential to have an idea of This spot may just be a placeParkade to sit for some, A metamorphic rock that has a distinct foliation, usually make things more difficult. but a geologist would rather sit on the what it was before being deformed and metamorphosed. This was C R E defined by the orientation of platyminerals , such as smaller amounts of the darker minerals: hornblende and biotite. The M S C E N T I U porphyritic texture forms when magma, rising through AVE CLARENCE the Earth’s crust, previously a sedimentary rock called a . It consisted of ground in order to observe the featuresS T A D of Graham mica or chlorite, is called a . Many schists are derived 19 individual clasts, or fragments of pre-existing rocks, within a finer- these boulders. The slab madePotashCorp for the seat Huskie from clay- and mud-richSaskatoon sedimentary Field House rocks and have Gneissic rocks may be generated by varying is cooled at different rates. Thefeldspars cooled slowly deeper in the Concession Parking Lot 3 Park Clubhouse 3 crust, allowing the crystals to grow grained matrix. To get a good idea of what this looks like, imagine the is a cut Ballpiece Fields of Granodiorite. It is largely undergone medium-grade metamorphism. Foliation is amounts of heat and pressure. In a case such as larger, while the other minerals, , and pebbles that this composed4 of plagioclase3 feldsparBall Field and characteristicSaskatoon of these rocks but they are classified based on this, there has been such intense deformation of quartz with minor amounts of alkali2 feld- Ball Field theField minerals House they contain. The shimmer within this schist the mafic and felsic layers that it creates a rock including other feldspars, formed boulder lies on turned into a rock. 1 as the magma cooled more quickly, Deformation later stretched and spar and hornblende. Companies select and other types of building rock that West East is the result of flecks of biotite in the rock, so this could be called a “straight gneiss”. It has been squeezed to distorted the clasts, producing are relatively homogeneous and free of fractures or planes of weakness so that they areStands called a Mica Schist.Stands If we compare a schist to a gneiss we notice the absence of banding, such a degree that the original angular relationship

resulting in smaller crystals that are FIELD HOUSE ROAD still visible to the naked eye. Geolo- what is called a Meta-Conglomer- strong. This Granodiorite has these characteristics. The legs on this bench, on the other althoughGriffiths foliation is still present. between layers, such as resulting from folding, has hand, are made of a distinctly different rock type, have seen a great deal ofdeforma - Stadium gists would call this rock a Porphyritic ate. This rock is quite dark in colour Saskatoon Field House been destroyed, and all the layers are now parallel Parking Lot Monzodiorite. due to the high mafic content of tion and have very well formed bands. TheA V E Nrock U E is a Mafic Gneiss containingBall Fields predomi -Visitors 15 to each other. Clubhouse the finer-grainedmatrix . nantly hornblende and plagioclase feldspar. The white layers may have5 originally6 Granite is a common igneous intrusive rock in the con- been that have been deformed and stretched. The tall leg has a slanted 19 6 tinental crust. However, it can be quite variable in appear- side, which, if you pretend is an actual rock outcrop, can be used to measure the orien- ance depending on the relative proportion of minerals This is a very interesting-looking rock with Largely composed of mafic minerals, a Gabbro will still contain plagio- 8 Williams Ball Fields tation of foliation. Using a compass you can measure the direction that it strikes (the a complex history. When a metamorphic clase feldspar, but almost no quartz or alkali feldspars. This boulder A gneiss is created by high-grade 7 8 and their grain sizes and textures. This boulder is an ex- orientation of a horizontal line on the surface), and the direction and degree that it dips rock reaches extreme temperature condi- gets its dark colour from high portions of mafic minerals including horn- metamorphic processes acting on ample of a typical granite. It contains similar proportions (the maximum angle between the horizontal and the foliated minerals). Upon measur- of plagioclase and alkali feldspars with quartz being tions partial melting may occur and we re- blende, and minor biotite. The phaneritic texture tells us that pre-existing rocks that were originally Ball Field ing you should get about 118° strike and 77° dipping to the southwest. This technique fer to the resulting rock as . The this is an intrusive rock and if compared to the smaller boulder beside igneous, sedimentary or even 13 slightly more abundant. There are also small amounts of 2 is usually taught in the second year of the GeologyBall program. Field the darker minerals: biotite and hornblende. lighter area, or leucosome,2 is dominated by it, we notice similar compositions but slightly different grain sizes. The other metamorphic rocks. The 12

CUMBERLAND alkali feldspar and quartz and is derived small boulder would still be considered minerals are arranged in bands that 11 from the crystallization of the melt. The a gabbro, but it would have formed at a may be poorly or well developed. This boulder is an excellent example of a typical Assiniboine 16 darker area, or melanosome, is rich in dark minerals such as biotite, garnet, shallower depth within the Earth’s crust This Granodioritic Gneiss is an ex- Pegmatitic Granite (usually just referred to as a Wollaston Hall hornblende and pyroxene. It is the solid portion of the rock left after some compared to the rock that makes up the ample of the latter. The bands in this Garnet is a well-known mineral commonly pegmatite). Notice the large crystals of pink Hall Crop Science or all of the melt has been extracted. This is a great example of in situ larger boulder. If the same magma rose boulder are coarse grained and vary between more felsic lighter bands Seager found in metamorphic rocks. In this rock we see Test Plots Crop Science (alkali) and white (plagioclase) feldspars, Wheeler melting as the melt has been isolated from the solid but has remained to the surface rapidly, erupted at a vol- and mafic dark bands. red-purple garnet porphyroblasts, the term used Test Plots transparent quartz, and the clusters of mica Hall at the site where it formed. The ‘intestine-like’ folding that we observe is cano, such as Hawaii, then crystallized, for large minerals that grow within a rock as a sheets. This particular mica is light in colour and result of high temperatures and pressures during called Ptygmatic folding and generally represents the conditions where the result would be a dark rock with 8 is called muscovite. It differs from the darker the folded material is either more viscous or stronger than the surround- microscopic crystals called a basalt. Souris metamorphism. The colour of the garnet will The mafic content within this variety, biotite, by the lack of iron and magne- vary depending on its composition, although the ing material. Hall PRESTON AVENUE gneiss is much higher than sium. One notable feature found in this rock is 6 colour shown by the in this boulder is many other examples outlined the intergrowth texture on the side (pointed out by the arrow). This is an intergrowth most common. The garnets grow as a result of the 20 A rock may look very different from one side to the next and this boulder in this brochure. The grain size is of quartz and alkali feldspars that creates a ‘wormy’ appearance termed graphic redistribution of elements within the rock that become available as pre-existing minerals This large Granite boulder is interesting is no exception. From the top, you see a large pegmatite, but looking McEOWN PLACE fairly small, making the identifi- intergrowth, and occurs principally in pegmatites. react and breakdown during metamorphism. because you can see a large portion from the side you find that there is much more going on. The light bands cation of the differentminerals of another rock within it. When a are more pegmatites, similar to the1 large pegmatite on the top of the 1 difficult. The lighter areas M c E O W N 12 16 magma rises through the Earth’s crust boulder, intruded into this mafic-rich rock. Intense deformation during PA R K contain plagioclase feldspars, it may incorporate pre-existing rock.Horticulture If Science metamorphism followed to cause changes in the rock. The pegmatites This boulder is an igneous rock called a . This is a unique boulder because it is one of the few the darkerCampus areas may haveMap a However, an interesting element of this rock is boulders of volcanic origin found on campus. A geolo- this rock is not completely melted byField Facility are mainly large alkali feldspar crystals and you can see large individual 1 4 t h S T R E E T >> variety of minerals including hornblende and pyroxenes, and the green the hot magma, it will be preserved crystals in the small bands. that it is cut by fractures, which are filled by a gist would call it a Porphyritic Basalt. It is an extrusive patches may be chlorite. The larger hornblende crystals randomly as a fragment within the rock that Imagine these are original feld- ‘pistachio green’ -coloured mineral. This colour igneous rock having plagioclase feldspar pheno- distributed throughout the rock are porphyroblasts, which are crystals eventually forms when the magma spars in the pegmatite that is characteristic of the common crysts within a fine-grained,mafic matrix. For a rock that grow during metamorphism. These are often confused with crystallizes. This particular xenolith were broken, separated and called . It is likely that the epidote formed such as this to form, the mafic magma would need to phenocrysts, which are crystals that grow from magma, and predate looks to have been part of an older metamorphic rock, and you can see stretched during deformation. from hot salty waters that filled the fracture after be held in a at a shallow depth within metamorphism. To create a Mafic Gneiss such as this would require around the edges that there is a zone in which the pre-existing minerals If you look closely, Ayou may see B the dioriteC had completely crystallized, with the D E the Earth’s crust. The conditions inF this magma chamber G high pressures and temperatures. were recrystallized during reaction with the granitic magma. rims around these crystals cre- result being a vein of epidote. would be right for plagioclase feldspar crystals to start ated by recrystallization during crystallizing. Eventually, the whole magma, which contained plagioclase crystals, was 9 21 the metamorphic event. 13 erupted to the surface where it crystallized into a basalt, enclosing these previously formed The “Little Stone School House”, or Vic- The boulder here is a large piece of Petrified feldspars. This is a fine-grained,mafic Gneiss contain- toria School House, was originally built Wood. It is a fossil whose name comes from ing multiple thin veins. It is noteworthy 7 in 1887 by a local stone mason on the the Greek root ‘petro’, literally translating to 16 because this is very similar to a different The principle of cross-cutting relation- southwest corner of Broadway and “stone”. This process takes place when wood Among this patch of boulders are a number of interest- highlighted boulder, except that this ships states that any intrusive forma- 12th Street. Because of the construc- becomes buried under sediment and is pre- ing rocks. One worth highlighting is called a Mylonite. one has been metamorphosed. If you tion, such as a vein or a granite, must tion of the larger Victoria School in served due to lack of oxygen. Mineral-rich It is a metamorphic rock produced during intense can imagine a rock very similar to the be younger than the rock across which 1909 on the same site, the one room water flowing through the sediments invades deformation by dynamic recrystallization and porphyritic basalt seen at pt.16 being it cuts. It is an important concept that school was no longer needed. It was the pore space of the organic materials, crystallizing and retaining the original structure reduction in grain size of the minerals. The rock is one metamorphosed and deformed, then provides relative dates between dif- proposed that that the historic building be relocated to the University. of the wood. This has to occur before the organic matter decomposes completely that you would find within a zone in the lower you may end up with this rock, which now ferent bodies of rocks and structures. The schoolhouse was dismantled and rebuilt stone by stone at its pres- and usually takes less than 100 years. The minerals that crystallize will depend on part of the crust. This rock contains a good example of has a gneissic texture. Could the small light-coloured grains be stretched This Granite has been cross-cut by ent location. There are many interesting stones making up the walls the fluid, but are most often a silica, in the form of fine-grainedquartz . It is common a large feldspar grain, which has distinctive recrystal- and deformed feldspar phenocrysts? If you now examine the veins, several smaller veins and one large quartz vein. Using this principle, we of this school and each one is different from the next. The variety and to see petrified wood in a variety of colours due to the presence of tiny amounts of lized ‘wings’ that records growth of minerals around the feldspar as it rotates during you will see that some pass straight through the rock, whereas others are know that the large vein must be the youngest, the smaller veins are the quality of these rocks make it a great place to stop to see many different other elements in the quartz or small amounts of other minerals that form during the deformation. The direction of shearing moved the top half of the rock towards the left and folded. This is evidence that suggests that veining occurred both before next youngest, and the host granite the oldest. examples of rocks on campus, all at one location. petrification process. the bottom half of the rock towards the right. and after the metamorphic and deformation event.

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